delivered the opinion of the court,
This action is brought to recover damages for the breach of *316an alleged, contract to devise real estate. George Terry in the year 1869 owned, and resided upon, the land in question ; he was about seventy-one years of age, physically infirm, and therefore unable to carry on the work at the farm. His son, Eben G. Terry, who was twenty-nine years of age and married, ’ had from childhood lived, with him, and for years had worked the farm for him. It is claimed by the plaintiff that in the year 1869, the old man agreed with Eben to devise to him a particular portion of the land in consideration that Eben would maintain and care for him and his wife, as long as they should each live. The first and leading question in the cause is, whether or not the evidence submitted was sufficient to establish the contract alleged.
The law is well settled, that between parent and child, there can be no recovery for services or maintenance, unless upon proof of an express contract.to pay therefor ; and to establish such a contract requires the production of direct, clear and positive evidence. This rule is especially applicable to the case of a son who has never left his father’s family to do business on his own account, but remains with him after majority as before. When, however, services are rendered by a son to his father upon an alleged parol contract of the father to convey lands to the son, even a stronger degree of proof is required; to establish such a contract the evidence must not only be direct, positive, express, and unambiguous, but the contracting parties must be brought face to face, the witnesses must have heard the bargain when it was made, or must have heard the parties repeat it in each other’s presence; a contract is not to be inferred from the declarations of one of the parties only, every presumption is against the claimant in such a case: Ackerman v. Fisher, 7 P. F. S., 457; Edwards v. Morgan, 4 Out., 330; Miller’s Appeal, Id., 568. And the same measure of proof requisite to establish a parol agreement between father and son, to convey land in consideration of services rendered, is required to establish a parol agreement of the father, to compensate the service of his son, by a devise of lands; the latter being in effect but an agreement to convey by will instead of deed. A contract to devise, may in some instances be enforced by decree for specific execution : Brinker v. Brinker, 7 Barr, 53; or it may furnish ground for an action, in case of a breach, and the damages will be computed according to the same measure, as if the action were for breach of a contract to convey. The same policy of the law which demands the application of the rule in the case of a parol contract to convey, would seem to demand its application in the enforcement of a parol contract to devise. That the law has heretofore been so understood, appears from the *317language of tins court in Miller’s Appeal, supra, where Mr. Justice Trunkey, in defining the degree of proof necessary to establish a promise by a parent, to pay for the service-of his child, says: “The degree of proof to establish it, cannot be the same in all cases ; nor is the contract for the payment of money for services, or goods, subject to the same rules, respecting its proof, as are applied to oral contracts for the conveyance or devise of land by a.father to his son,” &c.
In the case at bar, the evidence fails to disclose any express or positive contract, the contracting parties are, at no time, brought face to face ; no witness heard the bargain made, or at any time heard either party repeat it in presence of the other. A will was written it is true, but there is no evidence that Eben ever saw it, or knew of its execution, or that the father and the son had ever agreed upon its terms, or assumed the obligations therein written. The will was, of course, ambulatory; its provisions were liable to change at the mere pleasure of the testator, unless by contract he had obligated himself otherwise. The contract is therefore not proven by the will, its execution at the time was a fact of a corroboratory character merely, bearing upon the question of the existence of the contract; but it does not establish it. If the contract to devise had been plainly proved, as an independent fact, a will shown to have been written, in compliance with if, might perhaps have been resorted to, to declare its particular provisions, define boundaries, &c., but the devise alone was not sufficient evidence of a contract to devise ; if produced in evidence it certaiuly would be entitled to have no more weight than would any other deliberate admission of the testator.
Trior to the execution of this will the testator had consulted with his nephew, Major Uriah Terry, in reference to what arrangement he should make of his property. Uriah Terry says: “ He first came to me in 1889 with a deed to witness, and I refused to do it, and I told him he didn’t know in whose hands he might fall, and to keep the property in his own name while he lived. 1 would not witness the deed. He did not execute it. The property at first had been divided, east and west, to make it equal between the two oldest sons; he was going to deed it east and west. Well, he came to me and told me what he proposed doing. That he was going to give Eben the centre of farm, and give Jonathan the east side of the road as we pass down the river, and fifty acres on the back end of the farm, and the balance of the property to Eben. Eben was to take care of him and his wife during their lives, and provide for them and take all the care and everything of it, and then he was to have the property.”
The witnesses to the will state, in substance, that they were *318called upon in 1869 to attest its execution. The old man read the will in their hearing. Eben, according to its provisions, was, at the death of his father, to have the farm on the west side of the road, excepting the fifty acres on the back end of the farm, and was to support his father and mother as long as they lived.
After the execution of the will, and until the time of his death, Eben carried on the work of the farm, as he had done before, his father taking no' apparent control or management in its affairs. He built a barn worth from $750 to $1,000, taking part of the material from the land; he had the land assessed in his own name and paid the taxes; he ditched the land and otherwise improved it; he supported and cared for his father and mother; gave them credit at the store, and paid the bills.
On the next Sunday after Eben’s death, in August, 1875, Uriah Terry was helping the father, George Terry, to turn Eben’s cattle into the fiefd; “ The old man,” says Uriah, “ was very much affected, and he said, I have got to be an old worn out man, and I don’t know what I shall do. I want to do justice between all my grandchildren, and what disposition to make I don’t know.’ He talked about it, and said, ‘if they were old enough to carry out the provisions I made with their father.....’ And I said, perhaps the administrator would do it; ’ and so he talked about it in that way, and let it drop.” “He said then, I never expected to have any of this thing come into my hands again, Eben was to do all these things, and he did it to my satisfaction,’ and he cried considerably.”
This is the substance of the testimony relied upon to prove the contract. From such facts and circumstances, in a case where the relation of parent and child did not exist, we might readily infer a contract, in'accordance with the provisions of the will; but the existence of any such contract can only be inferred, it is not directly proven. At no time have the contracting parties been brought face to face, in the creation of a contract or in the rehearsal of it, in the presence of a witness. The admissions on the one side are of the father only, in the absence of the son; whilst the acts of the son, on the other, furnish evidence of a circumstantial character only. The care and improvement of the farm, the building of the barn, and the exercise of exclusive control, may all be attributed to the intimate relation and condition of the parties; and the kind and generous support furnished to the parents, to the natural affection and dutiful care of the son. For anything that is shown, Eben G. Terry at any time might have removed from the place, leaving his father to shift for himself without rendering himself liable for so doing. He has said nothing, *319has done nothing, which could be construed into a contract to support his father and mother, beyond the period of his pleasure.
After a careful investigation of the whole case, we are of opinion that the evidence of the contract alleged is not of that direct, positive, express, and unambiguous character, which justified a submission to the jury. Such claims are so often made against the estate of decedents, and, under the ordinary rules of evidence, are so easily proven, that they must be examined with the closest scrutiny. “The danger attendant upon the assertion of such claims requires,” as was said by Chief Justice GlBSON, in reference to a somewhat similar contract, that “a tight rein should be held over them, by malting the quality, if not the sum, of the proof a subject of inspection and governance by the court, and by holding juries strictly to the rule prescribed.”
The view which we have taken of this branch of the case, renders it unnecessary, we think, to consider the other errors assigned.
The judgment is reversed.
Chief Justice Merctjr dissented.