Opinion by
Mr. Justice Dean,As the contention here affects large public interests, an early final determination of it ought to be had; therefore, at the request of both parties, we have taken original jurisdiction of plaintiff’s bill.
The plaintiffs are citizens and taxpayers of Philadelphia. They aver that the city councils, by ordinance approved March 15,
1894, authorized the creation of a city loan of $6,000,000, for the purpose of ridding the city of steam railroad grade crossings on twenty-four public streets from Broad to Thirtieth, all *125crossings of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The' power of the city to make such a municipal improvement is not questioned, nor is its power, within certain constitutional limits, to create a debt by loan or otherwise to accomplish the purpose, denied. It is averred, however, that the debt of $6,000,000, authorized by this ordinance, when added to the existing debt of the city, will largely exceed the constitutional limit of municipal indebtedness, and is, therefore, illegal.
It is further averred that the ordinance, authorizing said loan, discloses the fact that the money in part is to be expended in an improvement for the advantage of the railroad company, which company is by contract to reimburse the city in an amount equal to one half the expenditure, or $8,000,000; that to this extent it is a loan of the city’s credit to a corporation, and the creation of the additional debt, for that reason, is, under the constitution, unlawful.
The city denies that if $6,000,000 be added to its existing actual debt, that debt will exceed the amount authorized by the constitution. It further denies that its contract with the railroad company is, in any correct ascertainment of the meaning of the constitution, a loan of its credit to the corporation.
Section 8, article 9, of the constitution, declares that: “ The debt of any city shall never exceed seven per cent of the assessed value of. the property therein, nor shall any such municipality incur any new debt or increase its indebtedness to an amount exceeding two per centum upon such assessed valuation of property without the assent of the electors thereof at a public election, in such manner as shall be provided by law; but any city, the debt of which now exceeds seven per centum of such assessed valuation, may be authorized by law to increase the same three per centum, in the aggregate, at any one time upon such valuation.”
This follows immediately after section 7 of the same article, which section prohibits the legislature from authorizing any municipality becoming a stockholder in any corporation, or loaning its credit or money to any corporation, association or individual.
There were no such restrictions on legislative authority or on municipal power in the constitution of 1838 ; and while not a few profound lawyers, because of the sparseness of restric*126tions in that constitution and the multiplicity of them in our present one, think the old superior to the new, we doubt if any one condemns the policy disclosed in sections 7 and 8 of article 9, regulating and limiting municipal debts. The twenty years preceding the adoption of the constitution of 1874 was an era of great growth and expansion in easy and rapid modes of communication and transportation ; highways, such as railroads, plank roads and turnpikes, were multiplied. Almost every municipal organization sought to promote the construction of them to, from and through the municipal limits. They subscribed for the securities of these corporations, sometimes beyond their ability, and generally beyond their subsequent willingness to pay. Not seldom the courts were impelled, at the suit of importunate creditors, to enforce the assessment and collection of taxes for payment of such debts, by the imprisonment of municipal officers. Litigation, too, in more than one case demonstrated that increased ability to pay was not followed by increased willingness to pay such debts. The debt of one county in this commonwealth, for the larger part made up of subscriptions to the stock and bonds of railroad corporations, reached nearly forty per cent of its assessed valuation. The basis of such debts was almost wholly speculative, for, when contracted, there was no traffic and no experience in the new enterprise, which demonstrated any value to. its securities. Prompted often by the wildest hopes of future municipal wealth and prosperity on the completion of the new highway, the county, city or borough rushed into indebtedness to promote it. This propensity was characterized by an eminent writer on municipal law, Judge Dillon, as “ an epidemic insanity inducing extravagant corporate subscriptions to public works.” The result of this insanity is shown by the fact that in 1860 the fourteen principal cities of the United States had an aggregate indebtedness of only $109,808,409; fifteen years after-wards, the aggregate debt of the same cities was §407,218,-351. The debt had increased 271 per cent, the population only 70 per cent.
To this sort of debt there was added during the war large loans for bounty purposes, so that, in 1878, when the constitutional convention was in session, if there was one evil more prominent and exasperating than another to the taxpayer, it *127was the big debt of his particular locality; a debt often out of all proportion to its ability to pay. The convention struck at this evil when they framed sections 7 and 8 of article 9 of the constitution. The people of the commonwealth struck at it when, by a large majority, they adopted the constitution. They fixed what they deemed the reasonable limit of municipal debt at seven per cent of the assessed valuation. But we do not concur with the learned counsel for plaintiff, in his most able argument, that the real intent and policy of the constitution of 1874 was to establish or promote, except debt for temporary purposes, absolute non-indebtedness for cities, counties and boroughs; to inaugurate a new and “ pay as you go ” system. If his assumption be correct, there would seem to be no escape from his conclusion, viz.: that no new debt ought to be incurred while any part of the old remains unpaid. But it seems to us the obvious intention of sections 7 and 8 of article 9, and section 3 of article 15, is to authorize a continuous debt, not exceeding seven per cent of the assessed valuation. In these sections the constitution plainly says, to all the municipalities of the commonwealth, “You may owe seven per cent of what you are worth; if you want to spend more than this, then you must pay as you go, for you shall not at any one time, in the aggregate, be in debt beyond this amount.” As to the commonwealth itself, the intention was to wipe out the existing debt, and thereafter permit the incurring of only a limited amount of debt on grave exigencies, and that only temporarily. But as to the municipal subdivisions of the state, the necéssity for a reasonable debt, for municipal improvements, was recognized; the constitution sought only to limit the aggregate amount of it at any one time, and to provide for the gradual payment of any such debt incurred for any particular purpose, within a period of thirty years.
On this theory, the borrowing power, within the seven per cent limit, would practically never be wholly exhausted,- for whenever the debt to this amount was created, the process of extinction would commence, leaving in a short time a margin for further loans. The constitution did fix, somewhat arbitrarily perhaps, but nevertheless fixed, the limit of indebtedness at a sum which the people thought a reasonable indebtedness. They determined that no municipality thereafter should create *128a debt which practically bankrupted it, or a debt which imposed on the taxpayer a burden too grievous to be borne.
The contention here, then, turns on what is the present actual debt of the city. The amount of uncanceled, undestroyed evidences of debt, it is not disputed, is $52,758,845.22; the assessed valuation of the taxable property of the-city is $769,930,542. Seven per cent of this amount would leave only a margin of about one million more than the amount of uncanceled evidences of debt; if this evidence of debt which once existed still constitutes part of the real debt of the city, the $6,000,000 loan is in violation of section 8, article 9, of the constitution. It is averred bjr defendant that these uncanceled certificates are not conclusive of the real debt of the citj', — that it is actually much less. That, of the $52,758,845.22 apparent debt, $23,130,100, made up of 6, 4 and 3 per cent loans of the city, is in the sinking fund, purchased by the city’s money; deducting this amount from the apparent debt, leaves only $29,628,745 as the real debt, but little more than four per cent of the assessed valuation, and adding the proposed loan to this, the whole real debt would not exceed five per cent of the assessed valuation.
A debt is defined by lexicographers to be, “ That which one person is bound to pay to or perform for another.” Are the city securities in the sinking fund still a debt owing by the city, and which she is still bound to pay ? Bouvier defines a sinking fund as “ A fund arising from particular taxes, imposts or duties, which is appropriated toward the payment of the interest due on a public loan, and for the gradual payment of the principal.” The mere definition of the term, however, helps but little in the determination of the meaning of the word “ debt ” in the constitution; for, whatever technical definition be given the name applied to the fund, the status of the obligations in it must be determined by the legislation, state and municipal, which put them there. The first appearance of city legislation on the subject, is an ordinance of March 12, 1807, Allinson & Penrose’s Philadelphia, p. 121. It is entitled “ An ordinance for the reduction and payment of the debts of the city.” It provides that $5,000 shall be set aside annually as a sinking fund, to be applied to the purchase and redemption of the funded debt of the city at its market price, not exceeding par, *129until the debt should be redeemed; if the securities could not be purchased at par, then the city treasurer was authorized to purchase for the fund six per cent bonds of the United States. Many ordinances were adopted in subsequent years, having-reference to the same subject, and disclosing the same purpose in substantially the same language; then, in 1854, came the “ consolidation ” act, which provided “ that the net debt of the county of Philadelphia, after deducting and canceling that portion in the sinking fund,” and the net debts of the several districts and municipalities incorporated with the city, after deducting and canceling the portions held by their respective sinking funds, should be consolidated into one debt, to be called “ the debt of the city of Philadelphia; ” further, that there should be annually raised by tax, in addition to the income from corporate property, a sum sufficient to pay the interest on the consolidated debt. It was further enacted: “ No debt shall be incurred or loans made by the said city, without a contemporaneous appropriation of a sufficient annual income or tax, exclusive of loans, to pay the interest and sink the principal of such debt in thirty years.” The consolidation act, in declaring what shall be called “the debt of the city of Philadelphia,” says that that portion of the debt in the sinking fund shall first be deducted in an ascertainment of the amount of the debt. It recognized the certificates in the fund as still existing, but not existing as part of the consolidated debt.
This was' supplemented by a number of ordinances in the years following consolidation, all in harmony with the act, and intended to raise annualty a sum sufficient to pay the interest and sink the principal of the funded debt in thirty years. The act of 1857 prohibited the use of the investments in the sinking fund for any other purpose than sale for money or exchange for city loans, and directed that when sold or exchanged, “ the proceeds should be applied exclusively to the sinking fund or to the extinguishment of the funded debt.” Then came section 3, article 15 of the constitution of 1874, which directs that: “ Every city shall create a sinking fund which shall be inviolably pledged for the payment of the public debt.” “ Every city shall create a sinking fund,” — that is, there shall be set apart from all other city money, for a specific purpose, the redemption or payment of the funded debt, a portion of the an*130nual revenues • of the city; then, when this portion of the revenues reaches the fund, it is inviolably pledged for the payment of the funded debt. No temptation however great, no necessity however imperious, shall move the city to divert one dollar of the fund to a purpose other than the redemption or payment of the debt. The word “ pledged ” is to have, in its connection here, not a technical legal definition, but its obvious meaning, that of a solemn promise, which, under no possible circumstances, shall be violated. The acts of 1874 and 1879 regulating the incurring of municipal debts and the funding of the same, direct the annual levy and collection of á tax sufficient to pay, in addition to the interest, the principal of the debt in thirty years.
So far, then, as relates to the general public, among whom are these plaintiffs, what is called the sinking fund is the mere conduit, through and by which the money raised by annual taxation reaches its destination; it goes into the fund for a specific puipose, to which it is inviolably pledged; when there, the commissioners must see to it that it accomplishes its purpose, the payment of the funded debt of the city; when, with that end in view, they from time to time purchase any portion of the funded debt of the city, then the inviolable pledge of the fund, to the extent of the purchase, is kept; that much of the sinking fund has been, in fact, applied in payment of the funded debt.
As set out in appendix to plaintiffs’ paper-book, there are now in the sinking fund, 6 per cents city loan, $14,238,350;' 4 per cents, $1,949,750; 3 per cents, $6,947,000; altogether, $23,180,100 of city certificates purchased by the commissioners. There are, besides these, other securities, not those of the city, in the fund. As to these last, obviousty, they remain in the fund, bound bjr the inviolable pledge which attached to them when they first became part of it. So far as concerns them, they have not yet been applied in payment or redemption of any part of the funded debt. An asset of the city, easily convertible into cash, they undoubtedly are, but as yet they have not operated to the reduction of the funded debt, to which purpose they were pledged. In effect, they only represent the savings of the city, set aside in anticipation of payment of the debt; as to any actual reduction of the debt by them, there *131has been none; the debt is still an outstanding liability unaffected by the savings, with only an increased ability on part of the eity to pay; an increase in ability measured by the cash value of the savings. When used in purchase of the debt, there is a release of the pledge, and a discharge of the obligation, to the amount of the purchase.
It is not important in determining the actual debt, that the commissioners have not authority, immediately on purchase, to cancel or destroy the city certificate; it is paid for by the money of the obligor, put into the fund for that very purpose; as an outstanding, unpaid obligation, it can, as to the obligor, have no real effective existence after it is purchased and paid for with the city’s money. And although the city, in this issue, only claims to deduct from the apparent debt the amount of 6 per cent certificates in the sinking fund, every city certificate in that fund representing a part of the funded debt, and purchased by the commissioners in thé redemption or payment of that debt, ceases to be longer a part of the actual debt of the city. That much of the debt the city is no longer bound to pay, because practically it is paid. We are speaking now of the actual obligation of the city as affected by these certificates in the fund, but not yet canceled.
If payments be not made into the fund for the redemption or purchase of the funded debt, as required by law, the commissioners must see to it that such payments are made, even to the institution of legal proceedings to compel annual payment by the city. The commissioners, in our view of their duty, are not, as has been suggested in the argument, mere city clerks or bookkeepers ; they are invested with high powers, involving very weighty responsibilities.
All the legislation, both state and municipal, to which we have .referred, is saturated with the one idea that the sinking fund is a plan or scheme, by and through which the funded debt of the city shall annually be reduced by redemption or payment of the evidences of the debt outstanding, that is, the certificates.
If, then, the commissioners purchase for the fund any portion of the eity loans, and they are no longer, as affects the eity, a liability, are the certificates so purchased, even though not canceled, to be treated as an actual existing debt of the eity? As *132between the city and its creditor who has parted with his money 'on the apparent, promise of an ordinance, that these purchased certificates should not be canceled, but should remain in the fund until the maturity of the loan, he has the right to insist on the letter of his contract, whether there be any substantial benefit to him therefrom or not. He is entitled to His right under his contract, without impairment in a particular which he deems important; if he relied on a form, without substance, when he loaned his money, it is not for the city, which promised him not to cancel before maturity, to question his right or violate its promise by canceling as soon as paid. But the contention between the creditor and the city, as to when the certificates may be lawfully canceled or destroyed, is a wholly different one from that before us. Suppose, as is argued, another creditor loaned his money on the express stipulation of the ordinance that this purchased certificate should not be canceled until the maturity of the loan of which it was a part. Very well, let this be so; at most, this second-creditor has two securities instead of one for his debt; the one in his pocket, the other uncauceled in the sinking fund. But that adds nothing to the real debt. If a creditor have twenty securities of his debtor for a $1,000 loan, the debtor’s liability is determined, not by the aggregate of securities, but by the amount he actually owes, which is $1,000, not $20,000.
The city owes now just what it is bound to pay; not one cent more. If it has, through the sinking fund, purchased its own certificates, placed them uncanceled in the fund, and even pays interest on them annually, it cannot pay them again. The payment of annual interest is only a method or device for the annual appropriation to the fund. To illustrate further, suppose the city were to resolve to lay a tax sufficient to pay its whole funded debt this year; what sum should it raise ? If it assumed, as averred by plaintiffs is the fact, that its real debt is $52,758,845.22, which includes the city certificates in the sinking fund, it would then collect from the people $23,180,100 more than it could pay out; uneaneeled certificates to this amount, it is true, are in the sinking fund, but they have been already bought by the city’s money under the sinking fund plan for the payment of the funded debt, and belong to the city. Manifestly, she would have raised $28,180,100 more than her *133debt, more than she was “bound to pay or perform,” under the definition of debt, already quoted; but if a tax of five per cent would raise enough money to pay every debt she is bound to pay, as is not disputed, then her debt is two per cent within the constitutional limit.
While this question is here raised for the first time in this state under the constitution of 1874, a case almost the same was decided by the New York court of appeals, Bank v. William R. Grace, Mayor, et.ah, 102 N. Y. 318. Section 11, article 8, of the constitution of that state has this provision: “ No county containing a city of over one hundred thousand inhabitants, or any such city, shall be allowed to become indebted for any purpose, or in. any manner, to an amount which, including existing indebtedness, shall exceed ten per centum of the assessed valuation of the real estate of such city or county subject to taxation.” In 1886, the date of the suit, the authorized funded debt of the city and county of New York was $126,000,000; the assessed value of real estate was $1,168,443,137; the debt was therefore apparently in excess of the constitutional limit; but more than $34,000,000 of the city certificates had been purchased for and were in the sinking fund; deducting these, from the whole funded debt, left the debt $24,000,000 less than ten per centum of the assessed valuation of real estate. The plaintiffs complained that the city was about to issue a loan of $2,000,000 for the improvement of docks, and, counting the certificates in the sinking fund as part of the debt, this was a violation of the constitution. They therefore prayed for an injunction restraining such issue. The case was most ably and elaborately argued, both in the lower courts and in the court of appeals, winch last named court held: That the. intent of the constitutional prohibition was aimed “ at an actual, not a theoretical indebtedness, — at a substantial liability which can only be discharged by the enforcement of a tax or an assessment, which, when levied, will be a charge upon the taxpayer, and a burden for him to remove— not a formal obligation which may remain as evidence of a once existing debt, but which can, in no way, be regarded as a present debt to be enforced, and which, if not before canceled by the commissioners, becomes waste paper by the mere efflux of time.” Therefore the court held that the certificates *134purchased for the sinking fund were not a debt against the city, to he computed in the ascertainment of the amount within tiie constitutional limit, and dismissed the bill.
While we are not bound by the judicial construction put upon the New York constitution, yet the prohibition there is so nearly like unto ours, and the case was so exhaustively discussed in all its aspects by prominent counsel, then carefully considered by a court eminent for its learning and ability, that we cannot but give persuasive weight to the judgment, vindicated as it is, it seems to us, by the soundest reasoning.
As to the second averment of the bill, that the debt to be created, to the extent of one half, is practically a loan of the city’s credit to the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, a private corporation, we are of the opinion that it cannot he sustained. The avoidance of grade crossings is not only desirable, but, with the growth of the city in business and population, may be considered absolutely necessary. The maimings and deaths incident to grade crossings, the records of this court show, are increasing every year; a densely populated city, bisected by a steam railroad at grade, suffers a serious interruption to travel on its streets, permits within its limits a constant menace to life and limb. Under such circumstances, it is the city’s duty to rid itself of such an obstacle to its growth, and of'a danger always imminent. It has the unquestioned power to do so, if there be no legal right on the part of tlie railroad company interfered with; if there be such right, then it has power to make terms with the corporation, by which the corporation waives its right. And the city has the power to assume the entire expense of the municipal improvement; if the corporation, in view of advantages to it, agrees to reimburse the city' to the amount of one half the expenditure, the transaction is, in no sense of the words, a loan of the city’s credit to the corporation. The city makes an improvement which is a great public necessitj'; which largely enhances the valuation of its taxable property; it makes it at its own expense, which it has the undoubted power to do. The corporation, which is also benefited, but which is not impelled thereto by any legal obligation to the public, makes a contribution to the city of one half the cost of the improvement. It thereby obtains no loan of the city credit; simply reimburses *135the city for an expenditure from which the corporation was greatly advantaged.
We hold: (1) That the $23,130,100 of city certificates in the sinking fund is not a debt within the meaning of the word “debt” in section 8, article 9, of the constitution; that the real.debt of the city is the authorized debt, less the amount of the city certificates purchased and uncanceled in that fund. (2) The agreement of the city with the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company is not a loan of the city’s credit to a corporation.
The bill is dismissed at the costs of plaintiffs.