Opinion by
Mb. Justice Fell,The plaintiff while a passenger was injured in a collision on the defendant’s road. The defendant’s liability was conceded, and the contest at the trial was as to the extent and permanency of the plaintiff’s injuries and the damages resulting from the permanent loss of earning power. The only question now to be considered is that raised by the third specification of error. The court was asked to charge that no competent evidence of the loss of earning power had been produced by the plaintiff and that no allowance should be made therefor by the jury. This request was refused, but the jury was referred to what had been said on the subject in the general charge. Testimony as to earning power had been admitted without objection, and the sufficiency of the testimony was the only matter that could properly be raised by the point presented.
The plaintiff was engaged in the business of producing oil. He owned a number of leases of oil lands upon which he was operating, and was also the treasurer of gas companies in which he was interested. His whole time and attention were given *104to the management of his oil business and to assisting in the management of the gas companies. His injuries, it was claimed, entirety disabled him from attending to any business. A witness shown to have a special knowledge of the plaintiff’s business and of the manner in which he conducted it and the time and attention given to it testified that lfis services were worth from $5,000 to $10,000 a year. The instruction in the charge was that while this testimony was meager and indefinite it should be considered by the jury, but they were cautioned that unless satisfied that from the whole testimony they could reach a proper conclusion as to the loss of earning power, they should make no allowance therefor.
It is error to submit to a jury the loss of earning power as an element of damages in the absence of any proof upon the subject. But such proof need not be clear and indubitable to entitle it to go to the jury. Except where a fixed compensation is paid for services rendered, there can be no certainty. The age of the person, his situation in life, his condition of health and habits of industry, and profits derived from the management of a business resulting from the personal attention and labor of the owner, as distinguished from profits arising from invested capital, may, in proper cases, be considered in determining earning power: McHugh v. Schlosser, 159 Pa. 480; Wallace v. Penna. R. R. Co., 195 Pa. 127 ; McKenna v. Citizens’ Nat. Gas Co., 198 Pa. 31. The testimony submitted to the jury in this case went to show the money value of work done by the plaintiff before Ms injury. It could not have been withheld from the jury, nor could it have been submitted in a manner to guard more fully and fairly the rights of the defendant. The case was tried with marked ability and the learned judge property secured, by requiring the filing of a remittitur, the reduction of what he considered an excessive verdict to a reasonable amount.
Judgment affirmed.