dissenting”.
This was an application by the Indian Brewing Company to the court of quarter sessions of Indiana county for a brewer’s license for the year 1909. The application was filed in November, 1908. Additional petitions were filed in support of the application and remonstrances were filed against it. The court of quarter sessions gave the parties a hearing at the time fixed by the rules of court in February, 1909, and after dué consideration of the petitions and remonstrances and other matters required to be considered by the court, the learned judge of the quarter sessions refused the license. An appeal was taken from his decision to the Superior Court and by the unanimous judgment of that court the order of the quarter sessions refusing the license was affirmed. A petition of the brewing company was then presented to Mr. Justice Elkin of this court at chambers in Indiana and he entered the following order: “And now, July 30, 1909, appeal with certiorari allowed as prayed for.” The case was argued on October 12 in this court, and by a bare majority of its members the order of the quarter sessions refusing the license, as well as the decree of the Superior Court affirming the quarter sessions, are to be reversed, and a peremptory order made by this court directing the quarter sessions to issue the license. An opinion has been prepared by Mr. Justice Elkin to be handed down expressing the views of the four members of this court who concur therein.
The application was for a brewer’s license in the town of Indiana, Indiana county, under the Act of assembly approved June 9,1891, P. L. 257, entitled, “An act to restrain and regulate the sale of vinous, spirituous, malt or brewed liquors, or any admixture thereof, by wholesale.” The petition and supplemental petitions accompanying the application were signed by 3,090 persons, purporting to be residents of Indiana county, and averred “that said Indian Brewing Company is a fit corporation to which such license should be granted.” Remonstrances were filed against the granting of the license and were signed by 5,191 persons, purporting to be residents *64of Indiana county, and averred that “the applicant is not a fit person or corporation to be granted the license applied for.” In addition to these remonstrances two reputable members of the Indiana county bar and members of the bar of this court, acting as attorneys for the remonstrants, filed specific charges of violations of the law against the applicant (1) for illegally selling malt or brewed liquors, and (2) for selling malt or brewed liquors contrary to the provisions of the Act of assembly of June 21, 1897, P. L. 176, which provides: “When any court shall have refused a license for any particular brewery the sale of said liquors at said brewery shall not be permitted under this act until the expiration of one year after the date of the application for the license which has been so refused.” At the time provided by the rules of court, the learned judge of the quarter sessions gave the parties a full hearing, at which both parties were represented by counsel; and after due consideration the application for a license was refused. The court filed the following opinion: “At the hearing of this application there were presented petitions favoring the application and remonstrances against the granting of the license, by reason of the unfitness of the applicant. The petitions filed contained the names of about three thousand residents of the county and the remonstrances the names of about five thousand residents of the county entitled to the court's consideration. Of the remonstrants about two thousand were men and three thousand, women. Prom an examination of these petitions and remonstrances, having due regard to the number and character of the petitioners and remonstrants, we find that the weight of the evidence rests with the remonstrants and that the unfitness of the applicant is established by the weight of the evidence. Whenever in the opinion of the court this fact should be found from the evidence, the statute under which the application is made requires that the license shall be refused.”
It will be observed that the learned quarter sessions court heard and regularly disposed of the question on which the right of the applicant to have a license depended, viz., whether the applicant was a fit person or corporation to be granted a *65brewer’s license. It will further be observed, and should not be overlooked, that that was the sole and only question raised by the petitioners for and the remonstrants against the license, and required by the statute to be considered by the court in determining the right of the applicant to the license. The petitioners averred that the brewing company was a fit person or corporation to have the license and the remonstrants averred directly the contrary. Upon the issue thus made, both parties were permitted to file petitions and to introduce any other evidence which they desired. It must be conceded that the proceeding before the quarter sessions was entirely regular and conformable to the statute and rules of court governing the application, that the parties had a full hearing, and that the court received all the evidence offered for and against the application, and that the judge’s order refusing a license was made after consideration of all the facts bearing upon the question at issue.
An appeal was taken to the Superior Court, as we have seen, and the order of the quarter sessions was affirmed by a unanimous court in an opinion filed by Henderson, J., in which he points out that the action of the quarter sessions court in refusing the license is clearly sustained by all the cases on the subject both in the Superior Court and the Supreme Court of this state. The first sentence of the opinion says: “None of the features of this case distinguish it in a material way from Black Diamond Distilling Co.’s License, 33 Pa. Superior Ct. 649; Reynoldsville Distilling Co.’s License, 34 Pa. Superior Ct. 269; and American Brewing Co.’s License, 161 Pa. 378.”
Before considering the opinion on which the majority of this court reverses the two lower courts, we will notice the statutes regulating applications for brewers’ licenses and some of the decisions construing those statutes. As has been noted, this application was made under the act of June 9, 1891. The sixth section of the act provides as follows: “The court of quarter sessions shall hear petitions from residents of the county, in addition to that of the applicant, in favor of and remonstrances against the application for such license, and in all cases shall refuse the same whenever in the opinion of the *66said, court having due regard to the number and character of the petitioners for and against such application, such license is not necessary for the accommodation of the public, or that the applicant or applicants is or are not fit persons to whom such license should be granted.” The fourth section of the act provides that the provision “ as to whether the place to be licensed is necessary shall not apply to a brewery or distillery.” The only question, therefore, under the statute for the consideration of the court in granting or refusing an application for a brewer’s license is whether the applicant is or is not a fit person to whom the license should be granted. The second section of the act provides, inter alia, that “the said court shall fix by rule or standing order a time at which application for said licenses shall be heard, at which time all persons applying or making objections to applications for licenses may be heard by evidence, petition, remonstrance or counsel.”
Numerous decisions have been rendered by this court and the Superior Court, construing this act of assembly and the prior acts relating to the subject. They are all in accord, and there is no difficulty whatever in determining from them the proper construction of the act. In Gemas’s License, 169 Pa. 43, in which the application was made under the act of 1891, this court, speaking by Mitchell, J., said (p. 46): “the judgment of the court (of quarter sessions) as to the personal fitness of the applicant involves considerations of residence, citizenship, interest in other places where liquor is made or sold, conduct in regard to previous license, etc., applying equally to all kinds of licenses asked for.” It may be well to suggest here that it is the duty of the quarter sessions in passing upon a license application to consider not only the voters but also all citizens, male or female, who sign the remonstrance. This is distinctly ruled by this court in Reed’s App., 114 Pa. 452, an application for a wholesale liquor license. It is there said (p. 463): “The act does not require that either the petitioners or remonstrants should be voters; it is enough that they be citizens, whether male or female, hence, it is a mistake to pass over women, and count only voters.”
The duty of the court of quarter sessions in granting or re*67fusing a license to deal in intoxicating liquors, the evidence to be considered by it, and the right of an appellate court to review its discretion are pointed out in many decisions of both appellate courts of the state. In Reed’s App., 114 Pa. 452, it is said (p. 463): “The petitions, pro and con, are not matters of record, but in the nature of evidence for the information of the conscience of the court, and, as a consequence, we cannot review them, or reverse the action of the judge of the quarter sessions on a certiorari. Moreover, as no appeal has been given, we have no power to take cognizance of the complaint of the appellants.” In Raudenbusch’s Petition, 120 Pa. 328, in speaking of what the quarter sessions should consider in passing upon an application for license this court said (p. 342): “ In order to perform this duty properly, the act of assembly has provided means by which the conscience of the court may be informed as to the facts; it may hear petitions, remonstrances, or witnesses, and we have no doubt the court may in some instances act of its own knowledge. The mere appearance of an applicant for license, when he comes to the bar of the court, may be sufficient to satisfy the judge that he is not a fit person to keep a public house. The judge is not bound to grant a license to a man whom he knows to be a drunkard or a thief, or has actual knowledge that his house is not necessary for the public accommodation.” In Kelminski’s License, 164 Pa. 231 we said (p. 233): “The law evidently contemplates action by the court in accordance with the knowledge it has of the character of the applicant and the needs of the locality in which he proposes to carry on business under the license, but this action is not necessarily founded upon the knowledge exclusively derived from the evidence and petitions produced on hearing. It may, and sometimes very properly does, act of its own knowledge obtained from observation of the applicant and acquaintance with the district.” Thomas’s License, 169 Pa. 111, was an application for a wholesale liquor license under the act of 1891. The quarter sessions refused the license, and in affirming its action this court said: “The record shows that the case was heard, considered and decided by the learned court below, and that the license was refused on the ground *68that in the opinion of the court it was not necessary. It is true it was the individual opinion of the judge upon which this action was taken, but we have so many times held that such opinion may be the basis of decision that we regard the subject as settled, and do not deem it necessary to review the 'cases or to change them,” (citing cases).
The duty of the quarter sessions and its discretion in granting licenses under the act of 1891 is discussed at length by the late Mr. Justice Dean in Gross’s License, 161 Pa. 344. He says, inter alia (p. 347): “If the court has in a lawful manner performed the duty imposed upon it, it is not our business to inquire whether it has made a mistake in its conclusions of fact. Whether the same facts induce in our minds the same belief as in that of the court below, as to the character of the applicant or other material averments, is wholly immaterial; it is the discretion of the court of quarter sessions, not ours, that the law requires. ... If the record shows the decree was had after hearing at a time fixed by rule or standing order, the presumption is, the decree is judicial and not arbitrary, and this presumption is not rebutted by an argument from evidence that the court ought to have reached a different conclusion.” There is the same discretion in the court of quarter sessions in granting or refusing a wholesale license as in the case of a retail license; Nordstrom’s Petition, 127 Pa. 542, 553. The judge is not bound to set out legal reasons for his action in refusing a license; he is only bound to have them: Gross’s License, 161 Pa. 344.
In the light of the above decisions of this court and the conceded facts of the case let us examine the opinion of the majority of the court in the present case. Justice Elkin says: “There is thus presented (to this court) for determination the narrow question, Does the weight of the evidence gathered from the petitions and remonstrances furnish a legal reason for refusing the license? The only averment contained in the remonstrance is that the applicant is not a 'fit corporation’ to be licensed and upon this naked averment, more numerously signed by persons who objected to the granting of the license than by those who favored it, the learned judge found that the *69unfitness of the applicant had been established by the weight of the evidence.” It will thus be observed that the majority of the court holds that it is the duty of this court to weigh the evidence and determine whether the license should have been granted; that it is for this court to determine whether the applicant is a “fit corporation” to be licensed. This is in the’ teeth of all the authorities and is the fundamental error which leads the maj ority to its incorrect conclusion. This, as pointed out in the authorities cited, is a certiorari, on which this court can determine only whether the court below in passing upon the application conformed its action to the statutes regulating the subject. This court has nothing to do with the evidence in the case or in determining whether its weight is in favor of or against the application. It has no authority to examine and consider the petitions or remonstrances or any evidence which was produced at the hearing for the purpose of determining the facts. Those matters were for the quarter sessions and for that court only, and when this court attempts, as it does, to consider and determine the weight of the evidence for and against the license it is confronted by an unbroken line of our own decisions condemning its action. The reason assigned by the quarter sessions for refusing the license is a valid one under the act of assembly, and hence an appellate court cannot inquire into the reason or determine whether the evidence sustains the quarter sessions in its conclusions. No further discussion of this paragraph of the majority opinion is necessary, as the authorities cited above clearly covers the question and convicts the majority of palpable error.
The majority opinion concedes that the wholesale liquor license act of 1891 applies to corporations, and suggests that the “ question raised by this record is in what manner ought these words (fit persons) be made applicable to a corporation seeking a license. ... A corporation has no personal attributes and must be judged-by its corporate acts. In the present case the only averment in the remonstrances upon which the court based its finding is that the applicant is not a ‘fit corporation’ to be licensed. This is clearly not sufficient.” The finding of the quarter sessions is: “That the unfitness of *70the applicant is established by the weight of the evidence.” The additional petitions in favor of the license aver that the Indian Brewing Company, “is a fit corporation to which such license should be granted,” and the remonstrances allege that the applicant “is not a fit person or corporation to be granted the license applied for.” This is the issue made by the pleadings and the one which the act of 1891 requires the quarter sessions to pass on in determining the applicant’s right to a license. How was this issue to be determined? As we have seen, the statute points out specifically that the court shall hear petitions, remonstrances, and any evidence which the parties may desire to introduce for and against the application. Such evidence was presented to and considered by the quarter sessions, and upon it the learned judge based his refusal of a license. It was the acts of the applicant corporation, as disclosed by the evidence, which compelled the quarter sessions to refuse the license.
The parties objecting to the license were required to aver in the remonstrance simply the unfitness of the applicant, and such is the uniform practice throughout the commonwealth. The sixth section of the Act of June 9, 1891, P. L. 257, provides that the quarter sessions shall not grant the license if the applicant is not a fit person. It is wholly immaterial why he is not a fit person, and if the remonstrants on the hearing convince the court that for any reason he is unfit, then the act prohibits the granting of the license. For aught we know, the quarter sessions found that this corporation had violated many of the laws of the commonwealth regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors. Specific charges were filed to that effect by reputable members of the bar of Indiana county in behalf of the remonstrants, and we must assume that these or other illegal acts, making the applicant unfit, were established to the satisfaction of the court. As pointed out above, our decisions all hold that the judge has the right to act on facts affecting the fitness of the applicant which are within his own knowledge. He therefore had before him in considering this application the fact that he had refused this same applicant a license during the previous year, because it was shown to his satis*71faction by evidence that the Indian Brewing Company was guilty of seven specific charges of violating the liquor laws of the commonwealth. The refusal of the license was based upon the evidence, as appears by the opinion of the learned judge, wherein he says: “We find that the weight of the evidence rests with the remonstrants and that the unfitness of the applicant is established by the weight of the evidence. Whenever in the opinion of the court this fact should be found from the evidence, the statute under which the application is made requires that the license shall be refused.” It is apparent, therefore, that the averment of unfitness by the remonstrants was supplemented by evidence which convinced the court of the unfitness of the corporation to receive a brewer’s license, and required the quarter sessions, under the statute, to deny the application.
The order to be entered by the majority of the court is clearly erroneous. It is as follows: “Order reversed and license directed to issue.” This court assumes the functions, and proposes to exercise the powers, of the court of quarter sessions in disposing of the application for the license. It undertakes to pass upon the fitness of the corporation.when, as we have seen, it does not and cannot legally-have before it any evidence on the subject. The case is being considered here upon a writ of certiorari, which brings up simply the record, and the evidence, including the petitions and remonstrances, are no part of the record for the purpose of determining the fitness of the applicant. Notwithstanding these facts, the majority of the court enters a mandatory order on the quarter sessions to issue the license, instead of awarding a procedendo requiring that court to again hear and determine the applicant’s right to the- license. This, I submit, is manifest error and is without a single precedent in the courts of this state to support it. On the other hand, it is condemned by all our authorities.
Johnson’s License, 156 Pa. 322, was an application for a distiller’s license under the act of 1891. The license was refused by the quarter sessions without filing an opinion, and the applicant appealed to this court. The appeal was sustained, *72as in the present case, but this court did not issue a peremptory order to the quarter sessions to grant the license. On the contrary, the decree of this court was as follows: “The order of the court below refusing a license is reversed, and a procedendo awarded.” The applicant thereupon moved the quarter sessions to grant the license. The judge of the quarter sessions filed a lengthy opinion in which he set forth his reasons for refusing to grant the license, and again declined to grant the application. The applicant then presented his petition to this court for a mandamus to compel the court of quarter sessions to grant the license. This court refused the petition and declined to interfere with the discretion of the quarter sessions in refusing the application: Johnson's License, 165 Pa. 315.
The same mode of procedure was observed in Gemas’s License, 169 Pa. 43, which was also an application for a distiller’s license under the act of June 9, 1891. The quarter sessions, without filing an opinion, refused the application and the applicant appealed to this court. The order of the quarter sessions was reversed, this court holding that the reason assigned in the order by the quarter sessions was not a valid one. This court, however, did not direct the court below to issue the license, but entered the decree: “Judgment reversed and procedendo awarded.” By this order the application was again remanded to the quarter sessions, which had the authority to again consider and determine the right of the applicant to his license. In concluding the opinion Mr. Justice Mitchell says (p. 46): “We are of opinion therefore that the only reason assigned for a refusal of the license was not a valid reason under the statute in the case of a distiller, and unless there is other-ground for refusing it, which does not appear, the license should be granted.” Whether there was “other ground” for refusing it was a matter submitted by this court for the consideration and decision of the quarter sessions.
I regard the ruling of the majority of the court as an entire departure from all the adjudicated decisions of both appellate courts of this commonwealth. It practically annuls the act of assembly, and denies the right to grant licenses by the court of quarter sessions, the only tribunal invested by the laws of the *73commonwealth with that power. It assumes the authority to review on a certiorari the merits of a procedure in a court of first instance which has never heretofore been attempted in this commonwealth.
I object to granting this license because the members of this court have no authority to usurp the functions of the quarter sessions and determine the fitness of the applicant from their own knowledge of the facts or from facts otherwise obtained; because the quarter sessions of Indiana county was compelled to refuse a similar application by this corporation the previous year on the ground that it was guilty of seven distinct offenses against the liquor laws of the commonwealth; and because 5,000 reputable citizens of Indiana county where the applicant proposes to manufacture and sell its liquors, declare the Indian Brewing Company unfit to have a license, and the correctness of their judgment is confirmed by the court of quarter sessions of the county, the only legal tribunal under the laws of the state having authority to determine the question.
I would affirm the order of the court of quarter sessions refusing the license and also the judgment of the Superior Court affirming that order.