Opinion by
Mr. Justice Moschzisker,John R. Williams commenced proceedings to recover 100,000 shares of the stock of the Amparo Mining Co. from the estate of Edward M. Paxson, deceased; he died and his executrix was substituted upon the record. It was determined that the stock belonged to Williams and the same was duly transferred to his executrix. After getting possession of this asset she transferred a majority of the stock to the appellants in this case, i. e., to herself individually, 16,666 shares, to her brother George J. Graham, a like number, and to Eugene Raymond, Esquire, 50,000, under a claim that these proportions of the stock belonged to the respective transferees and were not the property of the Williams Estate. Thereupon the appellees and one Young, claiming to be *262creditors, respectively petitioned the Orphans’ Court for an order on the appellants to restrain them from parting with the shares in question and for a decree that they should return the stock to the personal representative of John R. Williams, deceased, “to await the settlement of said estate.” The parties to these proceedings agreed, “That William B. Linn, Esq., shall be appointed master and examiner in the matter of the petition for a restraining order filed by James M. Young; also in.the matter of the petition for a restraining order filed by James W. Tyrrell and his associates.” The master was accordingly appointed and took the testimony; after which he submitted a report containing elaborate findings of fact and conclusions of law and recommending a formal decree. Numerous exceptions were filed, but, without formally acting upon these or confirming the report, the court below adopted and entered the decree as recommended, viz, “Now ...... it is ...... decreed, in accordance with the prayer of the petition, that, until the further order of this court,......Eugene Raymond be, and is hereby ordered and directed forthwith to assign and transfer to Jennie F. Graham, executrix of the estate of John R. Williams, deceased, the 50,000 shares of the capital stock of the Amparo Mining Go. received from Jennie F. Graham, executrix, on or about July 9,1909,” with a like order as to the stock transferred to the other appellants. The appeals are from this decree. By stipulation of counsel duly filed it is agreed, “That the claim of James M. Young is a valid claim against the estate of John R. Williams, and it is further agreed ...... that the decision in the Tyrrell appeals shall stand as the decision of the Supreme Court in the Young appeals.” There are 245 assignments of error, one of which goes to the decree, and the others to the findings and conclusions of the master.
The appellants presented their appeals on the theory that the court below had by its decree finally adjudged *263that the appellees were creditors of the Williams Estate and had fixed the amount of the indebtedness to them, and further, that the court had finally determined that they, the appellants, were not the owners of the property respectively claimed by them; they contend that substantial error was committed, and attack the jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court.
We have read and considered the report of the master, the pleadings, the material testimony and the able arguments of counsel on both sides, and are brought to the conclusion that the only questions for our present determination are: What jurisdiction had the court below? What points did the court actually adjudicate? And, what is the scope and effect of the decree entered? Properly to adjudge these questions necessitates the consideration of at least three acts of assembly and certain of our decisions thereunder.
The Act of June 16, 1836, P. L. 784, sec. 19, provides: “The jurisdicition of the several Orphans’ Courts shall extend to and embrace: ...... VIII. All cases within their respective counties, wherein executors, administrators, guardians or trustees may be possessed of, or are in any way accountable for any real or personal estate of a decedent”; and the Act of March 29, 1832, P. L. 190, Sec. 57, par. 1, that obedience to its orders and decrees shall be obtained “on the petition ...... of any person interested, whether such interest be immediate or remote.” The Act of May 19, 1874, P. L. 206, Sec. 7, provides: “The said courts shall have power to prevent by order, in the nature of writs of injunction, acts contrary to law or equity, prejudicial to property over which they shall have jurisdiction,” and “this act was but declaratory of the law as it stood prior to its passage”: Odd Fellows’ SavBank’s App., 123 Pa. 356, 365.
In Tyson’s Est., 191 Pa. 218, speaking by Mr. Justice Mitchell, we said (p. 223), “The jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court to assist executors and administra*264tors in obtaining control of decedent’s assets is very extensive.” (For a review of the general development of the jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court, see the opinion by Mr. Justice Agnew in Mussleman’s App., 65 Pa. 480; and for a discussion of the limitations thereon, Power v. Grogan, 232 Pa. 387.) To come to the cases bearing more directly on the points involved: (1) In Brooke’s App., 102 Pa. 150, a surety for a guardian had possession of property belonging to the ward. Upon application of the guardian the Orphans’ Court of Philadelphia County ordered the surety to hand over the property to his principal, Hanna, P. J., saying (p. 154), “A guardian is but a trustee, and where he deposits with, or surrenders to, another the trust property, either as his surety or a stranger to the trust, such other person becomes a constructive trustee, and the trust property may be followed in like manner as other trust property”; and in affirming we said, “It is the duty of the Orphans’ Court to watch over their (minors’) property and to protect their rights therein. It was therefore within a just exercise of its powers to make an order that the property be paid over to the guardian......” (2) In Odd Fellows’ Saving Bank’s Appeal, 123 Pa. 356, upon petition of an heir, a citation was awarded against third parties alleged by the petitioner to be in possession of property belonging to the estate of a decedent, assigned to them by one of the executors. An order was entered for the delivery of the property. In affirming we said (p. 364) : “The Orphans’ Court has jurisdiction over the estates of decedents. While its authority to try disputed questions of title may well be doubted, it is very certain that it has control of the assets which admittedly belong to the estate of a decedent....... The court had jurisdiction over this property for the reason that it belonged to the estate.” (3) In Marshall’s Est., 138 Pa. 285, an executor pledged an asset of his decedent’s estate for his own debt. Upon the petition of an heir, *265the custodian of the pledged property was ordered to deliver it up, the court below saying that until the settlement of the estate the property of the decedent was in the possession of the court, and (p. 291), “in those cases in which this court has never had possession of the assets of decedents, ...... the jurisdiction belongs to another tribunal.” We affirmed per curiam. (4) In Mulholland’s Est., 154 Pa. 491, where a guardian had paid money belonging to his ward to the latter’s mother, we held that the Orphans’ Court had authority to compel her by citation to pay the money back to the guardian, stating (p. 500), “The court having jurisdiction over estates of decedents, it follows the fund ...... it need not call in the aid of a court of law.” (5) In Watt’s Est., 158 Pa. 1, the respondent, attorney and surety of the administrator, had possession of certain property of the decedent, and the Orphans’ Court ordered him to pay over the value thereof. In affirming we said, (p. 13) by Mr.' Justice Dean, that the Orphans’ Court “had jurisdiction over the estate ......; it was its duty to lay its hands on the assets of this estate ...... and all persons are amenable to the jurisdiction who have possession of the trust property.” (6) In Hinds’s Est., 183 Pa. 260, where a guardian pledged the property of his ward, without an order of court, for the ostensible purpose of improving the minor’s real estate, and invested the proceeds in a security in which he had a personal interest, upon the petition of the minor the Orphans’ Court ordered the pledgee of the property to transfer and deliver the same to the ward. This was affirmed per curiam. (7) In Gilkeson v. Thompson, 210 Pa. 355, we held that an heir could not maintain a bill in equity to secure a reassignment of a mortgage alleged to have been fraudulently procured from the decedent, where it appeared that a paper purporting to be a will had been admitted to probate and that the plaintiff was conducting a contest to have the alleged will set aside, say*266ing by Mr. Justice Brown (p. 360), that the plaintiff’s proper remedy was under the Act of May 19, 1874, P. L. 206, which gives the Orphans’ Court power to protect property over which it has jurisdiction; and adding, “Though this jurisdiction for the protection and preservation of property may be concurrent and not exclusive, it is the one to which the appellant ought to have resorted, for there his appeal from the probate of the will was pending, and there, if he was entitled to any relief, it could have been given him by a proper order during the pendency of his appeal ......” (8) In Marshall v. Hoff, 1 Watts 440, an executor died in possession of assets of his decedent, which assets came into the hands of the former’s administrator. Upon appeal from the adjudication of the Orphans’ Court which awarded these assets to.the estate of the deceased executor, we reversed and decreed that they should be held by the accountant for the benefit of the person entitled thereto under the will of the first decedent. (9) In Miller’s App., 84 Pa. 391, an executor with power of sale sold lands not belonging to his decedent, by mistake. The Orphans’ Court charged the executor with the fund thus realized, and he appealed. In reversing, we held that it was perfectly clear that the property did not belong to his decedent, and that the money realized was not an asset of the estate. (10) In High’s Est., 136 Pa. 222, an executor charged himself with certain money arising from the sale of property; his account was confirmed and an award made of the funds. Afterwards the accountant made an effort to get the money back through a claim at the audit of the account of the administrator of the deceased distributee. The Orphans’ Court refused his claim, and in affirming, we said (p. 236), that the money could not be shown to have been wrongfully included in the account, “for the reason ...... that the fund has been judicially ascertained to belong to the estate of ...... (the distributee).” (11) In Smith’s Est., 144 Pa. 428, *267upon the adjudication of the account of an executor certain coupons embraced therein were claimed by a third party. The facts involved were not disputed, and the court below found in favor of the claimant, which on appeal was affirmed. (12) In Gaffney’s Est., 146 Pa. 49, a decedent in his life time made a bank deposit to the credit of himself as the “trustee for Polly McKim”; and the account so stood at the time of his death. The bank paid the money to the decedent’s executor who included it in his account. Upon the audit, on the claim of Polly McKim the amount of the deposit was awarded to her. In affirming we said (p. 53), “The money is now in the hands of the executor of Hugh Gaffney; and if it really belongs to the estate of Polly McKim no good reason is apparent why she should proceed against the bank, and compel it to pay the money the second time. An action for money had and received would lie against the Gaffney estate, and, if such action would lie, it may be recovered in this proceeding in the Orphans’ Court.” (13) In Qualters’s Est,. 147 Pa. 124, money was deposited in a bank in the name of a wife. Upon her decease the husband as her administrator withdrew the deposit and included it in his account. At the adjudication he claimed that the money was his individual property. The claim was disallowed for want of proof, and we affirmed. (14) In Crosetti’s Est., 211 Pa. 490, money was deposited in the name of a wife, upon whose death the husband as her administrator withdrew the money. He died and his executors filed an account of the administration of the deceased wife’s estate, in which they included the fund derived from the deposit. At the audit they claimed this fund as the property of the husband. The Orphans’ Court held that the claim was not sustained. In affirming; per Justice Elkin, we said (p. 494), “It is true the general rule is that no one can claim in the distribution of a fund in the Orphans’ Court except through the decedent as creditor, legatee or next of kin.......• *268There is, however, an exception recognized in many cases, as for instance where the fund may be shown to be wrongfully included in the account either, because, though in the name of a decedent it is really a trust, or where the title or ownership is in another person. ...... The present case isi clearly within the exception, and the court below had jurisdiction to pass on the same.......(p. 496). The present case is not the ordinary distribution of the funds belonging to the estate ...... but it is a contest involving the ownership of the funds deposited in the saving fund societies ...... The jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court only attaches because of the equity powers lodged therein.” (15) In Hermann’s Est., 226 Pa. 543, a son as the executor of his father included the stock and merchandise of a store in the inventory of the latter’s estate, but in his account and at the audit he claimed a half interest in these assets, as a business partner of the decedent. The Orphans’ Court assumed jurisdiction and decided that the alleged partnership extended only to the profits and not to the ownership of the stock and merchandise. We affirmed, saying by Mr Justice Stewart (p. 546), “It is to be noted that the partnership was first asserted by the accountant and that he voluntarily made it the subject of accounting. That the Orphans’ Court has jurisdiction in such a case as this appears abundantly in Brown’s App., 89 Pa. 139.” (16) In Paxson’s Est., 225 Pa. 204, we said, per Mr. Justice Stewart (p. 206), “The effort was to withdraw from the estate an item of property included in the inventory and fully accounted for....... The property being presumptively an asset of the estate ...... the court had full jurisdiction to adjudicate any question in regard to it which stood in the way of its distribution; it could even relinquish its control of the property if the legal right to it was with the claimant. The party claiming property in the custody of the law is the actor; he has a choice of forum and *269remedy (p. 207). He can elect to proceed at common law for money had and received or he may submit his claim upon distribution proceedings in the Orphans’ Court....... If he elect to pursue the latter remedy he voluntarily brings himself and his cause within the jurisdiction of the court; he is not thereby creating a jurisdiction where none existed before, but adopting one already established. The case is very different where the disputed property has never been within the grasp of the court but is in the possession of one claiming adversely ‘to the estate. In the latter case the Orphans’ Court has jurisdiction of neither person nor thing....... The learned auditing judge, because the amount involved was very large and the evidence conflicting directed an issue ...... We quite agree that the case was preeminently one which called for an issue; but the fact remains that the jurisdiction of the court in nowise depended upon the granting of the issue.” (17) In Cutler’s Est., 225 Pa. 167, a daughter as the agent of her father received securities belonging to him. He died and she became his executrix. She omitted these securities from the inventory filed, claiming that they had been given to her by her father during his life; whereupon she was cited to show cause why she should not include them as an asset of the estate. At the audit she exhibited deeds of gift signed by her father. The other parties in interest introduced evidence to show that at the time of the execution of these papers the father was mentally incapable. The Orphans’ Court held that the securities belonged to the estate of the decedent, and surcharged the accountant. We reversed on the ground that the court below had no jurisdiction and that an issue should have been directed to the Common Pleas. In so doing we said, per Mr. Justice Stewart (p. 169), “The Orphans’ Court is a court of limited jurisdiction, exercising only such power as is given it by statute, expressly or by necessary implication ...... (p. 170). *270The jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court is limited to the estate of which the testator died seized. With respect to such estate it has full jurisdiction; but this marks its ultimate limit. Whether a specific article of property belongs to the estate, is a question standing in limine; if it does not, the executor is not accountable therefor, and it is beyond the power of the court to control it in any way or charge liability on any one in connection therewith....... (p. 171). If at testator’s death the property is shown to have been in his possession, or if for any other reason it was presumptively his, a mere denial of his ownership unsupported will not oust the court of its jurisdiction, but the court may proceed with its investigation so far as to inform itself, whether the denial is made in good faith and a substantial dispute exists. If the dispute be a substantial one, and the title be really involved, may the court further proceed to settle ¿nd determine the matter in dispute? Certainly no authority to do so can be found within the terms of the statute, and we think it quite as clear that it cannot be implied from anything in the act (p. 172). Such muniments of title as those upon which this accountant here rested may be overcome and oftentimes are, but the assault upon them cannot be carried on in the Orphans’ Court. ...... We must assume that the evidence offered by the exceptants showed a substantial dispute as to the validity of the written assignments. The question thus presented was a preliminary one on the determination of which the jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court depended. ...... (p. 173). Having once determined that a substantial dispute existed as to the ownership of these securities ...... the court should have at once directed an issue to the Common Pleas as it is empowered to do by the Act of March 29, 1832, P. L. 190. A verdict upon the issue would have been more than advisory; unreversed, it would have been conclusive ...... (p. 174). It comes to nothing *271that the appellant did not ask for an issue ...... It was the duty of the court, once convinced that the dispute was substantial......, to direct it.”
Most of the cases reviewed may be classified as members of one or the other of two general groups: (a) Those wherein it is ruled that the Orphans’ Court has jurisdiction finally to decide the question of ownership and compel a surrender to a decedent’s estate of assets improperly held by one whose title is colorable only; to this class belong cases numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 above. In all of these the property claimed had at one time actually been in and formed part of the estate of the decedent and had been parted with by a representative thereof; no substantial dispute as to ownership existed in any of them, (b) Those wherein it is ruled that the Orphans’ Court has jurisdiction finally to decide the question of ownership of property already actually in a decedent’s estate and, incidentally, where the facts call for it, to decree a final surrender of such assets to outside claimants; to this class belong cases 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16. In each of these the property claimed was actually in the estate, and therefore, at least temporarily, in the custody and under the jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court, when the claimant voluntarily included the asset in an account stated by him, or brought and submitted the issue of his ownership to that tribunal for its determination. The common principle on which they turn is that, under such circumstances, the court has jurisdiction to adjudicate all questions standing in the way of the distribution of assets in the estate, and when clear that they are included therein wrongfully or by mistake it may relinquish control of the property to the real owner. No. 7 does not belong to either of the above classes; it was a case within the jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court to issue a preventive decree in the nature of an injunction, in order to maintain the status quo, for the protection and preservation of property claimed by the estate of a *272decedent the ownership of which was in dispute. Case 17 (Cutler’s Est., 225 Pa. 167), is an instance where the Orphans’ Court went beyond the issuance of a preventive decree and attempted finally to adjudge a substantial dispute concerning the ownership of property not included in the account or otherwise expressly declared a part of the decedent’s estate, and where it was not even clear that the alleged asset was in the possession of the decedent at the time of his death. We there said that, (p. 171) “If at testator’s death the property is shown to have been in his possession, or if for any other reason it was presumptively his...... the court may proceed with the investigation so far as to inform itself whether ...... a substantial dispute exists, (p. 173) Having once determined that a substantial dispute existed as to ownership ...... the court......should at once direct an issue to the Common Pleas,” and we added, that the verdict on such an issue would be conclusive.
The present case, on its facts, is somewhat different from any of those which has preceded it, but from the authorities cited we can gather the controlling principles. Here it had been judicially determined in Paxson’s Est., 225 Pa. 204 (the record of which was introduced in evidence), that the asset in question belonged to the estate of John E. Williams, deceased; the certificate had been actually transferred to his executrix and the stock was physically in his estate and presumptively part of it. The fact that the certificate stood in the name of the executrix would be prima facie evidence that the stock belonged to the estate: Qualters’s Est., 147 Pa. 124, 130; Gaffney’s Est., 146 Pa. 49, 54; Crosetti’s Est., 211 Pa. 490, 496; Paxson’s Est., 225 Pa. 204, 210. Under these conditions, the executrix in the exercise of her discretion attempted to transfer a large part of the stock to the appellants. The asset having been in the possession of the decedent’s estate, and “presumptively his” (Cutler’s Est., supra), the Orphans’ *273Court had jurisdiction to entertain the petition of any. one with an interest, “whether such interest be immediate or remote” (Act of 1832, supra), for an order to restore the status quo pending the settlement of the estate, and in such a proceeding the court had authority to investigate the facts. But when it appeared that a substantial dispute existed as to the ownership of the stock, the Orphans’ Court could go no further than to restore the status quo; for this purpose it could make an order that the property should be transferred back to the personal representative of the decedent, and thus keep the asset under its control pending a final settlement of the estate or of the disputed question of title. The claimants would then have their choice of “forum and remedy.” They could “elect to proceed at common law,” or they could “submit their claim upon distribution proceedings in the Orphans’ Court” (Paxson’s Est., supra, p. 207); should they fail to do either, then the Orphans’ Court could treat their claim as abandoned and proceed to distribute the asset; or where the facts call for such a course the court could and should at the proper time direct an issue to the Common Pleas (Cutler’s Est., supra, p. 173-174).
Without any desire unduly to restrict the jurisdiction of the Orphans’ Court, and while freely acknowledging its full power to distribute and to protect decedent’s estates, we feel that there should be no departure from the recent tendency not to deprive anyone, without his express or implied consent, of the ultimate right to trial by jury on a question of ownership of property where a substantial dispute exists on the issue. In discussing this subject, in Cutler’s Est., supra, p. 171, referring to an executrix and property claimed by her in her individual capacity, we said, “The Orphans’ Court has jurisdiction over her in her representative character and over the property which she holds as executrix; but with respect to her individual right of property she stands as clear of the power of the court *274as any third party. One of these rights which ought not to be questioned at this late day is the right to have her case tried by a jury; a right not subject to be defeated or abridged by legislative enactment.” As a rule this practice will cause no undue inconvenience. In the case at bar the determination of the ownership of the particular property in controversy by another tribunal, would not necessarily lead to a conflict of authority through the indirect adjudication of the question of the decedent’s indebtedness to the petitioners and others while passing on the possible collateral issue of the solvency of his estate; for under the peculiar circumstances of a case like the present, — the investigation having been entered upon and the parties being properly in court for that purpose — if such a course be deemed necessary to protect the interests committed to its care and to insure an orderly and correct administration of the law in this respect, the Orphans’ Court could, of its own motion, enter a preventive order restraining persons in the position of these appellants from trying the issues involved in their claim of ownership at common law until all other claims against the decedent had been duly adjudicated by that court and the solvency or insolvency of his estate established, or it could refuse an issue until this has been done. That in a proper case the Orphans’ Court has the power to restrain persons from proceeding in the Common Pleas was ruled in Alexander’s Est., 214 Pa. 369; also see Tyson v. Rittenhouse, 186 Pa. 137.
We conclude that the petitioners showed a sufficient interest to entitle them to the quantum of relief prayed for, but that the court below could not at this time finally determine whether or not they were bona fide creditors of the decedent’s estate or the amount of the alleged indebtedness to them; in that connection these petitioners were only obliged to show that they had a prima facie claim against the estate, and that is all that could have been or was determined in the proceedings *275under review. Nor could the court below at this time finally determine the ownership of the asset in question ; on the case as presented a substantial dispute existed on that point, involving not only the construction of written documents but the consideration of oral testimony, its meaning and the inferences to be drawn therefrom. The appellants did not inaugurate these proceedings, and in view of Cutler’s Est., supra, it cannot he said that they submitted their claim of ownership to the Orphans’ Court for adjudication. Furthermore, the petitioners only asked that the stock be reassigned “to await due settlement” of the decedent’s estate, and the decree recommended by the master and entered by the court below, in terms, really goes no further than the prayer of the petition. We express no view on the merits of this case; if the parties so desire they may still have them tried and duly adjudged. But we interpret the decree as merely determining that the petitioners had shown a sufficient interest to entitle them to move the court, that the decedent’s estate had a presumptive right to the shares in question and that the stock should be returned to it in order to restore the status quo. Upon this understanding, the assignments of error are dismissed, and within these limitations, the decree is affirmed. The costs to be divided.