Opinion by
Mr. Benjamin R. Jones,For the second time we have before us for determination the propriety of the imposition of death sentences upon Cater and Rivers, the present appellants, after their conviction of murder in the first degree by a three-judge court in Philadelphia County.
The pertinent facts surrounding this homicide and the trial were stated by Mr. Justice Cohen in Commonwealth v. Cater et al., 396 Pa. 172, 175, 152 A. 2d 259: “On the evening of March 26, 1957, three young men planned and perpetrated a robbery at the pharmacy of Jacob Yiner, a North Philadelphia druggist. One of the robbers accompanied Yiner to the rear of the establishment, and after warning the druggist to ‘shut-up,’ shot and killed him in the presence of his wife. The pharmacy’s cash register was rifled of some $31 and the trio made good their escape.
“Subsequently, James Cater, Robert Lee Williams and George Lee Rivers, the appellants herein, were *51arrested and indicted for the murder of Viner. All three, confessing to their participation in the crime, entered pleas of guilty to murder generally, whereupon the trial court adjudged each to he guilty of murder in the first degree . . . After deliberation upon the entire record, the trial court sentenced each defendant to death in the electric chair.”
Upon appeal, a majority of this Court found certain “factual errors” in the opinion of the lower court wherein that court assessed its reasons for the imposition of the death sentences upon Cater and Bivers, and we were unable to determine whether “any or all of these factual errors influenced the court below in its decision to impose the death sentence upon both Cater and Bivers.” While we affirmed the judgment and sentence as to Williams,1 as to Cater and Bivers we vacated the judgment of sentence of death and remitted the record to the court below for the purpose of re-sentencing them. The court below then heard additional testimony and, after deliberation, again sentenced Cater and Bivers to death. From such judgments of sentence these appeals were taken.
Appellants present two contentions: (1) that the court which imposed the sentences was improperly constituted and (2) that under the instant circumstances the imposition of death sentences constitutes an abuse of discretion.
In respect to appellants’ first contention certain factual data is pertinent. Appellants entered pleas of guilty before a three-judge court composed of Judges Waters, MacNeiele and Sporkin, and this court determined the degree of the crime to be murder of the first degree and imposed the death sentences. While appellants’ first appeals were pending before this Court, Judge MaoNeiele resigned from the bench.
*52After our determination of the first appeals and on September 18, 1959, Judges Waters and Sporkin [the remaining members of the court whose sentences had been vacated] invited Judge Milner to sit with them for the purpose of resentencing the appellants and Judge Milner accepted this invitation. Appellants’ counsel at that time objected: “We take the position . . . that the Court, which is the fact finding tribunal, which has the additional duty of applying the law to those facts as found, in discharging the obligation imposed by the statute to determine the degree of the crime, has not only the duty, but it is the only Court that can discharge the duty of imposing the sentience, or stated differently, the Court, we contend, that finds the degree of guilt must consist of the same Judges as impose the punishment.” This objection was overruled.
Judge Milner stated: “I may say to you that I have carefully read every word of the record in this case, and I am familiar with the record and facts”. Judge Waters inquired of counsel “Is it your position now, ... having overruled your objection, that Judge M.ilneli should hear evidence not only as to the sentence but as to whether or not murder in the first degree was committed here?” To this inquiry Cater’s counsel [later joined in by Rivers’ counsel] stated: “My answer ... is that in the light of your Honors’ ruling with respect to the objections we have made . . . and without prejudice to the position we have taken in that regard, I say ... we don’t take the position that the record as already made should be taken de novo, that we are satisfied, subject to our objection, to have your Honors, Judge Waters and Judge Sporkin, review the record as made as well as Judge Milner review the printed record as already made some two years ago without a repetition of anything that appears in that *53record, subject further, sirs, to the right which we respectfully ask to submit additional evidence ... at a further hearing in the light of the fact that I will have a motion to make with respect to another phase of the case.”
The Penal Code (Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, §70.1,18 PS §4701) provides, inter alia: “If such person [one indicted for murder] is convicted by confession, the court shall proceed, by examination of witnesses, to determine the degree of the crime, and to give sentence accordingly” and “In cases of pleas of guilty, the court, where it determines the crime to be murder of the first degree, shall, at its discretion, impose sentence of death or imprisonment for life”. Rule 43 of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery a.nd Quarter Sessions of the Peace of Philadelphia County provides: “Pleas of guilty to indictments for murder shall be heard by a court en banc, consisting of the judge before whom the plea is entered and two other judges, who shall be called in by him for that purpose”.
In the absence of such a rule, a single judge can receive a plea of guilty of murder, fix the degree and impose sentence: Commonwealth v. Shawell, 325 Pa. 497, 191 A. 17; Commonwealth v. Garramone, 307 Pa. 507, 161 A. 733. The requirement for a three-judge court is imposed by a local rule of court in Philadelphia County; there is no constitutional requirement of a tliree-judge court in such circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Petrillo, 340 Pa. 33, 16 A. 2d 50, is somewhat apposite: Petrillo after proceeding to trial on a noii-guilty plea before a judge and jury in Philadelphia County, changed his plea to guilty and agreed that testimony already taken did not have to be taken by a three-judge court convened under Rule 43 but that the two additional judges could read such testimony. *54Additional testimony was taken by the three-judge court and thereafter the trial judge died. The two surviving judges found Petrillo guilty of murder in the first degree and imposed the death penalty, stating that, prior to the death of the trial judge, the three judges had consulted, considered the evidence, agreed on the degree of guilt and unanimously decided to impose the death penalty. This Court affirmed the conviction and sentence, stating, inter alia (p. 47) : “In determining what the penalty shall be after convictions in criminal cases, courts have a wide latitude in considering facts, whether or not these facts are produced by witnesses whom the members of the court see and hear. In many jurisdictions courts in determining proper sentences consider official records and the reports of probation officers, psychiatrists and others. This court without seeing or hearing any witnesses can determine whether a sentence of death for murder in the first degree should be reduced to life imprisonment: Com. v. Garramone, 307 Pa. 507, 161 A. 733. It would be carrying technicalities to absurd length to hold that on the only substantial issue before the tribunal below, which was: ‘What is the appropriate penalty to impose on this self-convicted murderer whom we adjudge to be a first degree murderer?’ the tribunal could consider only the testimony of witnesses whom they had all seen and heard, even though the defendant and his counsel had agreed that Judges Smith and Rosen, who with Judge Millar constituted the court, could read ‘the testimony thus far taken,’ (and by clear implication base their decision on it together with the other testimony to be received in evidence), ‘and thereby avoid the necessity of recalling all these witnesses.’ ” [Underscoring and comment in parenthesis supplied by the Court].
*55Under Potrillo, Judges Waters and Srorkin, alone, could have resentenced appellants. However, Judge Milner not only read the testimony upon which the original three-judge court found appellants guilty of murder in the first degree and sentenced them to death, and was thoroughly familiar therewith, but he also sat and heard the additional testimony. Furthermore, the action of appellants’ counsel in expressing their satisfaction that Judge Milner review the record of the prior proceedings acted in legal effect as a waiver of the convening of a new three-judge court to fix guilt and sentence. This contention of appellants is without merit.
In determining whether the court below abused its discretion in the imposition of the death sentences we must bear in mind that while the discretion exercised by a trial court in the imposition of the death penalty, after a plea of guilty and a finding of murder in the first degree, is subject to our appellate review, yet on such review the question before us is not whether we would have imposed the same penalty under the circumstances but whether the trial court manifestly abused the discretion imposed upon it by the legislature: Commonwealth v. Givens, 363 Pa. 141, 147, 69 A. 2d 142, 144; Commonwealth v. Elliott, 371 Pa. 70, 76-77, 89 A. 2d 782, 785; Commonwealth v. Phillips, 372 Pa. 223, 228, 93 A. 2d 455, 457.
In Commonwealth v. Green, 396 Pa. 137, 150, 151 A. 2d 241, speaking of the exercise of judicial discretion in the imposition of the death penalty, we stated: “an appropriate exercise of judicial discretion as required by the statute contemplates that the death penalty be imposed where all the facts surrounding the criminal act and the criminal actor have been exhaustively considered and where, after such consideration, no other conclusion can be justified than the extermination of *56the convicted criminal by death. Determination of the appropriate penalty arrived at in any other manner constitutes an abuse of discretion.”
We have carefully examined the instant record and conclude that the court below conscientiously followed the directions given by this Court in Commonwealth v. Cater, supra. The court below received and fully considered all the additional evidence presented, including recent reports from the Neuropsychiatric Department of the Court of Quarter Sessions, from independent psychiatrists, from the Board of Education and from county detectives and gave “serious thought to the psychiatric personality and age of each of the defendants”. Our independent review of the proceedings supports the conclusion of the sentencing court that it “carefully considered all the evidence, culpatory and exculpatory, incriminating and extenuating, in an unusually complete record.”
It is not now nor has it ever been the law of this Commonwealth that a trial court, in the imposition of a criminal sentence, must, as a matter of law, be controlled by the reports and recommendations of psychiatrists (Commonwealth v. Elliott, 371 Pa. 70, 77, 78, 89 A. 2d 782; Commonwealth v. Leamer, 386 Pa. 485, 489, 490, 126 A. 2d 409; Commonwealth v. Graves, 394 Pa. 429, 432, 147 A. 2d 416) nor does age alone constitute a barrier to the imposition of the death penalty (Commonwealth v. Cavalier, 284 Pa. 311, 323, 131 A. 229; Commonwealth v. Zietz, 364 Pa. 294, 300, 301, 72 A. 2d 282).
We are satisfied that the sentencing court, in accordance with our directions in Creen, supra, inquired into, examined fully and considered carefully the background of the criminal act as well as the criminal actors.
*57While we have the authority and the power to reduce a sentence from death to imprisonment for life (Act of June 16, 1836, P.L. 781, §1, 17 PS 11) yet on only three occasions — most exceptional cases — have we exercised such authority and power:2 Commonwealth v, Garramone, 307 Pa. 507, 161 A. 733; Commonwealth v. Irelan, 341 Pa. 43, 17 A. 2d 897; Commonwealth v. Green, supra. The present situation nowise justifies the exercise of such power to reduce these sentences.
No abuse of discretion appears on the part of the court below. The judgments of sentence are affirmed.
Williams lias been executed.
A distinction is made between the imposition of the death penalty by the trial court after it finds a defendant guilty of first degree murder and the imposition of the death penalty after a jury finds the defendant guilty of first degree murder. As Mr. Justice (now Chief Justice) Jones said in Commonwealth v. Taranow, 359 Pa. 342, 344, 345, 59 A. 2d 53: “The fact is that, since juries were first empowered to select the appropriate penalty in first degree murder cases as between death and life imprisonment (Act of May 14, 1925, P.D. 750), there has been no instance where a jury’s fixing of the penalty at death (upon a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree) has been interfered with on appeal. The reason for that is evident. When a jury finds a defendant guilty of the highest grade of crime possible for a felonious homicide, viz., murder in the first degree, it then becomes its province to fix the penal!y by its verdict, as provided by the statute; and, when it has done that, it has done its legal duty and its action may not properly be called in question. On the other hand, the discretion exercised by a court in fixing the penalty for a conviction of murder in the first degree, founded upon a plea of guilt, is considered reviewable, as the judicial exercise of a legal discretion is ordinarily reviewable”.