[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 11-12534 APRIL 10, 2012
________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 6:10-cv-01887-MSS-KRS
LORENZO LOPEZ,
an individual,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
TARGET CORPORATION,
a foreign profit corporation
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(April 10, 2012)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS, and SILER,* Circuit Judges.
MARCUS, Circuit Judge:
*
Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
Lorenzo Lopez appeals from the district court’s order dismissing his
complaint against Target Corporation (“Target”) and Virginia Winn. Lopez, a
Hispanic male, alleged that Winn, a white Target cashier, refused to serve Lopez
based on his race and publicly humiliated him when she turned him away from her
register. Lopez brought suit against Winn for intentional infliction of emotional
distress (“IIED”); against Target for vicarious liability and for negligent training,
supervision, and retention; and against both defendants for violating his right to
make contracts under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The district court dismissed the case,
explaining that Lopez could not maintain a § 1981 claim because he was
ultimately able to complete his purchase, and that Winn’s alleged actions did not
rise to the level of outrageousness required to state an IIED claim under
controlling Florida law. After thorough review and having had the benefit of oral
argument, we agree and accordingly affirm the judgment of the district court.
I.
Lopez’s complaint alleges the following essential facts. On May 21, 2008,
Lopez, a Hispanic male, went to a Target store in Orlando, Florida. Lopez
selected some items for purchase and proceeded to a check-out line. The cashier
2
at that register was Winn,1 a white female. Lopez waited about five minutes to
reach the front of the line, but when he got there Winn stated that her register was
closed. When Lopez hesitated to leave the line, Winn “again told him in a very
rude tone of voice that her register was closed.” Lopez left the register, and Winn
proceeded to serve the next customer in line. As Lopez walked away, Winn “was
laughing and gesturing toward Mr. Lopez to the customers standing in line.”
There were no other Hispanic customers in Winn’s line.
Lopez, “upset and humiliated,” headed toward another check-out line, but
he was stopped by a supervisor, who told him that Winn would accept payment for
his purchases and that he should go back to her line. Lopez returned to Winn’s
check-out line and waited again. But when Lopez reached the front of the line,
Winn “said in a very loud voice, ‘Don’t you listen? I’m closed!’” Lopez informed
Winn that the supervisor had told him that Winn’s register was open. Winn
responded, “rudely and even louder[,] . . . ‘Don’t you understand? I’m closed to
YOU!’” Lopez left the register, as Winn again “gestured toward Mr. Lopez and
laughed.” Lopez proceeded to a different register, where he was able to purchase
his items. He told the cashier what had happened at Winn’s register, and she
1
Winn’s name was misspelled as “Win” throughout the initial complaint. Lopez later filed
an amended complaint to fix this error.
3
called for a supervisor. The supervisor “apologized profusely” to Lopez and gave
him store coupons totaling $9. Lopez left the store, but he was “still in a state of
shock” and “very distraught.”
On November 19, 2010, Lopez filed a five-count complaint against Winn
and Target in Florida state court. The complaint asserted the following claims:
intentional infliction of emotional distress against Winn (count I); vicarious
liability against Target (count II); negligent training, supervision, and retention
against Target (count III); violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 against Winn (count IV);
and violation of § 1981 against Target (count V). On December 14, 2010, Target
filed a motion to dismiss counts II, III, and V of the complaint. Target then
removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
The district court issued an order granting Target’s motion and dismissing
the case in its entirety. The district court determined that Winn’s alleged conduct,
although reprehensible, was not outrageous enough to maintain an IIED action
under Florida law, which “requires a truly extreme level of outrageousness to
support an action for intentional infliction of emotional distress in cases of verbal
abuse, even when the conduct is motivated by racial animus.” Because Lopez had
failed to state a claim against Winn for IIED, the district court also determined that
Lopez could not sustain his derivative claims against Target for vicarious liability
4
and negligent training, supervision, and retention (counts II and III). The district
court also concluded that Lopez failed to state a claim against Target under § 1981
(count V), because Lopez was ultimately able to purchase his items and thus Winn
did not “actually thwart [Lopez’s] ability to enter into a contract” with Target.2
Lopez moved to alter or amend the judgment, which the district court
denied. Lopez then timely appealed to this Court.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim. Henderson v. Wash. Nat’l Ins. Co., 454 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th
Cir. 2006). We must accept all allegations in the complaint as true and construe
the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id.
Lopez raises two main issues on appeal.3 First, Lopez argues that the
2
Although Target only moved for dismissal of counts II, III, and V, the district court
dismissed the entire case. In considering Target’s motion as to the derivative claims in counts II and
III, the court concluded that Lopez failed to state an IIED claim against Winn (count I). And,
according to the district court, the § 1981 claim against Winn (count IV) also failed, because Lopez
never intended to contract with Winn herself, only with Target, and Lopez was ultimately able to
complete his transaction. Having found that Lopez failed to state a claim against Winn in either
count I or IV, the district court dismissed those counts in addition to the claims against Target,
despite Winn’s failure to respond to the complaint.
3
Lopez also raises a third issue on appeal: he argues that he had properly amended his
complaint two days before the district court issued its dismissal order, meaning that the order was
directed at a complaint that was no longer the operative pleading in the case. Even if, as Lopez
asserts, the district court incorrectly concluded that the amended complaint was untimely, Lopez’s
argument has no merit. The only difference between the two complaints is the spelling of Winn’s
name. Such a change could have no possible impact on either Target’s response to the complaint
5
district court erred in dismissing his § 1981 claims because Winn’s refusal to serve
Lopez sufficiently thwarted his § 1981 right to contract, notwithstanding the fact
that Lopez was ultimately able to purchase the items he wanted at the prices
quoted by the store. Second, Lopez says that the district court applied too high a
standard for outrageousness to his state-law intentional infliction of emotional
distress claim. We address each issue in turn.
A.
Section 1981 provides in relevant part:
(a) All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the
same right . . . to make and enforce contracts . . . as is enjoyed by white
citizens . . . .
(b) For purposes of this section, the term “make and enforce contracts”
includes the making, performance, modification, and termination of
contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and
conditions of the contractual relationship.
42 U.S.C. § 1981.
The elements of a cause of action under § 1981 are: “(1) that the plaintiff is
a member of a racial minority; (2) that the defendant intended to discriminate on
or the district court’s disposition of the case. Thus, any error in striking the amended complaint is
clearly harmless. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. Moreover, we are hard-pressed to see how requiring the
district court to hold off on its dismissal order until Target refiles the same motion to dismiss (now
directed at the amended complaint) could be compatible with the requirement to administer the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in a way that “secure[s] the just, speedy, and inexpensive
determination of every action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 1.
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the basis of race; and (3) that the discrimination concerned one or more of the
activities enumerated in the statute.” Kinnon v. Arcoub, Gopman & Assocs., Inc.,
490 F.3d 886, 891 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
Jackson v. BellSouth Telecomms., 372 F.3d 1250, 1270 (11th Cir. 2004)). Target
does not contest that Lopez adequately alleged the first two elements. The issue
before us is whether Winn’s alleged discriminatory conduct implicated Lopez’s §
1981 right to make and enforce contracts.
In Kinnon, a panel of this Court articulated the controlling standard for §
1981 claims in the retail context. Kinnon, an African-American female, had
ordered pizza for a staff meeting, but when the pizza hadn’t arrived after more
than two hours, she and her coworkers gave up and went out to eat. Id. at 888.
The delivery driver eventually arrived but was turned away without payment. Id.
The manager of the pizzeria began calling Kinnon repeatedly, threatening Kinnon
and leaving angry voicemail messages in which she used obscenities and racial
epithets. Id. at 889. Kinnon brought a § 1981 suit against the pizzeria manager.
Id. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendant, and this Court
affirmed. Id. at 889, 894.
We explained that only the third element of Kinnon’s § 1981 claim was at
issue. Id. at 891. We observed the “scant authority in our circuit applying § 1981
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to claims brought by customers against commercial establishments,” and thus
looked to other circuits, finding the Fifth Circuit’s reasoning in Arguello v.
Conoco, Inc., 330 F.3d 355 (5th Cir. 2003), to be persuasive. Kinnon, 490 F.3d at
891. In the Fifth Circuit case, Arguello, a Hispanic woman, went to a Conoco gas
station to buy gas and beer. Arguello, 330 F.3d at 356. The clerk was rude to
Arguello. Id. When Arguello attempted to pay with her credit card, the clerk
demanded identification, and the clerk initially stated that she would not accept
Arguello’s out-of-state driver’s license. Id. at 356-57. The clerk completed
Arguello’s transaction, but a confrontation then ensued, with the clerk yelling
obscenities and racist comments at Arguello and her family. Id. at 357.
Arguello sued Conoco under § 1981. Id. The district court granted
Conoco’s motion for judgment as a matter of law, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed.
Id. at 357, 362. The Fifth Circuit explained that a viable § 1981 claim in the retail
context “must allege that the plaintiff was actually prevented, and not merely
deterred, from making a purchase.” Id. at 358-59 (internal quotation marks and
emphasis omitted) (quoting Morris v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 277 F.3d 743, 752
(5th Cir. 2001)). The court concluded that “[Arguello’s] claim must fail, because
she successfully completed the transaction.” Id. at 359. Arguello did not allege
any discriminatory contract terms -- she paid the same price as any other customer
8
would have paid, and she was ultimately able to use her preferred method of
payment. Id. at 361. Although the clerk’s conduct was egregious, “it neither
prevented the formation of a contract nor altered the substantive terms on which
the contract was made,” so it could not form the basis for a § 1981 claim. Id.
In Kinnon, this Court relied on Arguello and the Fifth Circuit’s conclusion
that Arguello could not establish a § 1981 claim because she had “successfully
completed her transaction and was not actually denied the ability to engage in any
contractual activity.” Kinnon, 490 F.3d at 892. We quoted Arguello for the
proposition that, “in the retail context, the plaintiff must demonstrate the loss of an
actual contract interest.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and
alteration omitted) (quoting Arguello, 330 F.3d at 358). As we explained,
“[s]ection 1981 does not provide a general cause of action for all racial harassment
that occurs during the contracting process.” Id. Kinnon successfully entered into
a verbal contract for the pizza delivery, and she introduced no “evidence showing
that ‘[she] was actually denied the ability either to make, perform, enforce, modify,
or terminate a contract.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Arguello, 330 F.3d at
359 n.5). Because “Kinnon’s exercise of her contractual rights was not ‘in some
way thwarted,’” Kinnon could not make out the third element of a § 1981 claim.
Id. (quoting Arguello, 330 F.3d at 359).
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Under this controlling precedent, Lopez cannot state a § 1981 claim. Lopez
was able to complete his transaction at the same Target store, buying his desired
goods at the same price and using the same payment method as any other
customer. Cf. Arguello, 330 F.3d at 361. Thus, Lopez was not “actually denied
the ability . . . to make, perform, enforce, modify, or terminate a contract” and
cannot show “the loss of an actual contract interest.” Kinnon, 490 F.3d at 892; see
also Arguello, 330 F.3d at 358, 359 n.5.
Lopez argues, however, that Kinnon dealt with discrimination that occurred
only after the contract was formed (and terminated), and so reliance on Kinnon to
dismiss Lopez’s § 1981 claims would be improper. But Kinnon is not so limited.
It is true that the pizzeria manager’s discriminatory phone calls started only after
Kinnon had terminated the contract, and this Court did note that such post-
contractual activity cannot form the basis of a § 1981 claim. See Kinnon, 490
F.3d at 892-893. But the holding in Kinnon did not depend on this timing issue.
Rather, this Court relied on the fact that Kinnon -- who had successfully made and
terminated a contract on the same terms as any other customer -- was not deprived
of any contractual right. Kinnon stands for the proposition that a retail customer
cannot make out a claim under § 1981 unless the customer was “actually denied
the ability to engage in [some] contractual activity” protected by the statute. Id. at
10
892.
Moreover, to the extent that Kinnon is not on all fours with the present case,
Arguello is. Again, Arguello alleged that the Conoco clerk was rude, requested
identification when she had not made such demands of other customers, and
initially refused to accept Arguello’s out-of-state license -- all conduct that
occurred before Arguello completed her purchase. Nonetheless, the Fifth Circuit
concluded that Arguello could not state a claim under § 1981 because she was
ultimately able to make her desired purchase, at the same price and using the same
payment method as any other customer. Similarly, Lopez ultimately succeeded in
purchasing his desired items from Target. The reasoning of Arguello, which this
Circuit adopted in Kinnon, is not easy to cast aside.
The only factual difference between this case and Arguello is that
Arguello’s transaction was completed by the same clerk who initially refused to
serve her on equal terms as other customers. Lopez makes much of the fact that
Winn twice rejected his offer to contract, forcing him to complete his transaction
with a different cashier. But this is not enough to differentiate the cases. Lopez
was not attempting to contract with Winn directly. Plainly, he was attempting to
11
contract with Target, and he was successful in that endeavor.4 We are not faced
here with circumstances where a customer was refused service by the retail store,
was required to contract on different terms, got frustrated and left the store, or was
in any other way denied the right to make, enforce, or terminate a contract.
Fundamentally, Lopez’s claim boils down to the assertion that he was delayed and
mistreated during the process of making his purchase. But this allegation,
standing alone, cannot establish a § 1981 claim. As this Court has explained, §
1981 is not a general civility code. Kinnon, 490 F.3d at 892 (“Section 1981 does
not provide a general cause of action for all racial harassment that occurs during
the contracting process.”). Because Lopez was able to make his desired purchase
from Target, on the same terms available to any other customer, Winn’s
discriminatory conduct did not impair Lopez’s right to make contracts under §
1981.
B.
Lopez also argues that the district court erred in dismissing his intentional
4
Indeed, the Seventh Circuit has held that a plaintiff failed to state a § 1981 claim based on
a salesperson’s refusal to serve him, where a different sales clerk had offered to help the plaintiff
complete his transaction; the court reasoned that this offer demonstrated that the store would have
contracted with the plaintiff had he not abandoned his efforts to make a purchase. Bagley v.
Ameritech Corp., 220 F.3d 518, 521-22 (7th Cir. 2000) (“While we do not fault [the plaintiff] for
taking offense at [the salesperson’s] conduct . . . her actions cannot be construed as anything more
than a refusal to personally wait on [the plaintiff].” (emphasis added)).
12
infliction of emotional distress claim against Winn (and thus erred in dismissing
his derivative claims against Target). As a federal court assessing a state-law
claim, we are bound to look to Florida law to determine whether Lopez’s IIED
claim was properly dismissed. See Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78
(1938). Florida has adopted § 46 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts as the
appropriate standard for IIED claims. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. McCarson, 467 So.
2d 277, 278-79 (Fla. 1985). Section 46 states that “[o]ne who by extreme and
outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to
another is subject to liability.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46. Lopez has
adequately alleged that Winn’s actions intentionally or recklessly caused him
severe emotional distress. The issue before us is whether Winn’s alleged conduct
is sufficiently outrageous to state an IIED claim.
The commentary to § 46 explains that liability for IIED requires that
the conduct [was] so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree,
as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as
atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally,
the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member
of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and
lead him to exclaim, “Outrageous!”
Id. cmt. d. This standard has been adopted by the Florida Supreme Court.
McCarson, 467 So. 2d at 278-79; see also R.J. v. Humana of Fla., Inc., 652 So. 2d
13
360, 363 n.2 (Fla. 1995). However, the Florida Supreme Court has not further
elaborated on what constitutes outrageous conduct for IIED purposes. We
therefore look to decisions of Florida’s district courts of appeal in interpreting
Florida’s outrageousness standard. See Pardo v. State, 596 So. 2d 665, 666 (Fla.
1992) (explaining that, in the absence of a contrary decision by the Florida
Supreme Court, the decisions of the district courts of appeal constitute the law of
Florida).
Under Florida law, Lopez has failed to state a claim for IIED. As one
Florida appellate court has noted, “Florida courts have been reluctant to find
claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress based solely on allegations of
verbal abuse.” De La Campa v. Grifols Am., Inc., 819 So. 2d 940, 943-44 (Fla. 3d
Dist. Ct. App. 2002) (per curiam). Indeed, Florida courts have rejected IIED
claims based on allegations of conduct far worse than that alleged by Lopez.
Thus, for example, in Williams v. Worldwide Flight Servs. Inc., 877 So. 2d 869
(Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2004) (per curiam), the plaintiff alleged that his manager
and other supervisors called him racially derogatory terms, both to his face and to
other employees. Id. at 870. The manager also repeatedly threatened to fire
Williams, told another employee to create false disciplinary actions against
Williams, made Williams work in dangerous conditions, and took away Williams’
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breaks. Id. The trial court dismissed the complaint, and the district court of
appeal confirmed. Id. at 870-71. The appellate court explained that liability for
IIED “does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, or false accusations.”
Id. at 870. The court concluded that, although reprehensible, “the conduct
Williams complained of did not rise to the level that may be reasonably regarded
as so extreme and outrageous so as to permit him to recover in an action for
intentional infliction of emotional distress.” Id. Similarly, the First District Court
of Appeal has held that “vicious verbal attacks” that included the use of
humiliating language and racial epithets did not reach the level of outrageousness
required for an IIED claim. Lay v. Roux Labs., Inc., 379 So. 2d 451, 452 (Fla. 1st
Dist. Ct. App. 1980) (per curiam). As this Court later noted, Lay involved
“extremely reprehensible, racially hostile misconduct,” yet that conduct failed to
meet Florida’s outrageousness requirement. Vance v. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 983
F.2d 1573, 1575 n.7 (11th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks omitted).
If the conduct alleged in Williams and Lay was insufficient to state an IIED
claim, then we are hard-pressed to see how Lopez’s claim could succeed under
Florida law. Winn was rude to Lopez, but the words she used were not in and of
themselves offensive -- Winn used no racial epithets or obscenities. As
unacceptable as it was, the verbal abuse suffered by Lopez is of a different order
15
than that suffered by Williams. Likewise, the public humiliation suffered by
Lopez does not rise to the level of humiliation that Williams must have felt when
repeatedly referred to in racially vulgar terms in front of his coworkers. See
Williams, 877 So. 2d at 870.5 As tempted as we might be to characterize Winn’s
conduct as “outrageous” under the Restatement (Second) of Torts definition, we
are Erie bound to apply Florida’s law as construed by its courts to a claim arising
under Florida law.
Another Florida case illustrates the extreme level of verbal abuse necessary
to state an IIED claim under Florida law. In Nims v. Harrison, 768 So. 2d 1198
(Fla. 1st. Dist. Ct. App. 2000), the First District Court of Appeal found that the
5
Lopez argues, nevertheless, that Florida’s standard for outrageousness is higher for IIED
claims in the employment context, making it improper to rely on such cases to dismiss his claim.
We are unpersuaded. Florida IIED cases do not support the conclusion that a different
outrageousness standard applies outside of the employment context. In fact, Williams suggests quite
the opposite. To explain why Williams’ IIED claim against his employer was insufficient, the court
contrasted his allegations to the conduct alleged in Nims v. Harrison, 768 So. 2d 1198 (Fla. 1st. Dist.
Ct. App. 2000), a non-employment case. Williams, 877 So. 2d at 870. The court’s use of a non-
employment case as a comparator strongly suggests that in Florida’s courts the outrageousness
standard is the same in both contexts.
In support of his argument that a lower outrageousness standard applies to non-employment
cases, Lopez relies primarily on two cases: McAlpin v. Sokolay, 596 So. 2d 1266 (Fla. 5th Dist. Ct.
App. 1992), and Dominguez v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of the U.S., 438 So. 2d 58 (Fla. 3d
Dist. Ct. App. 1983). These cases are different from our case because each involved a defendant in
a position of power over a plaintiff who was, due to the circumstances, peculiarly susceptible to
emotional distress. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmts. e, f (explaining that
outrageousness may arise from the defendant’s abuse of a position of power or special relationship
to the plaintiff, or from the defendant’s knowledge that the plaintiff is peculiarly susceptible to
emotional distress); Dominguez, 438 So. 2d at 62 (relying explicitly on comments e and f to § 46
to conclude that the plaintiff’s IIED claim met the outrageousness standard).
16
plaintiff could state an IIED claim based on profane and racially derogatory
language that included threats to kill the plaintiff and to rape her and her children.
Id. at 1199 & n.1. Although reprehensible, Winn’s alleged conduct -- verbal abuse
that did not involve any obscenities, racial epithets, or threats of violence -- does
not meet the extremely high standard erected by Florida’s courts.
Accordingly, we are constrained under controlling law to affirm the
judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED.
17