Moore v. Moore

Opinion by

Smith, J.,

Though, in some of its aspects, the Act of May 24, 1878, P. L. 134, has been considered by this court (Wilson v. Downing, 4 Pa. Superior Ct. 487) and by the Supreme Court (Merritt v. Whitlock, 200 Pa. 50), the question of its constitutionality, on all points, was not necessarily involved in the decision of 'either case. As an authority, the value of any case is to be determined by the questions considered and decided by it, rather than by what is said in the course of discussion in the opinion. The point decided controls, not its discussion. In Wilson v. Downing, the judgment of the justice in favor of the sheriff’s vendee was affirmed by the common pleas, on the ground that the affidavit made by the claimant, not being in conformity with the provisions of the act of 1836 relating to intervention, was properly disregarded by the justice; and on that ground the judgment was affirmed by this court. In Merritt v. Whitlock, the proceeding was commenced under the Act of April 9,1849, P. L. 524, to obtain possession of land sold by order of the orphans’ court; and the Supreme Court, while viewing the act of 1878 as constitutional, held that it did not amend the act of 1849, and reversed the judgment on the ground that the proceedings “ were void for want of jurisdiction at their inception.” In Walbridge’s Appeal, 95 Pa. 466, the only question was whether the statutory provisions for obtaining possession of land sold by the sheriff applied to a sale on a levari facias on a mechanic’s lien; and it was held that they did. No question was raised respecting the act of 1878, and that act was only referred to incidentally as “ giving to one justice all the power which the act of 1836 gave to two.” Practically, therefore, the constitutionality of the act of 1878, as a whole, remains undetermined. This is the only question arising in the present case.

For the purpose of obtaining possession of land sold by the sheriff, section 106 of the Act of June 16, 1836, P. L. 755, provides that the sheriff’s vendee “ may apply by petition to any two justices of the peace or aldermen of the city, town or county ” in which the land lies. Section 1 of the act of 1878 amends this by providing that he “ may apply by petition to any justice of the peace, alderman or magistrate of the city, town, borough or county.” Section 107 of the act of 1836 requires the justices thereupon to impanel a jury of twelve men, to meet at a time specified, within four days after summons issued. Section 2 of the act of 1878 amends this by requiring the justice to impanel a jury of six men, to meet at a time specified, not less than three nor more than eight days after summons issued. The act of 1836 further requires a hearing and determination by “ the said justices and jury,” with a record thereof, and, on a finding for the petitioner, an assessment of damages, an award of possession, and a writ of execution. The act of 1878, containing only the two sections referred to, has no provision on these points.

The absence in the petition, in the case before us, of an averment that the appellee was in possession by title derived from the defendant in the execution subsequently to the judgment on which the land was sold, is no ground for exception. While section 105 of the act of 1836 provides for notice to a person thus in possession, section 106, specifying the matters to be set forth in the petition, requires only the averment, as to the person in possession, that he “ is the defendant as whose property such real estate was sold, or that he came into possession thereof under him.” Here the petition sets forth that the person in possession “ is William Moore, who came into possession thereof under John T. Moore, the defendant in the execution under which the land was sold.” This conforms, in substance, with the requirement of the statute. That the person in possession holds by title derived from the defendant prior to the judgment on which sale was made, is matter of defense, and the mode of its presentation is prescribed by -section 114 of the act of 1836. Such title is not in the nature of an exception that must be negatived in the petition.

This leaves for determination only the question whether the title of the act of 1878 conforms to the constitutional requirement of clearly expressing the subject of the act. The title is as follows: “ A further supplement to an act entitled, ‘ An act relating to executions,’ approved June 16, 1836, providing that one justice of the peace, alderman or magistrate shall act where two are now required.” So far as relates to the powers of these officers, this clearly expresses the subject. To this extent the act is constitutional; and, as was said in Walbridge’s Appeal, supra, “it gives to one justice of the peace or alderman all the power which the act of 1836 gave to two.” That is to say, the power to impanel a jury of twelve men, and with such jury, on a day specified, within four days after summons issued, to proceed as directed by the act. But it gives no power to impanel or conduct the proceeding with a jury of six, nor does it authorize an assessment of damages by such a jury. The act has a much broader scope than appears from its title. As shown by its terms, its subject is a change in the composition of the tribunal provided for, by substituting one justice for two and six jurors for twelve. Its title, however, expresses this subject only in relation to the justices ; it contains nothing to indicate a proposed change in the number of jurors. But in the constitution of the tribunal, the justices and jurors, in number as fixed by the act of 1836, are on a footing of equal importance. If with a title expressing, as the subject of the amending act, only a reduction in the number of justices, the number of jurors may be reduced, their powers, also, may be restricted, or the jury may be abolished and the cause left to be heard and determined by one justice. To sustain a change, on a point so material, beyond that indicated in the title, would leave no limit to further changes not thus indicated, since no test would remain by which they might be excluded. The omission in the case before us, therefore, must be held fatal to the constitutionality of the provision substituting six jurors for twelve. It maybe said that the act of 1878, being a supplement, and so entitled, may contain anything germane to the original act, without specification in the title. This may well be, and had nothing been specified in its title a different question would have been presented. But it is equally well settled that the title must not be misleading. In this case, the title is obviously misleading, since, by clearly expressing a reduction in the number of justices as the subject, it as clearly implies that this is the whole subject. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius.

The change made by section 2 of the act of 1878 in the time appointed for the hearing, and not indicated in the title, requires little discussion. If standing alone, it might perhaps be dismissed as an unimportant change in a minor feature of the procedure, with no bearing on the rights of any party in interest, and in no way material to the purpose or effect of either act. But here it is so involved in the structure and requirements of the amending section that it cannot well be treated separately. Moreover, to read this provision alone into section 107 of the act of 1836, which fixes the time for hearing, would result only in confusion and inconvenience. Since none of the provisions of section 2 of the act of 1878, amending section 107 of the act of 1836, are indicated in the title of the amending act, the section must be pronounced unconstitutional and void.

Judgment affirmed.