Opinion by
Porter, J.,The defendant erected and now maintains a second-story bay window, about twelve feet above the sidewalk and projecting about fifteen inches over the street line and into North Eighth street, a public highway and thoroughfare near the cen ter of the city of Lebanon. The defendant had been notified, at the time the structure was in process of erection, by the chief of police of the city, under the direction of the mayor, that the bay window extended over the street line and that it was illegal; but he disregarded the notice and finished the structure. He was indicted and tried for the maintenance of the alleged nuisance, which trial resulted in an acquittal, and the commonwealth appeals.
The court below admitted evidence on the part of the defendant to the effect that there were other bay windows in the *204city of Lebanon which extended over public highways, and that the particular bay window in question was ornamental and finished in good taste. The learned judge instructed the jury that if the municipal authorities “ have impliedly permitted these constructions to be placed there and the citizens of the communities in which the bay windows exist have acquiesced in the maintenance of them, then it may be what is said in several of these cases that were called to my attention, that it may be a license to the- defendant to erect this nuisance, if it was a nuisance under the -common law. ... If they are reasonable constructions, if they are not unreasonable obstructions to the public highway, then they can be maintained.” And, again: “ Now, under some of the authorities that justify, as we understand it, the maintenance of these bay windows and other obstructions to the public highway, other things are considered, the necessity, the convenience and ornament.” The learned judge then proceeded to instruct the jury that the term “necessity” as thus used did not mean an actual necessity, that the convenience might be one which would exclude the public from the use of a part of the highway; and that the ornaments mentioned might constitute an obstruction of the highway “ to be excused on the ground that by reason of the ornament to the town or the place, in some places at least, it is permissible.” The learned judge, in referring to the alleged nuisance said: “It may be a convenience to him (the defendant), and it may be an ornament to his building-, but it is true that it obstructs the view of the prosecutor in this case. It interferes with his view from his building. Now, under the law, it does not make any difference for the defendant if you find that this is such an unreasonable obstruction of the public highway as to make him guilty of a nuisance; i't makes no difference whether he has it constructed or not. That must not enter into your minds. He had notice before he commenced to construct, and it is his own fault if he erected a nuisance which must be abated, and he must bear the expense of putting up the nuisance and tearing it down again. So that, if you find that it is an unreasonable obstruction to the public highway, then it is your duty to say and declare this bay window a nuisance. If, on the other hand, you find that this is not an unreasonable obstruction of the public highway, not such an unreasonable obstruction of *205the public highway that he ought to take it down, then we say to you, you ought to acquit him.”
The jury must, under these instructions, have been convinced that even though the defendant was maintaining a nuisance, he was not to be convicted unless they were satisfied that that nuisance constituted an unreasonable obstruction to the public highway. The question of the guilt or innocence of the defendant was made to depend not upon his actual maintenance of a nuisance, but whether in the opinion of the jury that nuisance unreasonably obstructed the public highway. The verdict, under these instructions, only means that even if the defendant was maintaining a nuisance, the jury were not satisfied “ that he ought to take it away.”
Those limited encroachments upon public highways which are excused upon the ground of convenience, are such only as relate to the convenient use of the street in connection with the property, such as steps, cellar doors and area ways. The taking of a part of the street for purposes of ornament can be done for the ornamentation of the street only, such as the planting of shade trees, the location of statues, or the laying out of the sides or middle of the street as a park, of which the public have the benefit. No abutting owner has the right, in the absence of a valid municipal regulation permitting him to do so, to inclose a part of the street within the walls of his own building for the purpose of making that building more beautiful. The learned judge of the court below no doubt relied upon the decisions in proceedings, at law or in equity, between private parties, of which King v. Thompson, 87 Pa. 365; Allegheny v. Zimmermann, 95 Pa. 287, and Livingston v. Wolf, 136 Pa. 519, are examples. In the recent case of Commonwealth ex rel. v. First National Bank, 207 Pa. 255, the question of the right of an abutting owner to permanently include any part of the public street within the walls of his building was not involved. The case of Commonwealth ex rel. v. Beaver Borough, 171 Pa. 542, presented only the question of the power of the borough authorities to regulate the streets and squares which had been laid out by the commonwealth, upon the original plan of the town, but the learned judge who wrote the opinion, which was adopted by the Supreme Court, clearly draws the distinction between the ornamentation of a street, by planting *206shade trees, and the inelusion of a part of the highway by an abutting owner by the erection of a permanent building and fences, so as to unlawfully exclude the public.
The attempts of private citizens to check the tendency to encroach upon the highways have generally proved abortive, for it is a well-established rule that the private citizen who attempts to redress a public grievance must show a special damage to himself over his fellow citizens, which is generally difficult. Iiis rights to the highway are those of a traveler, and he cannot complain of erections by owners of the soil, however unlawful, except such as obstruct his right of passage. When the commonwealth intervenes all questions of the right to bring suit disappear, and length of occupation becomes an aggravation rather than an excuse. It is conceded that there was not at the time this bay window was constructed, nor is there now, any uniform rules and regulations, as to bay windows, of the city of Lebanon. The city might, under the power conferred by the Act of May 28, 1889, P. L. 277, have adopted reasonable and uniform rules and regulations permitting encroachments of the character in question upon the public highways, but it' has not done so. The highways belong to the commonwealth, in trust for the great body of the people, and that any one who claims a peculiar privilege to invade them must establish beyond peradvenbure his title under some act of legislative power to do so, is well settled. “ Projecting windows from an upper story interfere to some extent with the ordinary and proper enjoyment of rights which are free to all, and one who appropriates the space above the foot way creates a purpresture by making several to himself that which ought to be common to many.” This case is ruled by Reimer’s Appeal, 100 Pa. 182; Kopf v. Utter, 101 Pa. 27; Commonwealth v. Moorehead, 118 Pa. 344; Commonwealth v. McNaugher, 131 Pa. 55, and Commonwealth v. Harris, 15 Philadelphia, 10. The defendant failed to show any valid municipal regulation authorizing his encroachment upon the street, and the question for the jury to determine was whether the bay window did extend over the building line into the street, as charged in the indictment.
The judgment is reversed and a venire facias de novo awarded.
Morrison, J., dissents.