Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,The parties stipulated, in the case stated, that if the court should be of opinion that a good and marketable title in fee simple, free of all incumbrances, to an undivided one-seventh of the land described, could not be conveyed by defendant during the minority of any of the children of Mary Bailey English, judgment should be entered for plaintiff for $1,000, the amount of the down payment he had made at the execution of the contract between him and the defendant, otherwise judgment should be entered for the defendant for costs. Mary Bailey English was the daughter of Eli J. Bailey, in whom the title to this and other lands was vested at the time of his death. The will of Eli J. Bailey contained this devise: “Item Second. I give and bequeath to my daughter Mary Bailey English the Breckenridge farm on which she now lives also the Alfree farm also the Worldley farm also ten shares of stock in the People’s Nat. Bank, Pittsburg.” Then, after gifts to others, this clause occurs: “And I do hereby require and do order that the portion bequeathed my daughter Mary Bailey English be and remain for her benefit during her natural life and for the maintenance and education of her children, and after her death and the youngest child becoming twenty-one years of age they, the said children, may dispose of the said farms as they see proper, but dividing share and share alike.” Mary Bailey English died in 1905, intestate, and left seven children, the defendant being one. Two of her children were, at the date of the tender of the deed under the contract between the plaintiff and the defendant, under the age of twenty-one years. The learned judge, without de*245ciding the question whether the defendant could convey a good title in fee simple, free of all incumbrances, during the minority of any of the children of Mary Bailey English, and expressly withholding expression of opinion upon that question, held that it was involved in such doubt as rendered the title unmarketable, and, therefore, entered judgment for the plaintiff.
It will, be observed that no questions of fact are involved, and that the question whether the defendant had a good title in fee simple, free of all incumbrances, at the time she tendered the deed, is purely one of law, depending exclusively upon the proper construction of the above-quoted provisions of the will of Eli J. Bailey. It is argued by appellant’s counsel that, this being so, it was incumbent on the court to 'determine the question of law and enter judgment for the defendant, if the question should be determined in the affirmative. In Kostenbader v. Spotts, 80 Pa. 430, the trial judge drew a distinction between an action to recover the purchase money, which is treated as governed by the same equitable principles as a bill in equity for specific performance, and an' action brought by the vendee to recover back the portion of purchase money that he has paid. He says: “But the case before us is not that of a vendor seeking to compel the vendee to accept and pay, but is the case of the vendee who, having paid a part, refused to accept and pay more, but sues to recover back what he has paid, as upon a rescinded contract. He is therefore the actor, and must show the title to have been such as he was not bound to accept. The case is not quite so strong as it would be if the vendor sought to compel acceptance and payment; he simply claims to keep what he got, but asks no more.” Does this distinction apply where the express agreement is to convey, not only a good, but a marketable title? Is it not sufficient, even in an action by the vendee to recover back the part of the purchase money he has paid, for him to show that the title is not marketable within the definition of that term as established by the decisions? *246We do not find this precise question extensively discussed in any of the cases that have come to our notice, but the case of Herman v. Somers, 158 Pa. 424, implies an affirmative answer to it. There, the action was to recover back hand money paid on a contract under which the property was “ to be free from all liens and incumbrances,” and the hand money was “to be refunded if title should not prove good on examination of records or cannot be made good.” In affirming judgment for the plaintiff, the court said: “This is equivalent to a covenant to convey a good marketable title. In equity a marketable title is one in which there is no doubt involved, either as to matter of law or fact: Dalzell v. Crawford, 1 Parsons’ Equity Cases, 37; Nicol v. Carr, 35 Pa. 381; Swayne v. Lyon, 67 Pa. 436. In Speakman v. Forepaugh, 44 Pa. 363, it was said: ‘Every title is doubtful which invites or exposes the party holding it to litigation. If there be color of outstanding title which may prove substantial— though there is not enough in evidence to enable the chancellor to say so — a purchaser will not be held to take it and encounter the hazard of litigation.’ ” . The perti-nency of this decision to the question under consideration consists in this, that the trial judge had instructed the jury, in effect, that it was sufficient, to entitle the plaintiff to recover, to show that the title was doubtful, either in matter of law or fact, and that this instruction was held not. to be erroneous. In Holmes v. Woods, 168 Pa. 530, the action was by the vendor to recover balance of purchase money, and it was stipulated, in the case stated, that if the title was good and marketable judgment should be entered for the plaintiff for the balance claimed, but, if not, then should be entered for the defendant for the amount he had paid. Judgment for the defendant was affirmed, thus impliedly -recognizing his right, even if he were the actor, to recover back the amount he had paid, if the vendor could not convey á marketable title. And it will be noticed, upon perusal of the opinion of Justice McCollum, .that the decision was put upon the ground *247that the title was doubtful and unmarketable, not upon the ground that it was not a good title. He says: “The questions arising upon the case stated are important and not free from difficulty. They raise such doubts respecting the title as ought to induce a prudent man to hesitate in accepting it. As was said in Nicol v. Carr, 35 Pa. 381, we do not enter into them, nor indicate any opinion how they ought to be decided, but we hold it as a very clear conviction that the defendant ought not to be compelled to pay for a title burdened by them.” So, in Srolovitz v. Margulis, 35 Pa. Superior Ct. 252, a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, in an action to recover back the hand money, was affirmed upon the principle thus stated: “A vendee of real estate, who was entitled under his contract to receive a marketable title, is under no obligation to take a title which, even if it might be finally determined to be good, is in a condition to involve him in litigation to establish or secure it.” Other precedents need not be sought, for it seems clear, upon principle, that if the vendor has covenanted to convey a marketable title, and when the time arrives for carrying out his agreement he is unable to do so, the vendee has a right to rescind and recover back the portion of money he has paid. In such a case the same considerations enter into the determination of the question whether the title is marketable as in the case of an action by the vendor to recover the unpaid purchase money. See Brokaw v. Duffy, 165 N. Y. 391. The general doctrine as to the marketability of a title was clearly stated by Sharswood, J., as follows: “It has been well and wisely settled that under a contract for the sale of real estate, the vendee has the right not merely to have conveyed to him a good but an indubitable title. Only such a title is deemed marketable; for otherwise the purchaser may be buying a lawsuit, which will be a very serious loss to him both of time and money, even if he ultimately succeeds. Hence it has been often held that a title is not marketable where it exposes the party holding it to litigation:” Swayne v. Lyon, 67 Pa. 436. The *248doubts that will render a title unmarketable are not “doubts made up for the occasion — doubts based on captious, frivolous, astute niceties, but such as would and ought to induce a prudent man to pause and hesitate in accepting a title affected by them:” Nicol v. Carr, 35 Pa. 381. Dallmeyer v. Ferguson, 198 Pa. 288, is a case where it was held that a bare and remote possibility of an outstanding title was not sufficient to make a title under possession for seventy-two years so doubtful as to be unmarketable. Westfall v. Washlagel, 200 Pa. 181, was decided upon similar grounds. And in Pratt v. Eby, 67 Pa. 396, it was held that a title depending on the bar of the statute of limitation may be a marketable title which a purchaser would be compelled to accept, provided it clearly appears that the entry of the real owner or owners is barred. But none of the Pennsylvania cases hold that the doubt that will render a title unmarketable must necessarily be as to matter of fact. The term means, as has been said repeatedly, a title that involves no considerable or rational doubt, “either as to matter of law or fact.” The reason for including both is plain when it is considered that where the question, whether it be of fact or of law, involves the determination of the rights of others, the decision of the question in a suit between a vendor and vendee will not preclude those others from afterwards litigating it. In Pratt v. Eby, just cited, one of the questions was whether the title was incumbered by a mortgage, and the decision of this question depended upon the determination of the question whether a mortgage is within the expression “other charges” in the seventh section of the act of April 27, 1855, P. L. 368. Upon that question, which it will be observed was purely one of law, the .judgeá of the Supreme Court were divided in opinion, which, of itself, the court said, was a sufficient reason for not forcing the title upon the purchaser. “It is a great, though perhaps a common mistake, to suppose that a doubtful title can be made marketable by an opinion of a court on a case stated between vendor and vendee. We *249have not the heirs of the Rev. Robert Graham before us as parties in this action, and their rights cannot be concluded by any judgment we can give.” The importance of this consideration, namely, the inconclusiveness of the judgment upon the rights of others not before the court, is clearly brought out in Bumberger v. Clippinger, 5 W. & S. 311, 315; Swayne v. Lyon, 67 Pa. 436; Herzberg v. Irwin, 92 Pa. 48; Brokaw v. Duffy, 165 N. Y. 391; and many other cases. In the last cited case it was said: A title open to a reasonable doubt is not a marketable title. The court cannot make it such by passing upon an objection depending on a disputed question of fact or a doubtful question of law, in the absence of the party in whom the disputed right was vested. He would not be bound by the adjudication, and could raise the same question in a new proceeding. The cloud on the purchaser’s title would remain, although the court undertook to decide the fact or the law, whatever moral weight the decision might have. A title is not marketable when it exposes the party holding it to litigation.
It remains to consider whether the questions of law involved in the construction of the will of Eli J. Bailey are so doubtful as to render the title unmarketable, within the meaning of that term established by the foregoing and other decisions. These questions are quite fully and carefully stated in the opinion filed by the learned judge of the court below, and are summarized by the appellee’s counsel as follows: 1. What was the nature of the provision for Mrs. English’s children, and when would their estate vest? 2. Would the vendee of any of these children be entitled to possession of an undivided interest, as tenant in common, upon the delivery of a deed before the youngest child became twenty-one? 3. Would the purchaser of the interest of one of these children have the right to maintain partition before the youngest child became twenty-one? We cannot say that these questions do not fairly arise under the will. Nor can we say that all of them are so free from doubt that reasonable men might *250not hold different opinions regarding them. It is to be borne in mind, as was said by Sharswood, C. J., that “every will is to be construed from its four corners to arrive at the true intention of the testator. Decisions upon other wills may assist but cannot control the construction:” Fox’s App., 99 Pa. 382. “This,” it was said in Tyson’s Est., 191 Pa. 218, “is but one of the hundreds of expressions of the cardinal rule in the interpretation of wills, to find the testator’s intent, and by that is meant his actual, personal, individual intent, not a mere presumptive conventional intent inferred from the use of a set phrase or a familiar form of words.” There would be no difficulty in determining the intent of Eli J. Bailey in making the devise heretofore quoted, were it not for the provisions of the second paragraph. But those provisions do certainly raise a very serious question as to what was his actual, personal intent. It does not seem to us that the doubt raised against the construction contended for by the appellant is fanciful or unreasonable. It cannot be settled definitely in this action as against the other children of Mary Bailey English, especially the minor children. When they arrive at majority they will have the right to contest the title of the plaintiff, even if we should decide the present case in. the defendant’s favor. And there is very serious question whether in the meantime the plaintiff, by accepting a deed from the defendant, would be in position to have one-seventh of the land set apart to him in severalty. There is, then, the important question argued by appellant’s counsel, that the words of the second clause of the devise amount to a restraint upon alienation which should be declared void. As was said in Holmes v. Woods, we do not enter into them, nor indicate any opinion how they ought to be decided, but we hold it as a very clear conviction that the. defendant ought not to be compelled to pay for a title burdened by them. Nor ought he to be compelled to for-, feit the portion of the purchase money that he has paid, upon the defendant’s agreement to convey to him, not *251only a good but a marketable title free of all incum-brances. We have carefully examined and considered all of the cases bearing upon this point which are cited in the able brief of appellant’s counsel, and are unable to find that they are in conflict with the foregoing conclusion.
The judgment is affirmed.