Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,Henry Bates, the relator, was found guilty of burglary, and thereupon was sentenced to pay a fine of $500 and to undergo imprisonment in the eastern penitentiary for a term of not less than two and one-half years and not more than ten years. Shortly after the expiration of the minimum term of imprisonment a writ of habeas corpus was awarded, by the quarter sessions upon his petition, in which he alleged that he was entitled to discharge on *337the ground that the Act of May 10, 1909, P. L. 495, under which the sentence was imposed, was unconstitutional. After hearing, the court held that the sixth section was unconstitutional because the title of the act was defective, and therefore no lawful sentence had been imposed; but also held that (we quote the words of the opinion) “there is no reason why he may not now be sentenced under the terms of the act of 1860. Justice requires that in imposing such sentence the imprisonment he has already suffered shall be taken into account; but requires nothing more.” Accordingly, the court dismissed the petition for habeas corpus and remanded the relator for sentence under the act of 1860. From this order separate appeals were taken by the relator and the respondent, which, having been argued together, are now before us for disposition.
Section 6 of the act of 1909 reads as follows: “Whenever any person convicted in any court of this commonwealth, of any crime, shall be sentenced to imprisonment in either the Eastern or Western Penitentiary, the court, instead of pronouncing upon such convict a definite or fixed term of imprisonment, shall pronounce upon such convict a sentence of imprisonment for an indefinite term, stating in such sentence the minimum and maximum limits thereof; fixing as the minimum time of such imprisonment the term now or hereafter prescribed as the minimum imprisonment for the punishment of such offense; but if there be no minimum time so prescribed, the court shall determine the same, but it shall not exceed one-quarter of the maximum time, and the maximum limits shall be the maximum time now or hereafter prescribed as a penalty for such offense: (Provided, however, that when a person shall have twice before been convicted, sentenced and imprisoned in a penitentiary for a term of not less than one year, for any crime committed in this state or elsewhere within the limits of the United States, the court shall sentence said person to a maximum of thirty years). And provided further, that no person sentenced for an indeterminate term shall be entitled to any benefits under *338the act entitled ‘An Act providing for the commutation of sentence for good behavior of convicts in prisons, penitentiaries, workhouses and county jails in this state, and regulations governing the same,’ approved May 11, 1901, P. L. 166.”
1. It is argued by relator’s counsel that this entire section is unconstitutional because (a) it creates a new crime.without notice in the title, (b) it is special legislation. This argument is based on that portion of sec. 6 which for convenient designation we have inclosed in parenthesis. But it is argued by the commonwealth’s counsel that, as the relator was not sentenced under that clause of the section, and as the provisions relating to indeterminate sentences are complete in themselves, and in no way dependent upon or affected by the provisions relating to the sentencing of prisoners twice before convicted of crime, no question as to the validity of that clause can properly be raised in this case. We concur in this view. It is fully sustained by the authorities cited in the brief of counsel for the commonwealth.
2. Another objection urged against the act is that it transfers judicial discretion to a nonjudicial board, and is in contravention of sec. 1, art. V, of the constitution, which vests the judicial power of the commonwealth in the courts. This objection is not well founded. It is no usurpation of the judicial power of the commonwealth vested by the constitution in the courts for the legislature to prescribe the maximum or the minimum or both the maximum and minimum punishment for crime. If this were held to be beyond the power of the legislature many acts would fall. Thus, it is pointed out in- the commonwealth’s brief, the punishment for murder of the first degree is death; of murder of the second degree upon second conviction, imprisonment for life; of selling liquor without license a fine of not less than $500 nor more than $5,000, and ah imprisonment in the county jail of not less than three months nor more than twelve months; of publishing or uttering a false election certificate, an imprison*339ment of not less than six months nor more than two years; of assault and battery upon an elector, an imprisonment of not less than three months nor more than one year; of refusing to comply with the act regulating fire escapes, an imprisonment of not less than one month nor more than two months. If, as has been done in these and other instances, the legislature may, in prescribing punishment for crime, restrict the exercise of discretion committed to the court within fixed limits, it may withhold altogether discretionary power either as to the amount of fine or as to the length of imprisonment. With the wisdom of thus limiting or holding from the courts discretionary power in this regard, we have nothing to do; it is enough for present purposes to say that there is no room for doubt as to either proposition. Upon this subject Judge Stjlzbekgek well says: “The fourth ground of objection advanced is that the act transfers judicial discretion to a non-judicial board. Every department of the government has its proper function with reference to crime and its punishment. The legislature may define the crime and fix its punishment, the courts must hear and adjudge under the law so enacted by the legislature, while the executive is invested with certain powers of grace and pardon. The general power of grace and pardon is one of the sovereign powers inherent in the commonwealth. While the exercise of it in individual cases is by the constitution (art. IV, sec. 9) conferred upon the executive exclusively, the legislature may enact general statutes of the most merciful character, which may alter the whole law of punishment for crime thereafter committed, and such alteration may perhaps operate to alleviate punishments previously incurred. Under the Penal Code of 1860, and long before, a great portion of this sovereign mercy of the state was confided to the judiciary. The courts were invested with the widest discretion in pronouncing sentence. They could make the term of imprisonment as short as they deemed proper, but the statute limited its length by a specific maximum. This power of mercy, thus exercised by the *340courts, Was, however, conferred on them by the legislature. It is not inherent in the judicial power itself.” (Nor, we remark parenthetically, was it uniformly granted to the court, as has been seen.) “There is no constitutional provision which expressly confers it upon the courts, nor is there a constitutional inhibition which prevents the legislature from making all sentences rigid and invariable. The necessary inference is that the administration of the state’s mercy may be totally withdrawn from the courts without violating any of the provisions of the constitution.”
3. Nor can the contention that the act restricts or interferes with the pardoning power vested in the governor by the constitution be sustained. The power given to the prison inspectors is not to release on parole at the expiration of the minimum term of the sentence, but is simply to recommend; and out of abundant caution the legislature provided in sec. 15 that the governor shall not “execute any of the rights or powers herein granted unto him” until the pardon board after full hearing upon d^ie public notice and in open session, shall have recommended the commutation of sentence by release of parol. There is nothing in the act making it obligatory on the governor to adopt the recommendation of the prison inspectors or contravening in the slightest particular the provisions of sec. 9, art. IV, of the constitution relative to the granting of pardons and commutation of sentences.
The validity of indeterminate sentence laws similar to this has been under consideration in many jurisdictions, and is sustained by the great weight of authorities. Amongst the cases in which some or all of the questions raised here have been considered and discussed are: Com. v. Brown, 167 Mass. 144; Murphy v. Com., 172 Mass. 264; Miller v. State, 149 Ind. 607; Wilson v. Com., 141 Ky. 341; People v. Joyce, 246 Ill. 124, and cases there cited; In re Marlow, 75 N. J. L. 400; State v. Duff, 144 Iowa, 142. Viewing the case from the standpoint of principle, we entertain no doubt of the power of the leg*341islature to enact the statutory provisions under consideration, and as the above and other well-considered adjudications show, this conclusion is in accord with the conclusion reached by the courts in this country generally.
4. The remaining general objection to be considered is that the act violates sec. 3, art. Ill, of the constitution, which provides, “that no bill, except general appropriation bills, shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in the title.” The particular objection urged upon our attention is as to the title, which reads as follows: “Authorizing the release on probation of certain convicts instead of imposing sentences; the appointment of probation and parole officers and the payment of their salary and expenses; regulating the manner of sentencing convicts in certain cases, and providing for their release on parole.” The particular stress of the argument against the sufficiency of the title is put on the words “regulating the manner of sentencing convicts.” These words, it is contended, indicate no more than that the subject of legislation was the procedure in sentencing, not the substance of the sentence. This construction would be in accord with one of the definitions of the word “manner” given by the lexicographers, but in ordinary usage a much broader meaning is, in many connections, conveyed by the word. This is shown not only by the dictionaries (see particularly Webster’s New International Dictionary), but by judicial decisions construing contracts, acts of assembly and titles of such acts in which the word occurs. Amongst the illustrative cases that may be cited are Northrop v. Curtis, 5 Conn. 246; In re Monk, 16 Utah, 100; Kentucky Union R. R. Co. v. Bourbon Co., 86 Ky. 98, 112; Taft v. Adams, 69 Mass. 126; In re Narragansett Election, 16 R. I. 761. See also 19 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 918. In Erie v. Caulkins, 85 Pa. 247, 253, Justice Gokdon said: “It is quite obvious that the word 'manner’ must be construed with reference to the contract in which it is found;” and it is equally obvious that whether appearing in the title or *342the body of an act, it must be construed with reference toi the context and the general subject being legislated upon. The word has no such rigid or exclusive meaning ascribed to it in the dictionaries or attached to it in the common speech of the people as forbids its proper use to indicate anything but mere form, or style, or as prevents or excuses the courts from looking at the context in determining the meaning intended to be conveyed in a particular case. Here the title of the act, viewed as a connected whole, points to legislation involving a radical departure from the prevailing mode of punishing crime, i. e., of “handling,” of “dealing with” that subject. It indicates that authority is given by the act, first, to release certain convicts on probation instead of sentencing them, secondly, to release on parole certain sentenced convicts, and third, as germane to the same general subject and-as part of the same general plan, that direction is given as to how they shall be sentenced. Any legislator or other interested person who would assume from reading a title pointing to legislation involving such wide departure from the previous law, that the words “regulating the manner of sentencing” meant only the mere formalities of sentencing, would, it seems to us, be guilty of supine. negligence. True, these words would not convey to his mind the full extent and precise nature of the change in the law that was to be made, but-they were not calculated to avert inquiry upon that subject and thus to mislead. On the contrary, having regard to the connection in which they occur, they were sufficient to lead a man of ordinary intelligence and prudence to extend his inquiry beyond the title and into the body of the bill in order to ascertain the nature and extent of the regulations as to sentencing that were to be enacted. Fortunately, the constitutional provision which was adopted for a wise purpose has been made effectual for the accomplishment of that purpose without putting a construction upon it which would impede proper legislation. In a leading case on this subject it was said: “The purpose of the amendment is to *343prevent a number of different and unconnected subjects from being gathered into one act, and thus to prevent unwise or injurious legislation by a combination of interests. Another purpose was to give information to the members or others interested, by the title of the bill, of the contemplated legislation; and thereby to prevent the passage of unknown and alien subjects, which might be coiled up in the folds of the bill. The amendment was found necessary to correct the evils of unwise, improvident and corrupt legislation, and therefore is to receive an interpretation to effectuate its true purpose. It would not do to require the title to be a complete index to the contents of the bill, for this would make legislation too, difficult, and bring it into constant danger of being declared void. But on the other hand the title should be so certain as not to mislead: ” Dorsey’s Appeal, 72 Pa. 192. Two years later the court said: “The course of decision in this court has been intended to carry out the true intent of the amendment of 1864, as to the title and subject of bills, instead of resorting to sharp criticism, which must often bring, legislation to nought. The amendment of 1864 was in substance proposed in the constitutional convention of 1837-38, and rejected because it was feared it would render legislation too difficult and uncertain and lead to litigation. It will not do, therefore, to impale the legislation of the state upon the sharp points of criticism, but we must give each title, as it comes before us, a reasonable interpretation, ut res magis valeat quampereat. If the title fairly gives notice of the subject of the act, so as reasonably to lead to an inquiry into the body of the bill, it is all that is necessary. It need not be an index to the contents, as has often been said. But on the other hand it should not mislead or tend to avert inquiry into the contents, as was held in the case of the Union Passenger Railway Co., decided at Philadelphia in 1873:” Allegheny County Home’s Case, 77 Pa. '77. No good purpose would be served by an attempt on our part to restate the principle in other words, or to cite the multi*344tude of cases in which it has been applied. It is sufficient to say that, in all of the cases that have arisen since, this construction of the constitutional amendment of 1864 has been recognized uniformly, and very often in the words above quoted, as the proper construction of sec. 3, art. Ill, of our present constitution.
Finally, it is to be observed that the right of the judiciary to declare a statute void, and to arrest its execution, is one which, in the opinion of all courts, is coupled with responsibility so grave that it is never to be exercised except in very clear cases. The constitutionality of the law is to be presumed, in the first instance, because the legislature, which was first required to pass upon the question, acting, as it must be deemed to have acted, with integrity, and with a just desire to keep within the restrictions laid by the constitution upon their action, have adjudged that it is so. “They are a co-ordinate department of the government with the judiciary, invested with very high and responsible duties, as to some of which their acts are not subject to judicial scrutiny, and they legislate under the solemnity of an official oath, which it is not to be supposed they will disregard. It must, therefore, be supposed that their own doubts of the constitutionality of their action have been deliberately solved in its favor, so that the courts may with some confidence repose upon their conclusion, as one based upon their best judgment:” Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations (7th ed.) 254. Tins is a weighty consideration, and is always to be kept in mind before their deliberate action is set aside as in conflict with the fundamental law. As has been remarked in many cases, it is but a decent respect due to the legislative body by which any law is passed to presume in favor of its validity until its violation of the constitution is clearly proved: Wellington, Petitioner, 16 Pick. 87. This is the doctrine of our own cases as will be seen from the many citations in Com. v. Moir, 199 Pa. 534, and Com. v. Herr, 229 Pa. 132. “Undoubtedly many acts have been passed whose framers intended to evade *345the constitutional prohibition. These, the courts have always unhesitatingly struck down, and may safely be relied upon to continue to do so, but where the legislative intent is not to evade the restrictions, the courts are not required to be astute in extending them over cases not really within the evil prohibited, though the form may have the appearance of coming within the literal meaning of the constitution:” Com. v. Gilligan, 195 Pa. 504. This was said with regard to the constitutional prohibition of certain classes of special legislation, but it is equally well settled by the authorities, and it is the dictate of reason that where there is no intent to evade the constitutional provision as to the title of an act, and the title is not misleading, the courts will not be astute in seeking for a construction of the words of the title that would result in nullifying the act.
Notwithstanding the very able opinion of the learned judge of the quarter sessions in support of a different conclusion, and the argument of the relator’s counsel along the same lines, we are nevertheless unanimous in conclusion that the provisions of the act of 1909 properly brought into question in this case are not unconstitutional.
The order is modified by striking but the words “for sentence under the act of 1860,” and as thus modified is affirmed.