Opinion by
Williams, J.,This was an action for the annulment of a marriage on the ground of a valid subsisting former marriage.
The court below entered a decree, under the Act of April 14, 1859, P. L. 647, annulling the marriage. Respondent appeals and confines the argument to one point: Was the finding of the jury supported by sufficient competent testimony?
The first contention, that the alleged first wife was not competent to testify against her husband, has the unusual element of being to respondent’s disadvantage, whether she was or was not competent; if she was incompetent by reason of being his wife, nothing more need be proved to sustain the decree of the court below; if she must prove she was his wife, she was competent to do so: Greenawalt et al. v. McEnelley et al., 85 Pa. 352; Drinkhouse’s Est., 151 Pa. 294; Miller’s Est., 34 Pa. Superior Ct. 385; in fact it has been held that a husband is competent to prove that Ms marriage is void by reason of a former marriage: *607Shaak’s Est., 4 Brewster 305. The Act of April 21,1915, P. L. 154, is an example of the trend of the law in the direction of extending the competency of parties as between husband and wife, but does not apply to the case in hand.
The second contention is that the evidence does not establish the prior marriage. It appears from the testimony that respondent went to Cumberland, Maryland, with a Miss Golden, in 1892; a minister performed a marriage ceremony in the presence of two witnesses; a marriage certificate was drawn up by the minister and given to the woman by respondent; they cohabited for several years and had two children, who were recognized by respondent by writing their names in the family Bible as Ms children; she was, known in the community as Mrs. Hornbake, and respondent addressed letters to her as such; they separated and respondent married a second time, and later was divorced at his suit from the second Mrs. Hornbake; respondent married libellant in 1910, and lived with her until 1916, when she left him and brought this suit; libellant had no knowledge of respondent’s relation to the first Mrs. Hornbake, or at least the jury so found.
Appellant urges that the marriage was invalid under the laws of Maryland, which require a marriage license to make effective the ties, but we are not concerned with whether the legal technicalities were complied with; a marriage ceremony, however defective, may create the relation of husband and wife, if subsequently ratified by cohabitation, the birth of children, and a holding forth by both parties as man and wife, and the jury was justified in its finding under the evidence: see 18 R. C. L. p. 447, sec. 78; statutes such as counsel for appellant assert exist in Maryland are construed as directory, where there is no express provision voiding the marriage for failure to comply with their requirements: 26 Cyc. 840; and this is particularly so of a provision requiring a license: 18 R. C. L. p. 399, sec. 19; while the failure of the parties to comply with such acts may lay them open to prosecu*608tion or fine, the marriage relation is not avoided thereby: see Rodebaugh v. Banks, 2 Watts 9; Helffenstein v. Thomas, 5 Rawle 209. The law of Maryland, as now construed, requires only a religious ceremony to make the marriage valid, aside from any liability on the part of the minister for failure to comply with the regulation concerning a license: Feehley v. Feehley, 129 Md. 565, L. R. A. 1917 C. p. 1017 (1916).
The assignments present ho reversible error and the 'decree is affirmed at the costs of appellant.