The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Gibson, C. J.Though there is a resemblance betwixt an action for the malicious prosecution of a criminal charge, and an action for a malicious arrest or holding to excessive bail in a suit, the cases are not entirely parallel. In a criminal prosecution, want of probable cause must be combined with malice; but in a civil suit the existence of a cause of action is not a defence to a suit for an excessive use of the process. In Wray v. Law, Peters's Rep. 210, it was ruled that a malicious holding to bail for an undoubted cause of action entitles the party to legal redress; but that, if bail be not demanded, an action cannot be maintained for instituting an unfounded suit. Hence, though it was intimated by Mr Justice Ross in délivering the opinion of the court in Wengert v. Beashore, 1 Penn. Rep. 32, that want of probable cause is indispensable to an action for maliciously suing out a capias ad respondendum, he fell into an inaccuracy by not pursuing his own sound distinction betwixt want of probable cause for a criminal prosecution, and Want of well-founded cause for a civil suit. The gist of the action, in the one case, is the origination of a malicious and groundless prosecution, which ipso facto put the party in peril; in the other, it is not the origination of an action, but an abuse of the process consequent on it. There are other principles, however, which seem to be common to both.' Want of probable cause is evidence of malice, though inconclusive, in the origination of a prosecution; and want, of an ostensible cause of action is evidence of malice in the procurement pf an arrest; but the existence of probable cause is conclusively established by a conviction, Fisher v. Bristow, Doug. 215; same principle, F. N. B. 114: a competent tribunal has sanctioned the accusation, and there can be no further question about it. So ' *242far was this carried in Reynolds v. Kenedy, 1 Wils. 232, that a condemnation of goods, though reversed on appeal, was held to disprove an allegation of want of probable cause for the information, and consequently to bar an action for malicious prosecution .against the informer; and in Sutton v. Johnstone, 1 Term Rep. 505, there is a pointed intimation that even an acquittal, by the sentence of a court martial, of a charge of disobedience of an order on the gr'ound of justification by the pressure of circumstances, would be a conclusive establishment of probable cause for charging the officer with the fact—an intimation which is fortified by the 22 Ass. 77, in which it is said that an acquittal of homicide for matter of law, and not of fact, is a Conclusive bar to an action for a inalicious prosecution of the supposed offence. If, then, the plaintiff, in such an action is precluded from denying the existence of probable cause by a finding of the fact in a criminal case, a fortiori he ought to be precluded from denying the existence of a cause of action by a recovery in a civil one to which, the parties being the same, the doctrine of estoppel is peculiarly applicable. The defendant in this, was the plaintiff in the qui lam action; and, though but a trustee in part, he prosecuted it, as the legal plaintiff, for a civil right. Norris v. Pilmore, 1 Yeates 408; S. P. Donahue v. Dougherty, 5 Rawle 30. In Atcheson v. Everitt, Cowp. 391, it was said by Lord Mansfield that actions for penalties are, for many purposes, considered as civil suits; and Mr Justice Aston added, that they are as much so as actions for money had and received. Now the gist being the arrest of the plaintiff in a civil suit, what right has he to maintain the present one? In Parker v. Langley, Gilb. Cases 163, it was said, “If the suit be determined in favour of the plaintiif, there was colour for his action; if in favour of the defendant, there may be room, where the suit appears not just, to inquire how far it was malicious and oppressive, or designed for a wicked purpose.” The declaration was held ill, therefore, for not showing what had become of the first action. It satisfactorily appears what became of it in this instance, and it strangely seems to be considered a part of the gravamen, that it was prosecuted to judgment.
Then whether the prosecution before the justice be treated as a criminal or a civil one, the plaintiff has no case. The conviction established the existence of a cause of action, and it is not pretended that there was an exaction of excessive bail. But, putting that aside, the direction was too favourable to him on another ground. Though the prosecutor, being entitled to call for the production of a license in the first instance, proceeded, in default of it, at his peril, yet one was actually produced, but disallowed; and he is in no worse predicament than if it had been, as it doubtless would have been,impugned before the accused was arrested. The prosecution would have been commenced, as it was maintained, on a mistake of the law in respect to the power of the mayor’s court. Now, though every man, being bound to know the law, is answerable *243for the legal consequences of his acts, the imputation of a motive which had no existence in fact, is not one of them. On the contrary, it was held in Sommer v. Wilt, 4 Serg. & Rawle 19, that ignorance or mistake of the law on a fair representation of the fact to counsel, is a legal defence to an action for a malicious prosecution. . In the present case, the judge left the question of malice, as an open one, to the jury, with a recommendation, short of a direction, to find for the defendant; but the effect of the fact being for the court, and the effect of the evidence in establishing it being for the jury, they ought to have been instructed that if the defendant had actually mistaken the law, he was not responsible for the consequences of it. The plaintiff, therefore, has no cause to quarrel with the direction actually given.
Judgment affirmed.