after stating the facts, delivered his opinion as follows:
It has often been decided, that where a deputy surveyor makes a survey, and does not return it, the owner of the warrant or application shall not be prejudiced by the default of the officer. The reason of this is manifest. The surveyor was not the agent of the warrant holder, but an officer appointed by the government, who granted the land. It was his duty to make the return, and if not made, it was his fault. But the case before us is very different. Here is a title set up under the very man who has been guilty of the grossest negligence. I think it would have been more proper in Mr. Tea, if he had employed some other person to make the survey on an application belonging to MiKinzie; but perhaps he did not know that MiKinzie owned it. Be that as it may, the survey made by MiKinzie for himself was of no validity till recognized by his principal. The paper offered in evidence has no official mark about it. It is signed bv nobody. There is no indorsement to make it appear that it was ever filed in any office; and if it was really supposed by MiKinzie to be an actual survey, it is unaccountable that he should have suffered it to remain ten years in his own possession, when he must have known that it was his duty to return it to his principal. From the circumstances of the case, there is a strong presumption that MiKinzie did not consider the paper as of any validity; and I think it would be of very dangerous consequence, if after forty years, it should be suffered to be set up as an official paper. This court has gone great lengths in the admission of papers found in the possession of the family of deceased officers, in order to throw all possible light on the trial of a cause; but they have never gone so far as is asked in this case. I am of opinion that the evidence was properly rejected, and that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.
Brackenridge J.The paper in question is but evidence of an invalid act. Admit the fact of a survey by MlKinzie for himself. The question will be, had he power to make such a survey? It is not within the commission to survey for himself. It is not within the instructions of the surveyor general to the deputy to survey for himself the deputy. It is by *107the ratihabitio only of the surveyor ^general, or the proprietaries themselves, that the survey could become valid. It has" not reached that point; and is therefore without foundation to support it. Had this paper purported to be a survey made for a third person, it would have been evidence. Where a survey has been actually made on the ground, that is, where traces of a survey are to be found, I scarcely know any thing that has not been admitted, found in the office of a surveyor, that has had relation to it. I might express myself by a strong figure, and say, that almost the sxveepings of an office had been admitted to go to the jury to be weighed by them under the direction of the court. Length of time does not weigh with me in excluding this paper. It is on the ground of being an invalid act. There is nothing to make it the act of the surveyor general. It has not been found in his office. There is no mark by him, and no handwriting of his upon it, so that it could be inferred that he ever saw it, or recognized it. It could not otherwise be considered as having validity.
In the case of a grant, the parties are three; the grantor or vendor, who in this case, was what are called the proprietaries; the grantee or purchaser; and the office to carry that grant into effect. The officer is to be considered in the light of an agent for both. He is employed to measure off the land to be transferred, to locate the application, or warrant. It is not the understanding that he shall do this for himself. It is contrary to good policy to admit it; it has been the source of much mischief to sanction it. The deputy ought not to ap? pear in it; nor the surveyor general as surveying for himself; and it could not be valid until ratified by the owner of the soil expressly, or by necessary implication. The policy of the law will not allow a sheriff or cryer to purchase for himself. It is uniting .two characters in the same person, which are inconsistent with each other. It leads to fraud.
We have here, therefore, a document of a survey made without authority prior to the act, and without sanction subsequent. There is but the application to rest upon, and this, without a survey, cannot support an ejectment. It is alleged that the defendant knew of this survey being made upon the ground. But if the survey made was without authority, and invalid, the having knowledge of it cannot affect it. Even the thinking it good cannot make it good. Were the defendant *108plaintiff, this might be alleged as constituting some equity against him, and be in the way of recovering possession. But here he rests on his possession, and the plaintiff must recover by his own strength. He has not made out a good title, unless the survey could be given in evidence; and this survey not being by authority, cannot. Had it gone to the jury, they must have been told that it could not weigh; and therefore why should it go?
Judgment affirmed.