The opinion of the court was delivered by
Gibson, C. J.It is difficult, at a glance, to reconcile the mind to the decisions in support of these conditional assignments in any case; or comprehend how a 'conveyance which puts the debtor’s property beyond his creditor’s reach, except on terms prescribed by himself, can be any thing else than an act to ‘ delay hinder and defraud’ within the purview of the 13 Elizabeth. On the other hand, where the object is in truth distribution and not hindrance, the supervening delay being ,but incidental to the process, it is not easy to point out a defect in the argument on which they have been sustained. The basis of it is the admitted right which every debtor in failing circumstances has,,to prefer one creditor to another: for as an assignment on valuable consideration and for a lawful purpose as payment of debts is, necessarily passes the property out of the debtor, the consequence indicated as apparently objectionable, is unavoidable though there be even an express reservation of a trust for the debtor in the unconsumed surplus, which is no more than the law would imply without it, such surplus being liable in his hands as if it had never passed from him. The difficulty is to understand how he may lawfully manage his right to give a preference in such a way as to secure an advantage to himself in the release of his person and future earnings. And the solution of it is found in the arbitrary control over the order of payment allowed *225him by the common law, and not restrained by the 13 Elizabeth f which, suffering him to postpone any creditor to the rest, makes participation of the fund before those he may choose to prefer are served, not so much matter of right as of favour. To let a creditor' in among the first, therefore, though on condition that he release the unpaid residue of his debt, may be to do him a favour instead of a wrong, which may consequently be extended to him on terms, or not at all. Having an unquestionable power of preference of which he is the absolute master, it follows that he may set his price on it provided it be not a reservation of part of the effects for himself, or any thing that would carry his power beyond mere preference. Such is the unavoidable, if not the just, effect of suffering a debtor to distribute the wreck of his fortune among his creditors according to his pleasure; and it is the repugnance of the mind to- inequality of satisfaction which has induced legislators to extirpate the root of it in bankruptcy and insolvency, by substituting for it a process of distribution paramount to the will of the debtor. To expunge the principle of preference from a bankrupt law made by the debtor for himself, so long as he is permitted to legislate for himself, would require the force of a statute: and I am unable to say that the decisions which sustained these assignments originally, though coupled with a stipulation for prospective exemption, were unfounded in the principles of the common law: certainly it is now too late to question their authority. The legality of such a stipulation seems not to have been contested in Burd v. Smith, 4 Dallas, 76. Indeed the reasons of the judges are so indistinctly set forth in that case, and the discrepance of their views is so remarkable, as to render it of little value as a precedent for any thing. From Lippincott v. Barker, 2 Binney, 174, in which the point was expressly ruled, to the present time, the occurrence in practice of a countless number of such assignments — many of them .recognised by judicial decision — and the immense amount of property held by the title, would make it dangerous even to pause as to the validity of it.
But the principle of preference on terms of compromise, is not to be indulged so far as to, legalise the reservation of a portion of the effects for the debtor. In M’Allister v. Marshall, 6 Binney, 338, it was held that an assignment of all the effects upon a stipulation to re-convey apart for the benefit of the debtor’s family, is void for the part to be re-conveyed. It was not necessary to pronounce it void for the whole as no more than the part re-conveyed'was in contest; but nothing is clearer than that a contract fraudulent in part by the pi’ovisions of a statute, whatever be the abstract effect of fraud in other cases, is void in the whole. The principle has since been applied in Hyslop v. Clark, 14 Johns. 465, to the very case of an assignment in trust for payment of debts. Under the 13 Elizabeth, then, what is the difference between a conveyance of the whole on terms of returning a part, and a conveyance of a part in the first *226instance ? Certainly but a difference of form, and not a difference in principle or effect. In either form the transaction would give the debtor the same advantage at the expense of the creditors. A debtor, for example, who has enough to pay seventy-five per cent, all round, assigns two-thirds of his effects, or to the value of fifty per cent, of his debts, in trust to pay those who shall release by a day certain; and retains to the value of twenty-five per cent. With the alternative of choosing between these two funds put before him, what would a creditor probably do 1 If two-thirds in value, and no more, should happen to prefer the trust fund, they would get seventy-five per cent.; their just proportion of the whole effects; while the others would get as much from the portion in the hands of the debtor; and in that conjuncture any particular choice would be indifferent to him. But if less than two-thirds should accept the terms proffered in the assignment, they would get more than their just proportion, and those who rejected them would get less. If, however, all should accept, then all would get at the least fifty per cent, while if all should reject, they would get but half as much. The probability therefore is that a great majority — perhaps all — ■ would elect the trust fund; and that would leave a surplus to the debtor. Now it must be obvious that an exercise of the right of preference, which might produce that result, cannot be a legitimate one. The creditors are entitled to the benefit of the whole estate, of which they are not to be deprived by an arrangement which would impose on them the necessity of resorting to a part of it in exclusion of the rest. The very imposition of a choice' which might prove unfortunate, would be an exposure of them to a peril which they are not bound to encounter. An assignment, therefore, that would present but a part of the effects to the creditors and refuse the rest, is necessarily fraudulent, inasmuch as it might be a means to extort an unfair advantage. But why, it may be demahded, shall not the debtor be suffered to stipulate for a part of the property as well as for the exemption of his person and future acquirements ? The answer is that the statute, by which alone any stipulated exemption is prohibited, looks but to property which may be the subject of present assignment. It protects the creditor’s recourse to the property conveyed by avoiding all conveyances that would ‘ delay, hinder, and defraud’ him of it, without, however, protecting his recourse to any thing else, because the assignment cannot operate on any thing else.
Now an assignment of partnership effects is a partial one where-ever the debtor has separate property. The terms of the present, embrace “ all manner of machinery, stock, goods, chattels, debts, accounts, claims, and all other things whatsoever of the said William P. Jenks and company, as well real as personal, and of what nature, kind or quality soever,” which evidently has respect but to the joint effects. And this assignment of the partnership effects is on condition that the creditor execute by a day certain, “a full and suffi*227cient release of and from his claim, to the said William P. Jenkls and William Maris, individually, and as co-partners.” Such a release would unquestionably exonerate their separate estates; and the validity of the .assignment therefore depends on a single question of fact. It amply appears in the proofs reported by the Commissioner, that both partners had separate property — the one to the value of several hundred dollars, and the other to the value of several thousand. The assignment was therefore fraudulant and void; and the proceeds of the property were properly awarded to the execution creditors.
Decree in each case affirmed.