FIRST DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
GOBEIL and MARKLE, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
February 22, 2022
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A21A1720. SOWELL et al. v. SOLOMON et al.
GOBEIL, Judge.
In 2017, Brandon and Linda Sowell’s (collectively, the “Defendants”) minor
son was involved in a bicycle collision that resulted in the death of Timothy Solomon
(“Solomon”). Solomon’s widow filed a personal injury suit against the Defendants,
and the Defendants now appeal from the trial court’s order denying their motion for
summary judgment. In that order, the trial court found that questions of fact exist as
to whether the Defendants are liable under the theories of negligent entrustment,
negligent supervision, and negligent training and instruction. The crux of the
Defendants’ contention on appeal is that based on existing precedent, parents cannot
be held liable as a matter of law for “furnishing a child a bicycle who then rides it
unsupervised, is involved in an accident[,] and causes injury and damages to
another.” Although we disagree with the breadth and scope of the Defendants’
assertion, we agree that reversal is warranted under the specific facts of this case, as
explained below.
Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law. In reviewing the denial of a summary judgment motion, we owe no
deference to the trial court’s ruling and we review de novo both the
evidence and the trial court’s legal conclusions. Moreover, we construe
the evidence and all inferences and conclusions arising therefrom most
favorably toward the party opposing the motion.
Yim v. Carr, 349 Ga. App. 892, 893 (1) (827 SE2d 685) (2019) (citations and
punctuation omitted). So viewed, the record shows that on April 15, 2017, at
approximately 4 p.m., the Defendants’ then 10-year-old son, P. S., was riding a
bicycle1 in the City of Avondale Estates when he collided with the bicycle that
Timothy Solomon (“Solomon”) was riding. P. S. described that he had been riding his
bicycle on the sidewalk on his way home along Lakeshore Drive, when he attempted
to cross the roadway to meet up with his friend on the other side of the street. As P.
1
P. S. had his parents’ permission to ride his older brother’s bicycle on the day of
the incident.
2
S. was “[s]tanding up on the pedals” of his bicycle with his hands on the brakes, he
tried to look out for oncoming traffic, but his view was obstructed by parked cars on
both sides of the street. Specifically, he could not see through the tinted windows of
a parked SUV to his left. After P. S. entered the roadway, he suddenly saw Solomon
riding towards him. Solomon yelled “Stop,” and P. S. complied. In a matter of
seconds, the front wheel of Solomon’s bicycle collided with the front wheel of P. S.’s
bicycle, and the impact of the collision caused Solomon to veer into a parked car and
fall to the ground. As a result of the accident, Solomon sustained a head injury that
led to his death a few days later.
Sandra G. Solomon, individually as Solomon’s wife and as Administrator of
the Estate of Timothy James Solomon (“Plaintiff”), sued the Defendants,2 alleging
claims of negligent entrustment (for providing a bicycle to P. S., who was not
competent to safely ride a bicycle on a public roadway), negligent supervision (for
failing to supervise P. S. as he rode a bicycle on a public roadway), and negligent
instruction and training (for failing to properly instruct and train P. S. on the rules of
the road as it related to bicycle safely on a public roadway). The Defendants moved
2
Plaintiff did not raise any claims against P. S. See Sorrells v. Miller, 218 Ga. App.
641, 643 (2) (462 SE2d 793) (1995) (“In Georgia, children below the age of 13 are immune
from tort liability.”).
3
for summary judgment,3 which the trial court denied as to liability.4 The court found
in relevant part:
A bicycle is not always a dangerous instrumentality, but it can become
a dangerous instrumentality when used improperly. Whether parents
have exercised ordinary care in entrusting a bicycle to a child is wholly
dependent on many variables, including the particular child at issue, the
particular time at issue, and the particular location at issue.
The court therefore reasoned that Plaintiff’s claims stemming from the Defendants’
furnishing P. S. with a bicycle to ride on a public roadway were best left to the jury,
as there remained contested issues of fact as to whether the Defendants (1) exercised
ordinary care to anticipate and guard against P. S.’s potential misuse of the bicycle;
(2) were negligent in allowing P. S. to ride his bicycle without supervision; and
(3) provided P. S. with adequate training and instruction in bicycle safety given the
circumstances present in this case. The trial court issued a certificate of immediate
3
The Defendants also filed a motion for sanctions, alleging that Plaintiff “spoliated
evidence when she either destroyed or failed to maintain the speedometer that was affixed
to her husband’s bicycle at the time of his accident with P. S.” The trial court denied the
motion, and the Defendants do not challenge this ruling on appeal.
4
The Defendants also sought summary judgment as to the issue of damages. The
trial court granted the motion as to Plaintiff’s claim for post-impact harm, but denied the
motion as to the claim for future earnings. The Defendants have not raised any arguments
in their brief concerning damages.
4
review. We granted the Defendants’ application for interlocutory review, and this
appeal followed.
“It is well settled in this state that parents are not liable in damages for the torts
of their minor children merely because of the parent-child relationship.” Smith v.
Brooks, 247 Ga. App. 831, 832 (545 SE2d 135) (2001) (citation and punctuation
omitted). See also Phillips v. Dixon, 236 Ga. 271, 272 (223 SE2d 678) (1976) (“[A]
parent generally is not liable for the torts of a child[.]”); Kitchens v. Harris, 305 Ga.
App. 799, 800 (701 SE2d 207) (2010) (same). Rather, OCGA § 51-2-2, a version of
which has appeared in every Georgia code since 1863, sets out the circumstances
under which a parent is liable for a child’s torts, providing:
Every person shall be liable for torts committed by his wife, his child,
or his servant by his command or in the prosecution and within the
scope of his business, whether the same are committed by negligence or
voluntarily.
(Emphasis supplied.) Parents’ duty to control their minor children is expressed in the
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316 as follows:
A parent is under a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control his
minor child as to prevent it from . . . so conducting itself as to create an
unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them, if the parent (a) knows or has
reason to know that he has the ability to control his child, and (b) knows
5
or should know of the necessity and opportunity for exercising such
control.
Historically, therefore, “unless the parent participated in the minor’s tort, or through
negligence caused or permitted the tort to occur, courts often absolved parents from
liability, unless some other relationship, such as that of principal and agent, or master
and servant, existed between parent and child.” Guzman v. Link, 354 Ga. App. 463,
467 (2) (841 SE2d 203) (2020) (citation and punctuation omitted).
“Parents may be held directly liable, however, for their own negligence in
failing to supervise or control their child with regard to conduct which poses an
unreasonable risk of harming others.” Boston v. Athearn, 329 Ga. App. 890, 893 (1)
(764 SE2d 582) (2014). For example, an action has been permitted to proceed where
there was some parental negligence in furnishing or permitting a child access to an
instrumentality with which the child likely would injure a third party. See e.g., Faith
v. Massengill, 104 Ga. App. 348, 354 (2) (a) (121 SE2d 657) (1961) (air rifle),
overruled on other grounds by Brady v. Lewless, 124 Ga. App. 858, 859 (186 SE2d
310) (1971); Herrin v. Lamar, 106 Ga. App. 91, 93-95 (2) (126 SE2d 454) (1962)
(rotary lawnmower); Glean v. Smith, 116 Ga. App. 111, 112-114 (3) (156 SE2d 507)
(1967) (pistol); McBerry v. Ivie, 116 Ga. App. 808, 810-811 (159 SE2d 108) (1967)
6
(shotgun). “In cases of this sort the question is whether the facts of the case impose
upon the parent a duty to anticipate injury to another through the child’s use of the
instrumentality.” Corley v. Lewless, 227 Ga. 745, 748 (1) (182 SE2d 766) (1971).
1. As a starting point, the Defendants argue that the trial court erroneously
distinguished Georgia precedent that precludes liability for the parental negligence
claims in this action. In this regard, the Defendants point to Calhoun v. Pair, 197 Ga.
703 (30 SE2d 180) (1944), where the plaintiff brought an action against the
defendant, alleging that plaintiff’s 12-year-old son had been injured after being “r[u]n
over” by a bicycle ridden by the defendant’s 14-year-old son. Calhoun v. Pair, 71 Ga.
App. 211 (30 SE2d 776) (1944). The plaintiff’s complaint described:
That the defendant furnished the bicycle to his son for the specific
purpose of giving the son transportation to and from his home and
school, the school being considerable distance from his home, and the
son was riding the bicycle with the father’s approbation and was
therefore the agent and/or servant of the defendant, acting with[in] the
scope of his agency and/or employment at the time of the [occurrence]
complained of in this suit.
Calhoun, 71 Ga. App. at 211 (punctuation omitted). The plaintiff further alleged that
the defendant’s child was riding his bicycle on the sidewalk within the limits of the
City of Atlanta in violation of a city ordinance. Id. at 212. The trial court dismissed
7
the suit on the basis “that no cause of action was set forth either at law or in equity.”
Id. This Court certified the following questions to the Supreme Court of Georgia:
1. Is a father, who furnishes to his minor son (fourteen years of age) a
bicycle for the purpose of using the same to go to and from school,
liable to another in damages for injuries received by the other when such
injuries are occasioned by the negligent and unlawful use of such
bicycle by the minor son, and where such negligence is the proximate
cause of the injury? 2. If the answer to the first question is in the
affirmative, is such liability based on what is generally termed “the
family purpose doctrine,”[5] or on some other principle of law?
Calhoun, 197 Ga. at 703 (punctuation omitted). The Justices were “unanimous in the
view that the answer to the first question is, ‘No.’” Id. However, “[t]he Justices [were]
in disagreement as to the processes of reasoning by which [they] reach[ed] the
ultimate conclusion.” Id.
5
In 1915, our Supreme Court adopted the family purpose doctrine, which states that
a parent may be liable for the negligent actions of a child, where the child is driving a
family-owned automobile for the comfort and pleasure of the family. See Griffin v. Russell,
144 Ga. 275, 287 (1) (87 SE 10) (1915). In Calhoun, the Supreme Court found it
unnecessary to address the applicability of the family purpose doctrine in light of its
conclusion that the parent could not be held liable for the child’s bicycle accident. 197 Ga.
at 703. More recently, in Carter v. Kearse, 142 Ga. App. 251, 251 (235 SE2d 755) (1977),
our Court declined to extend the family purpose doctrine to bicycles.
8
Here, the trial court determined that Calhoun was inapplicable to this case.
Specifically, the court interpreted the ruling as being limited to claims alleging
vicarious liability against parents for the negligence of their children, and not
applicable to direct negligence claims against parents as alleged here. Notably,
however, the Supreme Court’s opinion in Calhoun did not expressly limit its ruling
to parental vicarious liability claims. See Calhoun, 197 Ga. at 703. And neither the
trial court nor Plaintiff has cited any precedent providing such limitation. The
Defendants contend that the Calhoun plaintiff essentially brought a claim of negligent
entrustment against the father for furnishing his minor son with a bicycle, and
therefore, the reasoning in Calhoun applies in this case to bar Plaintiff’s claims. By
contrast, Plaintiff argues that the Calhoun plaintiff raised his claim based on the
minor child’s negligent use of the bicycle while acting as the father’s agent and/or
servant, see 71 Ga. App. at 211, and thus, the Calhoun holding is applicable only to
parental vicarious liability claims.
The Supreme Court’s opinion in Calhoun is short and its intended scope
unclear given its failure to specify the plaintiff’s exact claims in the underlying
action. The opinion addresses whether a parent is “liable to another in damages for
injuries received by the other when such injuries are occasioned by the negligent and
9
unlawful use of such bicycle by the minor son[.]” Calhoun, 197 Ga. at 703 (emphasis
supplied). On its face, this language suggests an allegation of vicarious liability as
opposed to a claim of direct negligence against the parents, as is the case here. In any
event, based on its limited language, we agree with the trial court that Calhoun is not
dispositive of the claims in this appeal.
2. Turning to the instant case, Plaintiff’s parental negligence claims against the
Defendants stem from their furnishing a bicycle to P. S. and allowing him to ride
unsupervised in his local neighborhood. We first consider the standard of care
applicable to each of these claims.
(a) Negligent Entrustment
Subsequent to Calhoun, we have explained that
[w]here injury is caused by an instrumentality made accessible to the
child by the parent, which if used properly is reasonably safe but which
becomes a dangerous instrumentality when not properly handled, the
question becomes one of ordinary negligence. Whether or not the parent
exercised ordinary care to anticipate and guard against such misuse is
thus frequently a jury question as in other negligence cases. . . .
Although recovery is permitted where through parental negligence a
child is permitted access to an instrumentality which, if not properly
used, is foreseeably likely to cause injury to a third person, this does not
make the parent liable for an injury negligently inflicted by a child
10
where there is no dangerous proclivity known to the former and no
reason to anticipate the injury which in fact occurred.
Hill v. Morrison, 160 Ga. App. 151, 151-153 (286 SE2d 467) (1981) (emphasis
supplied) (in negligence action brought against parents of nine-year-old boy who
allowed his companion to ride his motorized go-cart which resulted in death of
companion in collision with automobile, material issue of fact existed as to whether
parents’ instructions to their son not to let a third person use the go-cart without
parental permission was sufficient to relieve parents from responsibility, precluding
summary judgment). See also, Davis v. Gavalas, 37 Ga. App. 242, 242 (139 SE 577)
(1927) (holding that plaintiff adequately pleaded a cause of action against the parents
for negligence because the parents “knowingly permit[ed]” their child, a
five-year-old, to ride a velocipede6 on a public sidewalk at night7); Herrin, 106 Ga.
6
A “velocipede” is “a lightweight wheeled vehicle propelled by the rider,” similar
to a bicycle. See Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/velocipede (last visited Jan. 24, 2022).
7
It remains unclear whether the negligence claim in Davis was based on, for
instance, the velocipede’s being a dangerous instrumentality, the child’s previous use of
the velocipede (in a way that put the parents on notice that the child could harm someone
else if the child rode the velocipede), the child’s age or maturity, or the operating
conditions.
11
App. at 92-95 (1)-(2) (finding cause of action against mother for furnishing an
inherently dangerous instrumentality (a lawnmower) to her ten-year-old child).
Here, it is undisputed that the Defendants gave P. S. permission to ride a
bicycle on the date of the incident. As a result, the key inquiry is whether the
Defendants’ act in allowing P. S. to ride his bicycle in his local neighborhood without
their direct supervision, was “foreseeably likely to cause injury to a third person[.]”
Hill, 160 Ga. App. at 151-152.8
(b) Negligent Supervision
8
This standard contrasts with that applicable to instances in which a parent did not
furnish or expressly permit a child access to a potentially dangerous instrument, but the
child accessed it anyway. In such cases, a plaintiff has to show a heightened standard of
knowledge, namely, “whether the parent knew of the child’s proclivity or propensity for
the specific dangerous activity.” Kitchens, 305 Ga. App. at 800 (reversing trial court’s
denial of summary judgment on negligent entrustment and negligent supervision claims
because there was no evidence that the parents knew or should have known that their child
had a proclivity or propensity to use the ATV, or allow others to use it, without their
permission and presence) (citation and punctuation omitted). See also Dent v. Smith, 172
Ga. App. 90, 92-93 (322 SE2d 100) (1984) (parents entitled to summary judgment when
they did not furnish or make available a BB gun, and there was no evidence that the child
had any proclivity or propensity for playing with it); Muse v. Ozment, 152 Ga. App. 896,
898-899 (264 SE2d 328) (1980) (the father was entitled to summary judgment where the
evidence showed he did not know of any proclivity of the son for taking a golf club out of
an unlocked storage building and swinging it in the presence of others).
12
Where liability is based on parents’ alleged failure to supervise or
control their child, a key question is the foreseeability of the harm
suffered by the plaintiff, that is, whether the parents had knowledge of
facts from which they should have reasonably anticipated that harm to
another would result unless they controlled their child’s conduct. The
true test of parental negligence vel non is whether in the exercise of
ordinary care he should have anticipated that harm would result from the
unsupervised activities of the child and whether, if so, he exercised the
proper degree of care to guard against this result. The level of care that
is due necessarily depends on the circumstances, which may involve an
inherently dangerous instrumentality, a commonly-available object that
only becomes dangerous if it is intentionally used to cause harm or is
handled in an improper and dangerous manner, or no instrumentality at
all. Whether parents failed to use ordinary care in supervising or
controlling their child is generally a question for the jury when the
circumstances support an inference that the parents were on notice that,
absent their intervention, injury was likely to result from the child’s
conduct.
Boston, 329 Ga. App. at 893-894 (1) (citations, punctuation, and footnotes omitted).
(c) Negligent Instruction and Training
“To establish a negligent training claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that
inadequate training caused a reasonably foreseeable injury.” Advanced Disposal Srvs.
Atlanta, LLC v. Marczak, 359 Ga. App. 316, 319 (2) (857 SE2d 494) (2021); see also
13
Tyner v. Matta-Troncoso, 305 Ga. 480, 488 (3) (826 SE2d 100) (2019) (“[W]ithout
reasonable foreseeability — a hallmark of proximate cause — there exists no genuine
issue of material fact as to . . . causation.”).
3. Examining the issues before us in light of the attendant facts and the
principles of law discussed in Division 2, we conclude that the trial court erred in
denying the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s parental
negligence claims.
The relevant record is undisputed and reflects that P. S.’s parents taught him
how to ride a bicycle when he was four years old, approximately six years prior to the
incident. He first started riding a bicycle unaccompanied when he was eight years old.
Apart from the falls one experiences when learning to ride a bicycle, P. S. had never
been involved in an accident. The Defendants explained that they were confident of
P. S.’s ability to ride a bicycle and had taught him how to ride safely on the road,
including being aware of his surroundings, following traffic signs, and checking for
traffic by looking in both directions before crossing a street. P. S.’s parents were not
with him at the time of the incident. But, they had instructed P. S. to cross at a
crosswalk when available, and if a crosswalk was not an option, then to check for
traffic both ways and cross the street when it was clear of traffic. Although the
14
Defendants previously had seen P. S. cross the street in the middle of the road, rather
than at an intersection or a marked crosswalk, the record is silent as to what, if
anything, resulted from this action, and how this should have given the Defendants
“reason to anticipate the injury which in fact occurred” in this case.9 Hill, 160 Ga.
App. at 152.
There also is no evidence in the record that the bicycle had any mechanical
defects, that it was used improperly, or that it was unsuitable for a boy of P. S.’s age,
height, or weight. Although P. S. was riding his brother’s bicycle at the time of the
accident, which was bigger than his own bicycle, he had ridden his brother’s bicycle
more than three or four times in the past without incident. Additionally, there is no
evidence that P. S. was physically impaired or that he lacked the basic skills of an
average boy his age. There also is no indication that P. S. was riding the bicycle in an
area inappropriate for that use or that he disobeyed his parents’ instructions on how
9
The closest crosswalk to the scene of the accident on Lakeshore Drive was
approximately half a mile away. The parties dispute the legality of P. S.’s actions of riding
on a sidewalk and crossing from a place other than an intersection or crosswalk. Plaintiff
further urges that we disregard the Defendants’ contentions on these issues as they were
not raised properly in the trial court. However, we do not reach these questions. Our
analysis hinges not on what P. S. did or did not do and the legality of the same, but rather
on the adequacy of what his parents did or did not do to anticipate and guard against the
risks of P. S.’s actions by furnishing him with a bicycle and allowing him to ride
unsupervised.
15
to ride safely.10 His parents had advised him to ride on the sidewalk if available,
rather than the street, to avoid being hit by a car. If people were walking on the
sidewalk, P. S. would get off the sidewalk and get in the street to go around them, and
then get back on the sidewalk. The Defendants had only moved to the City of
Avondale Estates a few weeks before the accident, and the Defendants could not
recall whether they had instructed P. S. on how to ride in an area where there were a
lot of parked cars, or to look out for other bicyclists on the road. Nevertheless, the
Defendants were confident in P. S.’s bike-riding abilities and trusted him to ride a
bicycle in a safe manner.
In its order denying the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the
parental negligence claims, the trial court found that whether parents have exercised
ordinary care in entrusting a bicycle to a child to ride unsupervised is wholly
dependent on many variables, including “the particular child at issue, the particular
time at issue, and the particular place at issue[.]” However, as discussed above,
10
Even assuming, without deciding, that P. S. disobeyed his parents in failing to
confirm no oncoming traffic (as his view of oncoming traffic was obstructed as he looked
over the parked cars and entered the road), such action would go to his negligence, as
opposed to any negligence on the part of the Defendants.
16
[w]here injury is caused by an instrumentality made accessible to the
child by the parent, . . . the true test of parental negligence vel non is
whether in the exercise of ordinary care he should have anticipated that
harm would result from the unsupervised activities of the child and
whether, if so, he exercised the proper degree of care to guard against
this result.
Hill, 160 Ga. App. at 151. Here, where the record evidence shows that the Defendants
exercised care in teaching P. S. to ride a bicycle safely, and P. S. had done so —
supervised and unsupervised — for six years without incident, Plaintiff failed to show
that the Defendants did not meet the standard of care in entrusting P. S. with the
bicycle.
Similarly, with respect to Plaintiff’s claims concerning the Defendants’ alleged
failure to supervise or control P. S., or properly train him on riding a bicycle on a
public roadway, “a key question is the foreseeability of the harm suffered by the
plaintiff, that is, whether the parents had knowledge of facts from which they should
have reasonably anticipated that harm to another would result unless they controlled
their child’s conduct.” Boston, 329 Ga. App. at 893 (1). See also Doe I v. Young
Women’s Christian Assn. of Greater Atlanta, Inc., 321 Ga. App. 403, 408 (2) (740
SE2d 453) (2013) (“In order to defeat summary judgment on a claim for negligent
17
training and supervision, a plaintiff must produce some evidence of incidents similar
to the behavior that was the cause of the injury at issue.”) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Based on the record before us, there is no indication that the Defendants had
any reason to anticipate that P. S. would be involved in a bicycle accident such as
occurred here, and Plaintiff failed to present evidence sufficient to raise a jury
question on this issue.11
There is no true winner in this tragic case. The law does not insulate parents
from direct liability for all negligent acts of their children. Nor does it subject parents
to liability every time a child commits a negligent act: there are legal limits on
parental liability rooted in the concepts of reasonableness and foreseeability — no
one is able to anticipate and guard against every possible circumstance children may
encounter or action they may take. As the Defendants highlight, “purchasing a bicycle
for a child does not automatically subject parents to a jury trial if their child is in an
accident while riding in their own neighborhood.” “Riding a bicycle has become,
practically speaking, a natural stage of every child’s development. It is very common
11
Plaintiff asserts that the Defendants should not be allowed to benefit from the “one
free bite rule” simply because P. S. had never been involved in an accident prior to the
instant incident while riding his bicycle. We find this statement a broad simplification of
our ruling. Simply put, as explained above, based on the specific facts of this case, the
Defendants had no reason to anticipate or guard against the accident that occurred here.
18
to see very young children . . . riding unassisted. Although a child’s bicycle is a
machine, it is not complex.” Santalucia v. County of Broome, 205 AD2d 969, 970-
971 (613 NYS2d 774) (1994). Our ruling is in no way intended to serve as a blanket
rule that parents are automatically immune from damages for direct negligence claims
if a child gets into an accident while riding a bike unsupervised. Here, there is no
evidence that the Defendants were aware that P. S. might not be able to control his
bicycle while riding on a public roadway without placing third parties at unreasonable
risk. Under the specific circumstances herein, we hold that the Defendants are not
liable as a matter of law for the instant incident “where there [was] no dangerous
proclivity [by P. S.] known to [the Defendants] and no reason to anticipate the injury
which in fact occurred.” Hill, 160 Ga. App. at 152.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s denial of the Defendants’ motion for
summary judgment against Plaintiff’s claims for negligent entrustment, negligent
supervision, and negligent training and instruction.
Judgment reversed. Barnes, P. J., and Markle, J., concur.
19