NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 21-2637
___________
DERON ODADA JOE,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A078-210-971)
Immigration Judge: Alice Song Hartye
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
February 10, 2022
Before: KRAUSE, BIBAS and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: March 1, 2022)
___________
OPINION*
___________
PER CURIAM
Deron Odada Joe, a citizen of Liberia, petitions for review of a final order of
removal. For the following reasons, we will grant the petition in part, deny it in part,
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
dismiss it in part, and remand to the Board of Immigration Appeals for further
proceedings.
Joe was admitted to the United States in 1999 as a nonimmigrant visitor. In 2002,
an Immigration Judge granted Joe’s application for asylum, and he later adjusted his
status to lawful permanent resident. In 2019, a jury in the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania found Joe guilty of one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States,
see 18 U.S.C. § 371, and eleven counts of aiding and assisting the filing of false tax
returns, see 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2).
Based on those convictions, the Government charged Joe with removability for
having committed an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(M) (offense that
involves fraud or deceit involving loss to the victim over $10,000), and § 1101(a)(43)(U)
(attempt or conspiracy to commit offense defined in § 1101(a)(43)). See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Joe, through counsel, contested his removability and applied for
adjustment of status, a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), and asylum,
withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).
An Immigration Judge concluded that Joe was removable as charged and that he
did not merit a favorable exercise of discretion as to his requests for adjustment of status
and a waiver of inadmissibility under § 1182(h).1 In addition, the IJ found that Joe’s
aggravated felony conviction rendered him ineligible for asylum. Although Joe was still
eligible for withholding of removal and CAT protection, the IJ denied the application for
1
With respect to the request for a waiver of inadmissibility, the IJ also concluded that Joe
failed to establish the requisite hardship to his relatives.
2
those forms of relief.
The Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed Joe’s appeal. The Board rejected
Joe’s challenge to his removability, which was based in part on an argument the
Government failed to establish that the losses to the victim exceeded $10,000. Further,
the Board agreed that Joe did not merit a favorable exercise of discretion with respect to
his requests for adjustment of status and a waiver of inadmissibility. In addition, the
Board noted that Joe did not challenge the denial of asylum and withholding of removal.
Finally, the Board found no error in the denial of CAT protection, explaining that country
conditions in Liberia had significantly changed since Joe received asylum and
emphasizing that Joe safely lived in Liberia from 2013 to 2017. Joe filed a pro se petition
for review.2
We begin by noting that we lack jurisdiction to review several aspects of the
agencies’ decisions. Because Joe did not challenge the denial of asylum and withholding
of removal on appeal to the Board, we lack jurisdiction to consider those issues. See 8
U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Castro v. Att’y Gen., 671 F.3d 356, 365 (3d Cir. 2012) (“A
petitioner’s failure to exhaust an issue by presenting it to the BIA deprives us of
jurisdiction to consider that issue.”). We also lack jurisdiction to review the discretionary
denial of adjustment of status and a waiver of inadmissibility. See Zheng v. Gonzales,
422 F.3d 98, 111 (3d Cir. 2005) (stating that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) “plainly
2
Joe contends that the BIA erred by failing to provide review by a three-member panel.
See Purveegiin v. Gonzales, 448 F.3d 684, 692 (3d Cir. 2006) (BIA’s discretion to
employ single-member review is subject to judicial review). But he failed to identify any
basis upon which such review would have been warranted. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6)
(describing standards for assignment to a three-member panel).
3
forecloses review of the Attorney General’s exercise of discretion in granting adjustment
of status in individual cases”); Cospito v. Att’y Gen., 539 F.3d 166, 170 (3d Cir. 2008)
(holding that “our jurisdiction does not extend to an agency’s factual and discretionary
determinations underlying the denial of waivers based on an analysis involving extreme
hardship”). Although we retain jurisdiction under § 1252(a)(2)(D) to review colorable
constitutional claims and questions of law, see Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr, 140 S. Ct.
1062, 1069 (2020) (holding that the phrase “questions of law” includes the application of
a legal standard to undisputed or established facts), Joe’s brief does not raise any such
challenges to the discretionary decisions. See M.S. by & through Hall v. Susquehanna
Twp. Sch. Dist., 969 F.3d 120, 124 n.2 (3d Cir. 2020) (holding that claims were forfeited
where appellant failed to raise them in her opening brief).
We do have jurisdiction, however, to review constitutional, legal, and factual
challenges to the denial of CAT relief. See Nasrallah v. Barr, -- U.S. --, 140 S. Ct. 1683,
1687-88, 1694 (2020) (holding that the jurisdiction-stripping provisions relating to
removal for criminal offenses do not affect judicial review of a CAT claim). The CAT
prevents the United States government from removing an alien to a country where torture
will occur. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16. Torture is defined as the intentional infliction of
severe pain or suffering “by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of
a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1).
Here, the IJ concluded, and the BIA agreed, that Joe did not show that anything rising to
the level of torture would happen to him upon returning to Liberia, in part because he had
not shown that he had been tortured in the past or that he faces threats particularized to
4
him. Although Joe qualified for asylum in 2002, when Liberia was in the midst of a civil
war, country conditions have changed. The war ended in 2003 and the country held
generally free and fair elections in 2017. The record further indicated that the former
president, Charles Taylor, had been convicted of crimes against humanity and that the
government was taking steps to alleviate corruption.3 Joe claimed that he will be targeted
in Liberia as a deportee and because of the political associations that forced him to leave
the first time, noting that some individuals from the previous regime remain in the
government. Notably, however, Joe lived in Liberia from 2013 to 2017 without
experiencing significant harm.4 Under these circumstances, we conclude that the Board
properly denied Joe’s request for relief under the CAT.
We also have jurisdiction to review the Board’s conclusion that Joe is removable
as an alien convicted of an aggravated felony. Quinteros v. Att’y Gen., 945 F.3d 772,
781 (3d Cir. 2019). The definition of “aggravated felony” includes an offense that
“involves fraud or deceit in which the loss to the victim or victims exceeds $10,000.”
§ 1101(a)(43)(M)(i). There is no dispute that Joe’s conviction under 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2)
involves deceit. See Kawashima v. Holder, 565 U.S. 478, 483-84 (2012) (explaining that
3
The IJ acknowledged that although Taylor’s ex-wife was Liberia’s vice president, the
evidence indicated that she had disavowed all connections to her ex-husband’s regime.
4
During that time, Joe described two incidents that have caused him to believe that he
will be tortured if removed to Liberia. On one occasion, individuals in civilian clothes
took him to a police station. The individuals asked him for money and kept him at the
station for 16 hours, without providing him with food or water. The second incident
occurred when an official detained Joe for 45 minutes, asked Joe for money, and warned
Joe that he would “get him” when someone else was in power.
5
although § 7206(2) does not expressly include “fraud” or “deceit” as an element, a
conviction under that statute necessarily contemplates deceitful conduct in assisting the
making of a materially false statement as to the correctness of a tax return).
But the Board erred in concluding that the Government proved by clear and
convincing evidence that Joe’s offense of conviction resulted in a loss to the victim that
exceeded $10,000. See Singh v. Att’y Gen., 677 F.3d 503, 512 (3d Cir. 2012). We
follow a “circumstance-specific” approach to assess if an offense meets the required loss
under § 1101(a)(43)(M)(i). See Nijhawan v. Holder, 557 U.S. 29, 34 (2009). Under that
approach, we may consider “the indictment, judgment, presentence investigation report,
and any other sentencing-related material that sheds light on [Joe’s] conduct.” Rad v.
Att’y Gen., 983 F.3d 651, 658-59 (3d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). We have noted that “the plain and unambiguous language of the statute …
predicates removal on a convicted offense resulting in losses greater than $10,000.” See
Alaka v. Att’y Gen., 456 F.3d 88, 106-07 (3d Cir. 2006).
Here, the losses to the United States Government resulted when Joe, who ran a tax
preparation service company, claimed inflated or fictitious unreimbursed employee
expenses on his clients’ returns. To determine the amount of the losses, the IJ relied
solely on the presentence investigation report (PSR). The PSR stated that the “total loss
to the IRS resulting from the charged offenses and relevant conduct was $145,951.00.”
(Administrative Record, 917.) It is not clear, though, what portion of that loss amount is
tethered to the counts of conviction and what portion is tethered to “unconvicted
offenses.” See Chiao Fang Ku v. Att’y Gen., 912 F.3d 133, 142 (3d Cir. 2019)
6
(explaining that § 1101(a)(43)(M)(i) “foreclose[s] inclusion of losses stemming from
unconvicted offenses”). Notably, Joe was not convicted of all the “charged offenses,”
(A.R. 851-52), and “relevant conduct” may include uncharged conduct, beyond the
offense of conviction. See United States v. Pollard, 986 F.2d 44 (3d Cir. 1993). And,
although the PSR relies on the $145,951 loss figure for purposes of calculating Joe’s base
offense level, we have explained that loss determinations under the Sentencing
Guidelines differ from those under the Immigration and Nationality Act.5 See Rad, 983
F.3d at 666-68.
For the foregoing reasons, we will grant the petition for review in part, dismiss it
in part, deny it in part, and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
5
The PSR also included a chart that identified each of the 15 false tax return counts of
the indictment, listed the filers’ initials, and indicated the tax years and dates that the
returns were filed. (A.R. 917.) The chart contained no information on tax losses.
Immediately below that chart, under the heading “Relevant Conduct and Total Tax Loss,”
the PSR stated that “Joe and [his co-defendant] caused an additional tax loss of
$88,251.00 from the filing of 17 false tax returns from 2008 to 2010, which followed the
same pattern as previously described.” (Id.) Again, however, it is not clear whether that
loss is attributable to the 11 counts of false tax return preparation of which Joe was
convicted. See Alaka, 456 F.3d at 106-07.
7