[Cite as State v. White, 2022-Ohio-605.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 30041
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
CLIFTON WHITE, III COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. CR 1996-01-0059
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: March 2, 2022
TEODOSIO, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Clifton White III, appeals from the trial court’s judgment denying his
motion to vacate void judgment in the Summit County Court of Common Pleas. This Court
affirms.
I.
{¶2} On Christmas Eve in 1995, Mr. White shot and killed two people in his apartment
with deer slugs from a 12-gauge pump shotgun and then tried to kill a third person inside of a
Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant. See State v. White, 85 Ohio St.3d 433, 434 (1999). The
third victim survived, but lost most of his right ear, part of his skull, and the right upper lobe of
his brain. See id. Mr. White was later convicted after a jury trial of aggravated murder with two
death specifications, murder, and attempted aggravated murder, along with firearm specifications
for each count. See id. at 435. Following a mitigation hearing, the trial court sentenced him to
prison terms for murder and attempted aggravated murder and imposed a sentence of death for
2
aggravated murder. See id. The Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed his convictions and death
sentence on appeal. See id.
{¶3} Mr. White filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the trial court, which was
denied. This Court affirmed the trial court’s judgment on appeal. See State v. White, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 19040, 1999 WL 394938 (June 16, 1999). Years later, he filed a second petition for
post-conviction relief, which the trial court denied. This Court affirmed the trial court’s
judgment on appeal, but that decision was later reversed by the Supreme Court of Ohio. See
State v. White, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22591, 2005-Ohio-6990, rev’d, 118 Ohio St.3d 12, 2008-
Ohio-1623. Because Mr. White was intellectually disabled1 and thus ineligible for the death
penalty pursuant to Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), and State v. Lott, 97 Ohio St.3d 303,
2002-Ohio-6625, the matter was remanded to the trial court for resentencing. Upon remand, the
trial court resentenced Mr. White to 61-76 years to life in prison. Many years later, Mr. White
filed a motion to vacate void judgment in the trial court, challenging his original indictment as
defective. The court reclassified the motion as a petition for post-conviction relief and denied it
as being both untimely and successive.
{¶4} Mr. White now appeals from the trial court’s judgment denying his motion to
vacate void judgment and raises one assignment of error for this Court’s review.
1
In recent years, both the Supreme Court of Ohio and the United States Supreme Court
have made a concerted effort to use the term “intellectually disabled” rather than “mentally
retarded,” and we shall do the same. See, e.g., State v. Ford, 158 Ohio St.3d 139, 2019-Ohio-
4539, ¶ 44, fn.1; Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U.S. 305, 308 (2015), fn.1.
3
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO VOID
(SIC) SENTENCE WHERE DEFENDANT’S SENTENCE IS VOID AS A MATTER
OF LAW.
{¶5} In his sole assignment of error, Mr. White argues that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to vacate void judgment because the indictment in this case was allegedly
never signed by a foreperson or deputy foreperson. According to Mr. White, the defective
indictment violated his due process rights and his right to fundamentally fair grand jury
proceedings, so the trial court never had jurisdiction and should have vacated his sentence and
convictions as void. We disagree.
{¶6} We recognize at the outset that the trial court reclassified Mr. White’s motion to
vacate void judgment as a petition for post-conviction relief. “Courts may recast irregular
motions into whatever category necessary to identify and establish the criteria by which the
motion should be judged.” State v. Schlee, 117 Ohio St.3d 153, 2008-Ohio-545, ¶ 12. “‘A
vaguely titled motion, including a motion to correct or vacate a judgment or sentence,’ may be
treated as a petition for post[-]conviction relief under R.C. 2953.21(A)(1) when the motion was
filed after a direct appeal, alleged a denial of constitutional rights, sought to render the judgment
void or voidable, and requested that the judgment and sentence be vacated.” State v. Higgins,
9th Dist. Summit No. 29628, 2020-Ohio-2914, ¶ 5, quoting State v. Davis, 9th Dist. Medina No.
15CA0004-M, 2015-Ohio-5182, ¶ 6. Mr. White’s motion to vacate void judgment meets these
criteria, so we conclude that it was properly reclassified as a petition for post-conviction relief.
{¶7} A post-conviction proceeding is a collateral civil attack on a criminal judgment, in
which the petitioner receives no more rights than those granted by the statute. State v. Calhoun,
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86 Ohio St.3d 279, 281 (1999). Former R.C. 2953.21(A)(1)(a)2 stated that anyone convicted of a
criminal offense:
who claims that there was such a denial or infringement of the person’s rights as
to render the judgment void or voidable under the Ohio Constitution or the
Constitution of the United States * * * may file a petition in the court that
imposed sentence, stating the grounds for relief relied upon, and asking the court
to vacate or set aside the judgment or sentence or to grant other appropriate relief.
{¶8} We generally review a trial court’s decision denying a petition for post-conviction
relief under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Nichols, 9th Dist. Summit No. 29228, 2019-
Ohio-3084, ¶ 10. “Our standard of review is de novo, however, when the trial court denies a
petition solely on the basis of an issue of law.” Id. “Whether a defendant’s post-conviction
relief petition satisfied the procedural requirements set forth in R.C. 2953.21 and R.C. 2953.23 is
an issue of law.” State v. Childs, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25448, 2011-Ohio-913, ¶ 9. Here, the
trial court found not only that Mr. White’s petition was untimely and successive under R.C.
2953.21, but also that he failed to argue any of the exceptions in R.C. 2953.23 applied. Our
standard of review in this matter is therefore de novo.
{¶9} Mr. White filed a direct appeal from his convictions, and his sentence of death
was later overturned by the Supreme Court. Thus, he was required to file his petition no later
than 365 days after the date on which the trial transcript was filed in his direct appeal. Former
R.C. 2953.21(A)(2). The trial transcript was filed in Mr. White’s direct appeal to the Supreme
Court on January 22, 1997. He filed his petition in this matter on March 4, 2021, more than 24
2
Although Mr. White was convicted in 1996, he filed his petition on March 4, 2021, so
the amended versions of the post-conviction relief statutes that were in effect from April 6, 2017,
until April 12, 2021, apply in this case. See, e.g., State v. Morris, 9th Dist. Summit No. 29419,
2019-Ohio-5404, ¶ 6, fn. 1 (citing cases and recognizing that “the triggering event is the filing of
the post[-]conviction petition, which determines the applicable version of the statute.”).
5
years past the statutory deadline. Apart from being untimely, Mr. White’s petition was also
successive, as the record reveals that he filed two prior petitions for post-conviction relief in
1998 and 2002.
{¶10} A trial court may not entertain untimely or successive petitions for post-
conviction relief unless the petitioner satisfies certain requirements. See Former R.C.
2953.23(A)(1). First, he must show either that (1) he was “unavoidably prevented” from
discovering the facts he relies on, or (2) subsequent to the 365-day deadline, “the United States
Supreme Court recognized a new federal or state right that applies retroactively to persons in
[his] situation, and the petition asserts a claim based on that right.” Former R.C.
2953.23(A)(1)(a). Second, he must show “by clear and convincing evidence that, but for
constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found the petitioner guilty of the
offense of which he was convicted * * *.” Former R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(b).
{¶11} Raising a defective indictment argument does not constitute an exception to R.C.
2953.23’s procedural requirements. State v. Morris, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24613, 2009-Ohio-
3183, ¶ 7. Beyond that, Mr. White made no attempt to satisfy the requirements of Former R.C.
2953.23(A)(1). “[A] petitioner’s failure to satisfy R.C. 2953.23(A) deprives a trial court of
jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of an untimely or successive post[-]conviction petition.”
State v. Apanovitch, 155 Ohio St.3d 358, 2018-Ohio-4744, ¶ 36. Consequently, the trial court
lacked authority to entertain Mr. White’s petition, so we cannot say that the court erred in
denying it. See Nichols at ¶ 13.
{¶12} Even assuming arguendo that the trial court had authority to entertain Mr. White’s
petition, his claims would nonetheless be precluded by res judicata. Pursuant to the doctrine of
res judicata:
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[A] final judgment of conviction bars a convicted defendant who was represented
by counsel from raising and litigating in any proceeding except an appeal from
that judgment, any defense or any claimed lack of due process that was raised or
could have been raised by the defendant at the trial, which resulted in that
judgment of conviction, or on an appeal from that judgment.
State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175 (1967), paragraph nine of the syllabus.
{¶13} Mr. White argued in his petition that the indictment in this case was defective
because it was not signed by the foreperson or deputy foreperson. As a result, he argued that his
“due process rights and right to fundamentally fair grand jury proceedings were denied by the
prosecutor’s failure to present a valid indictment” and “the trial court never invoked its
jurisdiction [] by the [r]eturn of a valid indictment.” Any alleged error in the indictment would
have been apparent in the record, however, and Mr. White could have raised that issue prior to
trial pursuant to Crim.R. 12(C) and then later on direct appeal. See State v. Quinn, 9th Dist.
Medina No. 20CA0027-M, 2021-Ohio-1764, ¶ 19. As it stands now, Mr. White’s arguments are
barred by the doctrine of res judicata.
{¶14} Mr. White’s argument that his sentence and convictions are void because the
court “never invoked its jurisdiction” does not change that result. In fact, his contention that the
indictment was unsigned does not actually implicate the court’s jurisdiction. See State v. Daniel,
9th Dist. Summit No. 26670, 2013-Ohio-3510, ¶ 12 (stating that a grand jury foreman’s failure to
sign an indictment does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction); accord State ex rel. Justice v.
McMackin, 53 Ohio St.3d 72, 73 (1990). A sentence is only void “when a sentencing court lacks
jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the case or personal jurisdiction over the accused.” State
v. Harper, 160 Ohio St.3d 480, 2020-Ohio-2913, ¶ 42. “[P]ursuant to R.C. 2931.03, ‘a common
pleas court has subject-matter jurisdiction over felony cases.’” Id. at ¶ 25, quoting Smith v.
Sheldon, 157 Ohio St.3d 1, 2019-Ohio-1677, ¶ 8. Furthermore, a court acquires personal
7
jurisdiction over a person “by lawfully issued process, followed by the arrest and arraignment of
the accused and his plea to the charge.” State v. Henderson, 161 Ohio St.3d 285, 2020-Ohio-
4784, ¶ 36. “A defendant also submits to the court’s jurisdiction if he does not object to the
court’s exercise of jurisdiction over him.” Id. Because the trial court here had both subject-
matter jurisdiction over the case and personal jurisdiction over Mr. White, his sentence was not
void. See State v. Dyson, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 21AP0021, 2021-Ohio-4466, ¶ 9. Any sentence
based on an error in the court’s exercise of its jurisdiction would be voidable, and “neither the
state nor the defendant can challenge [a] voidable sentence through a post[-]conviction motion.”
Henderson at ¶ 43. See also Harper at ¶ 42 (“When the sentencing court has jurisdiction to act,
sentencing errors * * * render the sentence voidable, not void, and the sentence may be set aside
if successfully challenged on direct appeal.”). Accordingly, Mr. White’s arguments are now
barred by res judicata, and we can only conclude that the trial court did not err in denying his
petition for post-conviction relief.
{¶15} Mr. White’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶16} Mr. White’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
8
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
FOR THE COURT
CALLAHAN, J.
SUTTON, J.
CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
CLIFTON WHITE, III, pro se, Appellant.
SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and JACQUENETTE S. CORGAN, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.