NUMBER 13-21-00206-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
IN RE RENE ESTRADA
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Benavides and Silva
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Silva1
In this original proceeding, relator Rene Estrada seeks to set aside an order
allowing his presuit deposition to be taken under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 202. See
TEX. R. CIV. P. 202. 2 Estrada is the former employee of a constellation of health care
1 See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.8(d) (“When denying relief, the court may hand down an opinion but is not
required to do so. When granting relief, the court must hand down an opinion as in any other case.”); id. R.
47.4 (distinguishing opinions and memorandum opinions).
2 By separate memorandum opinions issued on this same date, we have also decided companion
cases which are based on substantially similar facts and legal issues. See In re Ramirez, No. 13-21-00215-
CV, 2022 WL _____, at *__ (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Mar. 3, 2022, orig. proceeding) (mem.
op.); In re Hernandez, No. 13-21-00244-CV, 2022 WL _____, at *__ (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg
Mar. 3, 2022, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.).
companies including Legacy Home Health Agency, Inc. (Legacy), Restorative Health
Services, LLC d/b/a Coastal Home Health Care (Coastal), and Legacy Home Care
Services, Inc. d/b/a All Seasons Home Care (All Seasons), 3 which are generally owned
by Ambrose Hernandez. Estrada terminated his employment with the companies and
began working for a competing health care company. Legacy and All Seasons sued
Estrada and others 4 in Bexar County for, inter alia, breach of contract regarding
nondisclosure agreements and noncompete agreements, breach of fiduciary duty,
misappropriation of trade secrets and confidential information, and tortious interference.
In a separate proceeding filed in Cameron County, Hernandez, Legacy, Coastal,
and All Seasons filed a Rule 202 petition seeking to depose Estrada regarding similar
issues. 5 The trial court granted the petition and ordered that Hernandez and Coastal
could conduct a presuit deposition of Estrada. Estrada now challenges that ruling by
petition for writ of mandamus. We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus.
I. BACKGROUND
On June 1, 2021, Hernandez, Legacy, Coastal, and All Seasons (collectively,
petitioners) filed a verified Rule 202 petition seeking Estrada’s presuit deposition.
3 All Seasons is identified elsewhere in the record as All Seasons Home Care, Inc.
4 Legacy and All Seasons filed suit against American Medical Home Health Services, LLC, Hub
City Home Health, Inc. d/b/a American Medical Home Health Services, American Medical Home Health
Services San Antonio, LLC, American Medical Hospice Care, LLC, American Medical Palliative Support,
LLC, Magdalena (Maggie) Clemente, Gina Trevino, and relator Estrada in cause number 2020CI09053 in
the 150th District Court of Bexar County, Texas. An appeal from that case is pending in the Fourth Court
of Appeals in its appellate cause number 04-20-00494-CV.
5 This original proceeding arises from trial court cause number 2021-DCL-03271 in the 444th
District Court of Cameron County, Texas, and the respondent is the Honorable David Sanchez. See TEX.
R. APP. P. 52.2. Parts of the record have been sealed due to the nature of the filings.
2
According to their petition, Hernandez owns Legacy, All Seasons, and A.C.L.S., Inc., the
owner of Coastal. Legacy, All Seasons, and Coastal are home health care providers that
employ “thousands” of attendants to assist the elderly and disabled who qualify for
Medicaid. The petition stated that “[t]he home health industry is a competitive industry,”
and that the three companies had
invested substantial time, effort, and financial resources into developing
certain formulas, patterns, compilations, programs, devices, methods[,] and
techniques of the business operation, marketing plans, client and patient
information, referral and payor sources, employee lists, wages, supplier
lists, business relationships[,] and other information that [have] helped
[Legacy, All Seasons, and Coastal] maintain a competitive edge in the
regional market (hereinafter collectively referred to as “Confidential
Information” and “Trade Secrets”).
The petition recounted that the companies’ employees were required to sign
nondisclosure and noncompete agreements to further the companies’ operations.
According to the petition, Estrada signed “several” of these agreements when he
contracted with Legacy, All Seasons, “and/or” Coastal to perform various tasks. The
companies shared with him “confidential, trade secret, and proprietary information,” and
Estrada gained “extensive” knowledge regarding the companies’ confidential information.
According to the petition, Estrada terminated his employment with the companies
and began working for one of their competitors in violation of the noncompete agreements
he signed. The petition stated that “[s]uch actions have led to adverse business
interruptions for the home health agencies currently owned by Hernandez.” The petition
further stated:
Based on the timing, proximity, and repeat nature of these events, [Estrada]
violated and continues to violate his respective legal and/or contractual
obligations. Upon information and belief, he may have disclosed information
3
belonging to [petitioners] and/or misinformation regarding [petitioners], with
third parties which ultimately led to adverse action to be taken by such third
parties against [petitioners]. [Petitioners] seek to discover such information
so as to determine the extent of economic damages caused by these
actions.
The petition stated that the deposition was being sought to investigate a potential claim
or suit under Rule 202.1(b) “before actually filing one in order to gain a better
understanding of the damage caused by [Estrada].” The petitioners alleged that the
“[petitioners’] interest in this matter is to determine [petitioners’] legal rights with respect
to the above-described actions and communications by [Estrada] and any interference
with business relationships caused [sic].” The petitioners identified the substance of the
testimony to be elicited from Estrada as “at a minimum, [to] include whether and to what
extent [Estrada] violated his legal and/or contractual duties to [petitioners] and the
exchanges of communications he had with third parties.” The petition further stated, in
relevant part, that:
19. For the reasons set forth above, [petitioners aver] that the likely
benefit of allowing [petitioners] to take the requested deposition to
investigate a potential claim outweighs the burden or expense of the
procedure. While [petitioners] could conceivably file a lawsuit based
on what [petitioners know] at this time, [petitioners believe] a superior
method would be [to] take the deposition of [Estrada] first to
investigate [petitioners’] claims and in the process narrow down
and/or identify the existence of any alternative/additional claims
and/or defendants among (or perhaps even outside of) [Estrada] and
determining what claims should be asserted against any such
potential additional defendant(s).
20. In addition, this Petition would put [Estrada] as well as all of the
associated persons/entities on whose behalf he act(s) on notice of
the fact that claims are being investigated such that it/they know to
retain relevant documents that may have otherwise been
purposefully or accidentally destroyed. Should [petitioners] learn that
witnesses or persons acting in concert or privity with [Estrada are] in
4
possession of data or documents that contain [petitioners’]
confidential information, [petitioners] could seek the orderly return of
such data and/or documents.
The petition was signed separately by counsel representing Hernandez and counsel
representing Legacy, All Seasons, and Coastal. The petitioners supported their request
with a declaration 6 provided by Hernandez verifying that the statements in the petition
were within his personal knowledge and were true and correct. Hernandez’s declaration
referenced and attached the following agreements that Estrada signed in the course of
his employment with the petitioners: (1) a 2010 “[Nondisclosure] Agreement” with Legacy,
(2) a 2011 “Covenant Not to Compete and Arbitration Agreement” with Legacy, (3) a 2011
“[Nondisclosure] Agreement” with All Seasons, (4) a 2011 “Covenant Not to Compete and
Arbitration Agreement” with All Seasons, (5) a 2011 “[Nondisclosure] Agreement” with All
Seasons, and (6) a 2014 “[Nondisclosure] Agreement” with Legacy.
On June 6, 2021, the trial court set a hearing on the petition for presuit deposition
to be held on June 23, 2021. On June 8, 2021, counsel for Hernandez sent Estrada a
letter notifying him that the petitioners had filed a Rule 202 petition and the hearing had
been set for June 23, 2021. The letter stated that the petitioners were “not aware of
[Estrada] having legal representation regarding this matter, out of an abundance of
caution, by a copy of this letter, [they were] notifying Joe Rivera, [Estrada’s] counsel in a
separate matter.” According to the pleadings, Rivera represented Estrada in the Bexar
County litigation.
6 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 132.001 (providing that an unsworn declaration may be
used in certain circumstances); see also Hays St. Bridge Restoration Grp. v. City of San Antonio, 570
S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex. 2019).
5
On June 23, 2021, Estrada filed a verified “Plea to Abate.” Estrada’s “Plea to
Abate” was premised on the “dominant jurisdiction of a pending intertwined lawsuit” in
Bexar County. Estrada asserted that he had filed an answer in that lawsuit and the “two
suits involve common issues of fact and law, the same parties, and the same or similar
written discovery, depositions, and evidence at trial.” Estrada asserted that “[b]oth cases
involve [his] alleged violation of [nondisclosure] agreements he allegedly signed with
[Legacy] and resulting alleged damages.” Estrada further pointed out that the claims and
causes of action in both suits were substantially similar, and that in Bexar County, the
plaintiffs in that lawsuit had sued him for breach of contract, fiduciary duty, and
misappropriation of trade secrets.
Estrada argued that Legacy and All Seasons were two of the plaintiffs in the Bexar
County suit, that Hernandez was a fact witness who verified all the petitions in the Bexar
County suit, and that Coastal was a “managed company” through which Legacy and All
Seasons had asserted claims in Bexar County. Estrada asserted that the petitioners had
all been identified in discovery in the Bexar County lawsuit as witnesses with relevant
knowledge. Estrada further alleged that the same attorneys represented Legacy, All
Seasons, and Hernandez in the Bexar County suit as in the Rule 202 proceedings, and
that counsel had “actively participated in the deposition of [Hernandez] as well as
hearings where [Estrada] has been compelled to testify.” Estrada supported his request
for abatement with various pleadings and filings from the Bexar County litigation.
The day of the hearing, the petitioners filed a new declaration in support of their
request to depose Estrada. Hernandez’s June 23, 2021 declaration provided, in relevant
6
part:
5. Legacy, All Seasons and I (Ambrose Hernandez) were involved in a
legal proceeding with a managed care organization (“MCO”),
Superior HealthPlan, Inc. (“Superior”) arising from Superior’s
wrongful and illegal [retaliatory] conduct against companies I own
and against me personally. In 2013, Superior, overnight and without
notice, terminated its agreements with companies I owned, Legacy
Home Health Agency, Inc. (“Legacy”), Legacy Home Care Services,
Inc. d/b/a All Seasons; Legacy Adult Day Care (“All Seasons”), and
LegacyTherapy Center, Inc. (“LTC”)[ 7 ] (collectively referred to as
“Legacy Entities”). After having suffered a severe financial blow, the
Legacy Entities took up the long legal battle of seeking recourse
against Superior in an arbitration proceeding.
6. Superior’s conduct in 2013 caused devastation amongst the Legacy
Entities and affected thousands of Medicaid patients, many located
in the Rio Grande Valley, Corpus Christi[,] and its surrounding areas.
On November 19, 2019, after almost 18 days of hearing, an arbitrator
issued a 50-page Final[ ]Arbitration Award against Superior,
awarding Legacy $3.46 million in actual damages and $1.9 million in
attorney’s fees. In his Award, the arbitrator found that Superior’s
retaliation was a substantial motivation for Superior’s termination of
all its contracts with provider companies owned by me in 2013 (i.e.,
the Legacy Entities). The arbitrator found Superior retaliated against
the Legacy Entities in violation of the Health and Human Services
Commission[ ](“HHSC”) non-retaliation rules by terminating Legacy’s
contracts in retaliation for Legacy filing [complaint(s)] against
Superior. In addition, the arbitrator found that the evidentiary record
revealed a personal animus towards me personally. The arbitrator
noted that “the true motivation for the termination was simply a broad
retaliation against Ambrose Hernandez, the owner of all the Legacy
Entities.” Superior raised meritless claims of fraud, malfeasance[,]
and alter-ego in the proceeding[;] such claims were raised against
me in my individual capacity. The baseless claims were ultimately
dismissed/denied by the arbitrator. The Arbitration Award is in the
public record and is part of a proceeding in Hidalgo County, Texas
before the Honorable [J. R. “Bobby”] Flores of the 139[th] Judicial
District. On January 7, 2020, Legacy Home Health Agency, Inc. filed
its Motion to Confirm and Enter Judgment on Arbitration Award.
Judge Flores entered the Final Judgment awarding Legacy $3.46
7 LegacyTherapy Center, Inc. is referred to elsewhere in the record as Legacy Therapy Center,
Inc.
7
million in actual damages and $1.9 million in attorney’s fees.[ 8]
7. In the Fall of 2020, Superior began taking adverse actions against
Coastal and All Seasons, including stopping payment on home
health care services provided by Coastal to Medicaid patients under
a Superior plan. In February[] 2021, Superior brought a new
arbitration proceeding against the following respondents: Ambrose
Hernandez, A.C.L.S., Inc. (the company owning Coastal), Coastal
and Christine Gomez (aka Christine Sanchez), the wife of Ambrose
Hernandez’s [stepson]. Superior based its allegations upon
information it came to learn in the Fall of 2020[,] but it did not give
any details of who shared the information or how it came to learn of
said information.
8. Upon information and belief, former employees of Legacy, All
Seasons and/or Coastal divulged misinformation and/or
proprietary/confidential information pertaining to A.C.L.S., [Inc.,]
Legacy, All Seasons and/or Coastal to Superior and/or third parties
which Superior and other third parties then utilized to cause harm to
A.C.L.S., [Inc.,] Coastal, Christine Sanchez and me. Superior’s
adverse actions continue to present date and I believe that Superior
will continue to cause additional harm. The purpose of the proposed
202 depositions in part is to investigate the nature and scope of
communications between the former employees and Superior or any
other third party who is working on behalf of or in concert with
Superior. This information will help determine the proper parties for
the ongoing damages being caused by Superior and those who are
unlawfully helping Superior or any of its related companies.
The trial court held a hearing on the Rule 202 petition as scheduled. At the hearing,
counsel for Hernandez recounted the factual background detailed in the petition, and
further informed the court that Legacy and All Seasons, but not Hernandez and Coastal,
had previously filed suit against American Medical and Estrada in Bexar County alleging
that Estrada violated his employment agreements. The petitioners argued that they
8 An appeal from that judgment is currently pending in this Court in our cause number 13-20-00160-
CV, Superior Healthplan, Inc. and Bankers Reserve Life Ins. Co. of Wisconsin v. Legacy Home Health
Agency, Inc., Legacy Therapy Center, Inc., Legacy Home Care Services, Inc., and Legacy Adult Day Care,
Inc., arising from trial court cause number C-3627-13-C in the 139th District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas,
with the Honorable J. R. “Bobby” Flores presiding.
8
wanted to depose Estrada “to investigate another potential claim or lawsuit against him
for a separate violation of his employment agreement.” They further argued that they
believed Estrada had shared confidential information with third parties, including Superior.
After Estrada terminated his employment, Superior “began to take adverse actions”
against Hernandez based on information that it could only have obtained from Estrada or
possibly other employees. Superior stopped payment, moved to terminate contracts, and
filed an arbitration proceeding against Coastal and Hernandez individually. The
petitioners offered several items into evidence, including their letter to Estrada, the Rule
202 petition and exhibits, and Hernandez’s new declaration. Estrada’s counsel objected
to the admission of Hernandez’s new declaration. Estrada offered his plea to abate and
exhibits into the record. The trial court admitted all of these items into evidence.
In response, Estrada’s counsel presented arguments in support of his plea to abate
the proceeding. Estrada argued, inter alia, that petitioners had already filed suit against
him in Bexar County, and discussed in detail the similarity of the claims. Estrada’s counsel
argued that the petitioners had failed to meet their burden to show that the deposition
outweighed the burden and expense of the procedure because, among other issues, they
“seek to investigate a potential claim that they have already filed suit on.”
Finally, counsel for Legacy, All Seasons, and Coastal offered argument against
Estrada’s plea in abatement, contending that a Rule 202 deposition did not constitute a
separate lawsuit and therefore the doctrine of dominant jurisdiction did not prohibit the
proposed deposition.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court verbally granted the petition for
9
Estrada’s presuit deposition, ordered it to be “limited to the issues that [the petitioners
are] requesting discovery on,” and requested the petitioners to submit a proposed order
for signature. On June 25, 2021, the trial court signed an order granting the petition for
presuit deposition. The order states in relevant part:
On this day, the Court heard the petition of [p]etitioners Ambrose Hernandez
(“Hernandez”) and Restorative Health Services, LLC [d/b/a] Coastal Home
Health Care (“Coastal”) requesting authority to take the deposition of
[Estrada] to investigate a potential claim or suit. After consideration of the
pleadings, evidence[,] and arguments of counsel, the Court finds that the
likely benefit of allowing [p]etitioners to take the requested oral/video
deposition to investigate a potential claim or suit outweighs the burden or
expense of the procedure. The Court hereby GRANTS [p]etitioners the
authority to depose [Estrada].
The order thus allows petitioners, as defined therein, to depose Estrada “regarding the
subject matter identified by and relevant to the Rule 202 pleading request made by
petitioners.” The order contains no other findings, qualifiers, or restrictions.
This original proceeding ensued. Estrada raises four issues through which he
asserts that the trial court abused its discretion: (1) in granting a Rule 202 deposition
when the petitioners failed to follow all the requirements of the Rule 202 procedure; (2) in
overruling objections to a new declaration in support of the Rule 202 petition that was
filed the morning of the hearing and changed the basis for the deposition; (3) in granting
the Rule 202 deposition “when a prior suit is already pending between the parties
regarding the same issues in Bexar County”; and (4) in failing to limit the proposed Rule
202 deposition in any way. Estrada’s “Summary of Argument” provides:
The trial court has allowed Legacy to conduct a presuit deposition of one of
its former employees, who it has already sued in a suit in Bexar County
arising out of the same alleged agreements that it uses to support its Rule
202 claims. There is no basis for a trial court to order a Rule 202 deposition
10
when it is unnecessary, and particularly when a current suit already
provides a vehicle to obtain the testimony. Legacy’s last second change on
the morning of the hearing making new claims about why the Rule 202
deposition was proper did not provide the 15 [days’] notice under the Rule,
nor did it give [Estrada] time to respond. In any event, even if the new
declaration was considered, it specifically showed that the Legacy parties
have more than one avenue already available to obtain the testimony of
[Estrada] in both a pending case and a pending arbitration. Legacy should
not be able to obtain what is, in essence, ex parte deposition testimony
potentially relevant to two separate matters already on file by forum
shopping in several jurisdiction[s] through multiple Rule 202 suits against
parties and/or witnesses. The petition and supporting proof were deficient,
and [the petitioners have] not met the high burden of showing why a Rule
202 deposition is proper here. The trial court simply abused its discretion in
failing to “strictly limit and carefully supervise” the use of Rule 202,
particular[ly] here where it impinges [on] the current jurisdiction of another
court and an arbitration panel[.]
Estrada’s petition for writ of mandamus asserts generally that the trial court abused
its discretion by granting a Rule 202 deposition. In support of this contention, Estrada
asserts: (1) the Rule 202 petition was “fatally defective” because the petitioners did not
identify or serve the entities expected to have interests adverse to petitioners in “the
anticipated suit” under Rule 202, including one of the defendants in the Bexar County
suit, American Medical, or Superior, a party to the arbitration; (2) there are already
pending cases in which the discovery could be sought, so the Rule 202 deposition is
“legally unnecessary”; (3) the petitioners failed in their “burden of pleading and proof of
showing the necessity of a Rule 202 deposition” and that the alleged benefit outweighed
the burden; and (4) “[t]he trial court erred in refusing to place any subject matter limitations
on the deposition.”9
9 Under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 52, a petition for writ of mandamus “must state
concisely all issues or points presented for relief,” and “[t]he statement of an issue or point will be treated
as covering every subsidiary question that is fairly included.” TEX. R. APP. P. 52.3(f). Further, “[t]he petition
11
The Court requested that the real parties in interest file a response to the petition
for writ of mandamus and received a response from Hernandez and Coastal, who assert,
inter alia, that they “are the only real parties in interest.” See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.2, 52.4,
52.8. The real parties in interest argue that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
ordering the deposition, and state that they are not parties to the Bexar County litigation.
The real parties further contend that Estrada waived his objections regarding the
petitioners’ alleged failure to identify and notify adverse parties regarding the Rule 202
petition because Estrada failed to object in the trial court on that basis. They also contend
that the identification and notice requirements for adverse parties under Rule 202 are
applicable only to depositions sought in anticipation of litigation and do not apply to
depositions sought to investigate a potential claim or suit, as in the instant case. They
further assert that (1) the trial court properly admitted all exhibits into evidence; (2) they
met their burden to show that the benefit of the deposition outweighed its burden or
expense; and (3) the trial court properly limited the deposition to relevant issues.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mandamus is an extraordinary and discretionary remedy. See In re Allstate Indem.
Co., 622 S.W.3d 870, 883 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding); In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d 836,
840 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148
must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to
authorities and to the appendix or record.” Id. R. 52.3(h). Although Estrada’s petition is not structured so
that his argument is aligned with his issues, the petition meets the relevant requirements. We construe
briefs liberally and reasonably so that we can “endeavor to resolve cases on the merits.” Lion Copolymer
Holdings, LLC v. Lion Polymers, LLC, 614 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. 2020) (per curiam). In so doing, we
examine the wording of the issues presented as well as the arguments, evidence, and citations provided.
See id. at 733.
12
S.W.3d 124, 138 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). The relator must show that (1) the trial
court abused its discretion, and (2) the relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. In re
USAA Gen. Indem. Co., 624 S.W.3d 782, 787 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding); In re
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d at 135–36; Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,
839–40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts with
disregard for guiding rules or principles or when it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable
manner. In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d at 840. We determine the adequacy of an appellate
remedy by balancing the benefits of mandamus review against the detriments. In re
Acad., Ltd., 625 S.W.3d 19, 32 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding); In re Essex Ins., 450
S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of
Am., 148 S.W.3d at 136.
“An improper order under Rule 202 may be set aside by mandamus.” In re Wolfe,
341 S.W.3d 932, 933 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (citing In re Jorden, 249
S.W.3d 416, 420 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding)); see In re City of Tatum, 567 S.W.3d
800, 804 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2018, orig. proceeding); In re PrairieSmarts LLC, 421 S.W.3d
296, 304 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, orig. proceeding); In re Reassure Am. Life Ins.,
421 S.W.3d 165, 171 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2013, orig. proceeding).
Depositions, once taken, cannot be “untaken,” see In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 419, and
mandamus has historically issued for discovery that is “well outside the proper bounds.”
In re Am. Optical Corp., 988 S.W.2d 711, 713 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam);
see Rodriguez v. Cantu, 581 S.W.3d 859, 866 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg
2019, no pet.) (combined app. & orig. proceeding).
13
III. PRESUIT DEPOSITIONS
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 202 permits a person to “petition the court for an
order authorizing the taking of a deposition” before suit is filed in two circumstances:
(1) “to perpetuate or obtain the person’s own testimony or that of any other person for use
in an anticipated suit”; or (2) “to investigate a potential claim or suit.” TEX. R. CIV. P.
202.1(a), (b). Rule 202.2 governs the requirements for a Rule 202 petition, which must:
(a) be verified;
(b) be filed in a proper court of any county:
(1) where venue of the anticipated suit may lie, if suit is
anticipated; or
(2) where the witness resides, if no suit is yet anticipated;
(c) be in the name of the petitioner;
(d) state either:
(1) that the petitioner anticipates the institution of a suit in which
the petitioner may be a party; or
(2) that the petitioner seeks to investigate a potential claim by or
against petitioner;
(e) state the subject matter of the anticipated action, if any, and the
petitioner’s interest therein;
(f) if suit is anticipated, either:
(1) state the names of the persons petitioner expects to have
interests adverse to petitioner’s in the anticipated suit, and the
addresses and telephone numbers for such persons; or
(2) state that the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of
persons petitioner expects to have interests adverse to
petitioner’s in the anticipated suit cannot be ascertained
through diligent inquiry, and describe those persons;
14
(g) state the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the persons
to be deposed, the substance of the testimony that the petitioner
expects to elicit from each, and the petitioner’s reasons for desiring
to obtain the testimony of each; and
(h) request an order authorizing the petitioner to take the depositions of
the persons named in the petition.
Id. R. 202.2(a)–(h); see In re East, 476 S.W.3d 61, 65–66 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
Edinburg 2014, orig. proceeding). Rule 202 does not require a petitioner to plead a
specific cause of action; instead, it requires only that the petitioner state the subject matter
of the anticipated action, if any, and the petitioner’s interest therein. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
202.2(e); In re DePinho, 505 S.W.3d 621, 624 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam).
Rule 202.3 governs notice and service of the petition and hearing. See TEX. R. CIV.
P. 202.3. Rule 202.3(a) requires the petitioner to serve, at least fifteen days before the
date of the hearing on the petition, the petition, and a notice of hearing on “all persons
petitioner seeks to depose and, if suit is anticipated, on all persons petitioner expects to
have interests adverse to petitioner’s in the anticipated suit.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.3(a); see
In re Does, 337 S.W.3d 862, 865 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). “As justice
or necessity may require, the court may shorten or lengthen the notice periods under this
rule and may extend the notice period to permit service on any expected adverse party.”
TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.3(d).
The trial court “must” order the deposition to be taken “if, but only if,” it finds that:
(1) “allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition may prevent a failure or delay
of justice in an anticipated suit”; or (2) “the likely benefit of allowing the petitioner to take
the requested deposition to investigate a potential claim outweighs the burden or expense
15
of the procedure.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(a); see In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 423. These
required findings are mandatory and may not be implied from the record. See In re Does,
337 S.W.3d at 865; Rodriguez, 581 S.W.3d at 867; In re City of Tatum, 567 S.W.3d at
807. A trial court has no discretion to order presuit discovery without the required findings
and abuses its discretion by doing so. See In re City of Tatum, 567 S.W.3d at 804–05; In
re Cauley, 437 S.W.3d 650, 655 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2014, orig. proceeding). “The order
must contain any protections the court finds necessary or appropriate to protect the
witness or any person who may be affected by the procedure.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(b).
“Rule 202 depositions are not now and never have been intended for routine use.”
In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 423; see In re DePinho, 505 S.W.3d at 623 n.2. Demanding
discovery from someone before informing them about the issues under consideration
presents practical and due process problems. See In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 423; In re
City of Tatum, 567 S.W.3d at 804; In re Elliott, 504 S.W.3d 455, 460 (Tex. App.—Austin
2016, orig. proceeding). “The intrusion into otherwise private matters authorized by Rule
202 outside a lawsuit is not to be taken lightly.” In re Does, 337 S.W.3d at 865. Therefore,
“[c]ourts must strictly limit and carefully supervise pre[]suit discovery to prevent abuse” of
Rule 202. In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d at 933; see In re Reassure Am. Life Ins., 421 S.W.3d
at 172. Further, Rule 202 may not be used as a method to acquire otherwise unobtainable
discovery. See In re Doe, 444 S.W.3d 603, 609 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding); In re
Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d at 933. Rule 202 expressly limits the scope of discovery in presuit
depositions to “the same as if the anticipated suit or potential claim had been filed.” TEX.
R. CIV. P. 202.5; see In re DePinho, 505 S.W.3d at 625.
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IV. ANALYSIS
We take Estrada’s issues out of order, and we begin our analysis with Estrada’s
third issue in which he asserts that the trial court erred in granting the Rule 202 deposition
“when a prior suit is already pending between the parties regarding the same issues in
Bexar County.” In a related argument, Estrada contends that real parties have failed to
meet their burden to obtain a Rule 202 deposition because they have not shown that a
deposition is necessary or that the benefit outweighs the burden of the procedure. The
real parties contend otherwise.
The petitioners sought Estrada’s deposition “to investigate a potential claim or
suit.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.1(b). As stated previously, the trial court is authorized to allow a
presuit deposition for this reason “if, but only if, [the court] finds that . . . the likely benefit
of allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition to investigate a potential claim
outweighs the burden or expense of the procedure.” Id. R. 202.4(a)(2). The petitioners
alleged that they wanted to take Estrada’s presuit deposition on grounds that “[Estrada]
violated and continues to violate his respective legal and/or contractual obligations” under
the noncompete and nondisclosure agreements, and Estrada “may have disclosed
information belonging to [petitioners] and/or misinformation regarding [petitioners], with
third parties which ultimately led to adverse action to be taken by such third parties against
[petitioners].” The petitioners thus sought to depose Estrada in order to: (1) discover any
such disclosures, (2) “determine the extent of economic damages caused by these
actions,” (3) “gain a better understanding of the damage caused by [Estrada],”
(4) “determine [petitioners’] legal rights with respect to the above-described actions and
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communications by [Estrada] and any interference with business relationships” caused
by Estrada, (5) determine “whether and to what extent [Estrada] violated his legal and/or
contractual duties to [petitioners] and the exchanges of communications he had with third
parties,” and (6) “investigate the nature and scope of communications between [Estrada]
and Superior or any other third party who is working on behalf of or in concert with
Superior” to “determine the proper parties for the ongoing damages being caused by
Superior and those who are unlawfully helping Superior or any of its related companies.”
The petitioners alleged that the benefit of allowing them to take Estrada’s
deposition to investigate a potential claim outweighed the burden or expense of the
procedure because, although they could “conceivably” file a lawsuit based on what they
knew, they believed “a superior method” would be to take Estrada’s deposition first to
investigate their claims and “narrow down and/or identify the existence of any
alternative/additional claims and/or defendants” besides Estrada. They further alleged
that a Rule 202 deposition would serve to notify Estrada “as well as all of the associated
persons/entities on whose behalf he act(s),” that the petitioners were investigating their
claims so that Estrada and others would “know to retain relevant documents that may
have otherwise been purposefully or accidentally destroyed,” and the petitioners “could
seek the orderly return of such data and/or documents.”
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the real parties have failed to meet their
burden to show that the likely benefit of allowing them to take Estrada’s deposition to
investigate their potential claims outweighs the burden or expense of the procedure. See
TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(a)(2). As a threshold matter, the subject matter of the proposed
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deposition and the identity of the deponent is problematic in the Rule 202 context. The
real parties seek to depose Estrada, a former employee, regarding trade secrets and
confidential information. As stated by our sister court:
Requiring an individual to sit for a deposition and disclose information to a
former employer, under oath, as to why he or she left their employ to work
for a competitor as well as exactly what the individual is doing for the
competitor, particularly when no lawsuit has been filed, is a substantial
burden. It is intrusive, expensive, and time-consuming. Add to that the
complications involved in responding to questions designed to ferret out
trade secret information of the individual’s current employer, together with
how such information might or might not have been affected by knowledge
gained while with a previous employer, and the burden of such a deposition
becomes even more onerous.
In re Hewlett Packard, 212 S.W.3d 356, 362 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, orig. proceeding
[mand. denied]). In conditionally granting mandamus relief in that case, the Austin Court
of Appeals expressed concern that litigants might “use [R]ule 202 to gain access to the
trade secrets of competitors under the pretext of investigating suspected, but unknown,
claims,” or for “anti-competitive purposes,” and therefore concluded in that case that the
petitioners had not met the “substantial burden” to obtain a Rule 202 deposition. Id. at
362.
Here, the evidence and argument presented by real parties indicates that the
requested presuit discovery is unnecessary because the real parties already have more
than enough information to institute litigation without resorting to Rule 202. In this regard,
presuit discovery “is not an end within itself” but rather “is in aid of a suit which is
anticipated” and “ancillary to the anticipated suit.” In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d at 933 (quoting
Off. Emp. Int’l Union Loc. 277, AFL-CIO v. Sw. Drug Corp., 391 S.W.2d 404, 406 (Tex.
1965)); see DeAngelis v. Protective Parents Coal., 556 S.W.3d 836, 857 (Tex. App.—
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Fort Worth 2018, no pet.); see also In re Hanover Ins., No. 01-13-01066-CV, 2014 WL
7474203, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 30, 2014, orig. proceeding) (mem.
op.). In short, the real parties did not meet their burden to show why Estrada’s deposition
must occur in a Rule 202 proceeding prior to suit. See DeAngelis, 556 S.W.3d at 857–
58.
Further, the real parties have not explained why this discovery could not be
obtained in either the pending arbitration proceeding or the Bexar County lawsuit. Both
Hernandez and Coastal are parties to the arbitration proceeding with Superior. Legacy
and All Seasons are parties to the Bexar County litigation. Hernandez, Coastal, Legacy,
and All Seasons filed and presented the petition for Rule 202 deposition. See TEX. R. CIV.
P. 202.2(c) (stating that a petition for presuit deposition must “be in the name of the
petitioner”). Estrada signed nondisclosure and noncompete agreements with Legacy and
All Seasons. Nevertheless, the order at issue in this original proceeding grants the Rule
202 deposition in favor of Hernandez and Coastal but omits any mention of Legacy and
All Seasons. The record is silent regarding any rationale for that discrepancy; however,
we note that the order was prepared and submitted by the petitioners. See In re Does,
337 S.W.3d at 865 (stating that the allegations in a petition for presuit deposition were
“sketchy” and “mostly concern[ed] possible causes of action” by nonparties).
We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the presuit
deposition. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(a)(2). Further, Estrada lacks an adequate remedy
by appeal. See In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d at 933; In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 420. We
sustain Estrada’s third issue, and having done so, need not address his remaining issues.
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See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
V. CONCLUSION
The Court, having examined and fully considered the petition for writ of mandamus,
the response, the reply, and the applicable law, is of the opinion that Estrada has met his
burden to obtain mandamus relief. Accordingly, we lift the stay previously imposed in this
case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.10. We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus
and direct the trial court to withdraw its order of June 25, 2021, allowing the presuit
deposition. We are confident the trial court will comply, and our writ will issue only if it
does not.
CLARISSA SILVA
Justice
Delivered and filed on the
3rd day of March, 2022.
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