People v. Epps CA4/1

Filed 3/11/22 P. v. Epps CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D079593

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. RIF132260)

FRANCHUNE DYUEL EPPS,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Riverside, Gail O’Rane,
Judge. Reversed; remanded with instructions.
Marilee Marshall, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Charles C.
Ragland and James H. Flaherty III, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
 I
INTRODUCTION
In 2010, a Riverside jury found Franchune Dyuel Epps guilty of the

first degree murders of Milton Chavez and Marvin Gabriel (Pen. Code,1
§ 187, subd. (a)). It returned true findings on multiple-murder (§ 190.2,
subd. (a)(3)) and robbery-murder (id., subd. (a)(17)(A)) special-circumstance
allegations associated with the murder charges, and Epps was sentenced to
two consecutive terms of life in prison without the possibility of parole.
In 2019, Epps filed a petition to have her murder convictions vacated
and to be resentenced under section 1170.95. The trial court summarily
denied the resentencing petition on grounds that Epps’s record of conviction
precluded her from making a prima facie case for relief. In particular, it
found Epps was not entitled to resentencing, as a matter of law, due to the
true multiple-murder special-circumstance findings.
Unlike the trial court, we conclude the true multiple-murder special-
circumstance findings did not preclude Epps from making a prima facie case
for relief. Further, the limited record of conviction before us does not disclose
substantial evidence to support the true robbery-murder special-circumstance
findings, which the jury rendered prior to People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th
788 (Banks), and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 (Clark). Thus, the
jury’s true robbery-murder special-circumstance findings did not preclude
Epps from making a prima facie case for resentencing either.
Because the record of conviction presently before us does not preclude
resentencing as a matter of law, we reverse the order summarily denying
Epps’s resentencing petition, and we remand the matter for the trial court to

1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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issue an order to show cause and conduct such further proceedings as are
required by section 1170.95, subdivision (d).
II
BACKGROUND
A
Factual Background
In 2007, Epps and her codefendants Brooke Rottiers and Omar
Hutchinson were charged with the first degree murders of Milton Chavez and
Marvin Gabriel. For each murder charge, there were special-circumstance
allegations that each defendant was charged with multiple murders within
the meaning of section 190.2, subdivision (a)(3), and that each defendant
committed the murder while the defendant was engaged in, or was an
accomplice in, the commission of or the attempted commission of a robbery
within the meaning of section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(A).
The discussion below recounts the criminal prosecutions against Epps
and her codefendants for the murders of Chavez and Gabriel. It is taken
from our opinion in People v. Epps (July 11, 2012, D059021) [nonpub. opn.].

“A. The People’s Case

“1. Discovery of the bodies

“The victims, Gabriel and Chavez, worked in construction.
Gabriel weighed between 175 and 200 pounds and was five feet
eight inches tall. Chavez weighed between 104 and 120 pounds
and was five feet five inches tall.

“In the afternoon on August 29, 2006, a car was discovered next
to the road in an isolated area near Lake Matthews. When
investigators from the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department’s
Central Homicide Unit arrived at the scene, they discovered the
bodies of two men, who were later identified as Gabriel and
Chavez. A washcloth was found stuffed in Gabriel’s mouth, duct

3
tape covered his mouth, a belt had been wrapped around his face,
and plastic bags also had been wrapped around his face and neck.
A telephone cord had been wrapped around both his wrists, and a
black bra had been wrapped around that telephone cord. Gabriel
had been hogtied; an electrical cord was found around the wrist
bindings and between the wrists and the ankles.

“Electrical cords had been wrapped around Chavez’s ankles, and
a leather belt had been wrapped around his chin and the back of
his neck. Over that, another leather belt, a pair of panties, and
two pieces of telephone cord also had been wrapped around
Chavez’s neck.

“Mark McCormick, M.D., a forensic pathologist for the Riverside
County coroner’s office, testified that Gabriel and Chavez both
died from asphyxiation.

“2. Crime scene and investigation

“Investigators learned from the manager of the National Inn in
Corona that he had recently evicted two people, Rottiers and
Hutchinson, from room 114 after the cleaning crew informed him
that blankets and sheets were missing and the power cords had
been removed from two motel vacuum cleaners. The manager
testified that on August 28, 2006, between 8:00 and 8:30 a.m.,
Rottiers borrowed the motel dolly to move some items out of room
114, and a car had been backed into the garage.

“Scott Williams testified that on August 29, 2006, he was
released from prison on parole and was picked up by Christy Day,
the mother of his son and a recovering methamphetamine and
heroin addict. Day took Williams to the National Inn where she
lived. Williams indicated at trial that the National Inn was a
‘[k]ind of rough motel’ where other parolees stayed and
prostitution and drug use occurred. Williams also indicated he
knew Rottiers and Hutchinson. The manager showed Williams
room 114. The room had been stripped of bed linens. Two
homicide detectives came to the door while Williams was in the
room.

“Detective Jesse Martinez, a homicide investigator at the
Riverside County Sheriff’s Department, testified that on August

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29, 2006, he was assigned to assist Senior Investigator Robert
Masson (Detective Masson) and Investigator John Powers in
investigating this case. Detective Martinez testified that when
he, Detective Masson, and another investigator arrived at the
National Inn that day, the manager told them he was in the
process of renting room 114 to Williams and Day. When the
investigators entered room 114, they encountered Williams.

“Day testified and identified Rottiers in the courtroom, indicating
she had met Rottiers at the National Inn. Rottiers lived in room
114 in August 2006 and was in a romantic relationship with
Hutchinson. Day also identified Hutchinson in the courtroom,
stating she had purchased methamphetamine from him. Day
denied knowing that Hutchinson was Rottiers’s pimp, but, when
asked about Rottiers’s role as a prostitute, Day testified that
Rottiers told her she would rob her customers instead of ‘doing
the date.’

“Day testified that on August 27, 2006, at around 10:00 p.m., she
went to Rottiers’s room to look for Day’s daughter. When
Rottiers answered the door, Day saw two Hispanic men in the
room with Rottiers. One of the men was taller than Day, who is
five feet seven inches tall.

“Day also testified that in the early morning hours of August 29,
2006, Rottiers came to her room, woke her up, and told her she
did something she was not proud of. Rottiers said she had picked
up two men in Riverside and had brought them back to her room
to ‘do a date,’ and Hutchinson came into the room and caught her
having sex with one of them. Rottiers told Day that Hutchinson
said something like, ‘You say you’re so bad, let’s see what you got’
or ‘Let’s see what you’re going to do now.’ Rottiers also told Day
she ended up strangling the two men with her hands, bras, and
panties, and that she ‘kind of liked it.’ Rottiers told Day that she
hit the men with her knuckles when they started to smell, and
she showed Day her bruised and swollen knuckles. Rottiers also
told Day she put the men’s bodies in a car along with all the
bedding from the room, drove out to Lake Matthews, and tried to
light the car on fire, but a second car got stuck and ‘they’[] had to
leave before she was able to burn the car.

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“According to Day, Rottiers came back to Day’s room at National
Inn a few days later and was talking loudly with Hutchinson on a
Nextel phone. Day overheard Rottiers say something about
DNA, that Hutchinson was being ‘weak,’ and that she would do
the same thing to him as she did to ‘those two mother fuckers’
she had killed. At that point, the manager came to the room and
told Rottiers to leave.

“Richard Stornetta testified that he and Williams were released
from prison at the same time, and Day picked them up and took
them to the National Inn. Stornetta went with Williams to look
at room 114, which Stornetta described as torn up and ‘stripped.’
A woman nicknamed ‘Crazy,’ whom Williams identified at trial as
Rottiers, came to Day’s room. Stornetta heard Rottiers talking on
the phone with someone, yelling at that person and calling that
person a ‘weak piece of shit’ who could not even help her ‘pick up
one of ‘em.’ Rottiers talked about her DNA being all over the
room and said something about a dolly cart. At that point
Williams asked Rottiers to leave.

“Yvette Meek, a recovering drug addict, testified she knew
Rottiers and Hutchinson in 2006. Meek stated that Rottiers told
her she would pick up guys pretending to be a prostitute, and
then she would rob them without going through with the sexual
act.

“3. Forensic evidence

“Megan Mannion–Gray, a criminalist at the California
Department of Justice’s Jan Banshinski [sic] Laboratory and
Bureau of Forensic Services, testified about DNA testing on
evidence taken from the victims. Epps, who is an African–
American, was excluded as a DNA donor on 15 items compared
by the lab. Regarding a swab taken from one item of evidence as
to which Epps could not be excluded as a DNA donor, there was a
33 percent chance that a randomly selected African–American
could have been the donor. Regarding another swab as to which
Epps could not be excluded as a DNA donor, there was more than
a 50 percent chance that a randomly selected African–American
could have been the donor. Rottiers could not be excluded as a
contributor of DNA discovered on an electrical cord, but Epps
could be excluded. Rottiers could not be excluded as a contributor

6
of DNA found in fingernail clippings taken from Gabriel, but
Epps could be excluded. Rottiers also could not be excluded as a
contributor of DNA discovered on a belt, but Epps could be
excluded.

“4. Phone records

“A radio frequency engineer working for Ericsson under contract
for Sprint Nextel, provided expert testimony regarding phone
records obtained from Sprint in this case. He indicated that the
timing, duration, and locations of cell phone calls can be
determined from phone records and cell tower locations.

“Authenticated Sprint Nextel cell phone records for Epps,
Rottiers, and Hutchinson were presented to the jury. The phone
records showed direct connect communications made on August
27, 2006, from Epps’s phone to one belonging to Rottiers that
carried the billing of ‘Krazie Hutchinson.’ A total of four such
phone connections were recorded between 9:46 p.m. and 10:18
p.m. on August 27. A fifth connection between those two phones
was recorded early the next morning, August 28, at 2:22 a.m.

“The phone records also showed a direct connect communication
made from Rottiers’ phone to Epps’s phone at 10:15 p.m. on
August 27, 2006. Later that night, at 11:23 p.m., a direct connect
communication was made between Epps’s phone and
Hutchinson’s phone. The next day, August 28 at 12:15 p.m., a
connection was also made from Epps’s phone to Hutchinson’s
phone.

“5. Epps’s May 15, 2007 statements to Detectives Masson
and Martinez

“On May 15, 2007, Epps gave a statement to Detectives Masson
and Martinez, a transcript of which was admitted into evidence.
Epps indicated she knew Rottiers through a mutual boyfriend,
Brandon Evans, who had been Epps’s boyfriend two or three
years earlier. Epps knew that Rottiers’s nickname was ‘Crazy’
and Rottiers’s current boyfriend, Hutchinson, was Rottiers’s
pimp. She claimed she went to the National Inn in Corona at
around 2:00 a.m. to buy drugs from Hutchinson, and she was
high on drugs at the time. She stated that when she arrived at

7
the motel room, she saw Rottiers, Hutchinson, and Rottiers’s
twin daughters. She described the room as ‘junky,’ with phone
cords ripped from the wall, vacuum cleaners with cords ripped
out, and a phone on the bed with no cord.

“Epps stated that Rottiers and Hutchinson were arguing when
she entered the room. Rottiers told Hutchinson he was stupid
and careless, and Hutchinson called Rottiers a ‘stupid bitch.’
Epps told the detectives Hutchinson said, ‘Oh, shit, the blanket,’
and Rottiers threw a blanket on the floor as if she were hiding
something. Epps said she did not know what was under the
blanket, but it was something ‘kind of lumpy,’ and an investigator
later told her the ‘lumps’ were bodies.

“Epps asked, ‘Am I being recorded?’ When Detective Masson
assured her that she was not being recorded, but that Detective
Martinez was taking notes for a report, Epps provided additional
details about the homicides. She stated that she saw Rottiers
and Hutchinson wrapping up the bodies in blankets, and she
helped them move one [of] the bodies to the trunk of the car
Rottiers was driving. Epps said that to get the body into the
trunk, she lifted one side of the blanket and Rottiers lifted the
other. Rottiers and Hutchinson moved the second body to the
trunk of the car after Rottiers asked the motel manager for a
dolly. Hutchinson left after the second body was put in the car.
Epps stated she helped Rottiers vacate the motel room and move
to the Flaming Arrow motel.

“Epps told the detectives she left Rottiers at the Flaming Arrow,
but later saw her driving around town as Epps was driving down
the street with the bodies in the trunk. Rottiers told her she
needed to drop the car off, and Epps led her to the Lake
Matthews area where she showed Rottiers an open space where
she could leave the car. Rottiers pulled off the road, left the
engine running as if the car had been abandoned, and then
hopped out of the car and let it roll. Epps said she got out of her
car and cursed at Rottiers for leaving the engine running, and
then they got into Epps’s car. Epps started driving Rottiers back
to her motel room. However, following Rottiers’s directions, Epps
drove the car into sand and she had to call for a tow truck to pull
it out. Epps left Rottiers by the side of the road and drove home.

8
“When pressed, Epps told the detectives that Rottiers killed the
two men by smothering them by stepping on their faces with her
bare feet after they were tied up. Epps stated she was sitting in
the room when it happened, and Rottiers killed the larger man
first. She claimed she did not know how the other man died; she
looked over and he was not moving or breathing. Epps then said
Rottiers smothered the smaller man first. She claimed she went
there because Rottiers ‘chirped’ her that Hutchinson had ‘chronic’
(drugs) for her.

“Contrary to her earlier version of the facts, Epps then told the
detectives that the two men were still dressed when she arrived
at the motel room, and both undressed when Rottiers told them
to do so. The men thought they were about to have sex. Rottiers
began hitting them with Hutchinson’s belt. Rottiers punched the
smaller man and knocked him out. The larger man was covering
his private parts with his hands when Hutchinson hit him and
knocked him to the floor. Rottiers then tied up both men using
cords from the phone and vacuum cleaners. Rottiers then killed
both men, the smaller man first, with Rottiers’s daughters still in
the room. Epps again stated that Rottiers killed the larger man
by stepping on his face and smothering him, but also stated she
did not know how the smaller man died.

“Epps told the detectives she pulled her car into the motel just as
Rottiers and the two men were getting out of their car. Rottiers
and the two men entered the motel room about 30 seconds before
Epps entered the room. Hutchinson was already in the room
with Rottiers’s daughters.

“Epps stated she ‘might have handed [Rottiers] the phone
cord.’ She said she knew the cord was not hooked up to the wall
phone because the cord was by her leg and she grabbed it. Epps
said she ‘probably tried to give [the cord] to her and it didn’t go,
so she snatched [it].’ Epps admitted she pulled the cord from the
wall. She then said Rottiers ‘ripped it out of the wall.’ She said
she watched Rottiers rip the cord out of the vacuum
cleaner. Epps denied handing Rottiers any duct tape.

9
 “6. Epps’s June 14, 2007 statements to the district
attorney

“On June 14, 2007, Epps was interviewed by District Attorney
Senior Investigator Tom Dove and Deputy District Attorney John
Molloy. A transcript of the interview was admitted into evidence.

“Epps stated she met Hutchinson a month or two before August
2006. She bought drugs from him. Epps had known Rottiers
since about 2003. She met Rottiers through Epps’s former
boyfriend, Evans.

“According to Epps, she went to the National Inn on the day of
the incident to buy drugs from Hutchinson. When she arrived,
six people were in the room: Rottiers, Rottiers’s two daughters,
who were asleep on the bed, Hutchinson, and ‘two Mexican guys,’
who were lying naked on the floor. Epps stated that Rottiers and
Hutchinson were arguing about something, and she (Epps) was
‘so high’ on drugs at the time she could not remember what they
were arguing about and she could not remember whether the two
men were tied up. She recalled that Rottiers, who was
barefooted, walked over to the smaller man, who was praying,
and stepped on his nose and mouth. Hutchinson was standing
over the man, who started kicking, and told him not to
move. The man’s face turned purple and he urinated on himself.
The larger man, who was crying, stood up.

“Epps stated that one of Rottiers’s girls woke up and Hutchinson
was going to take her out, but Rottiers told him not to leave and,
pointing to the larger man, said, ‘This one has to go, too.’
Rottiers started punching and spitting on the larger man, who
fell to his knees and begged her to stop, saying ‘please,
please.’ Rottiers hit him again and then Hutchinson punched
him. When Hutchinson hit him, the man fell and hit his head on
the edge of the door. Rottiers then stepped on his nose and
mouth with both feet and leaned against the wall to keep her
balance. The man was kicking and Rottiers stood on his face for
10 to 15 minutes. Epps claimed she sat on the bed during the
entire incident. According to Epps, when Rottiers finished she
asked Epps to help her move her things to another motel. Epps
helped put her things into the victims’ car and took them to the

10
other motel while Hutchinson took the girls to a fast-food
restaurant.

“Epps admitted she helped Rottiers put the smaller man into the
car. They carried him on a blanket. Epps said she grabbed one
end of the blanket, Rottiers grabbed the other end, and they
walked up to the car and put him in the trunk. When Rottiers
and Hutchinson were unable to lift the heavier man’s body, which
was wrapped in a blanket, Rottiers asked the manager for a dolly
and brought it back to the room. Epps said she was holding the
girls as Rottiers and Hutchinson put the ‘big guy’ on the dolly,
pulled him out to the car, and put him in the trunk on top of the
‘little guy.’ Epps also admitted she drove her borrowed car and
led Rottiers to a place near Lake Matthews in the mountains to
dispose of the victims’ car and the bodies. On the way back,
Epps’s car got stuck in sand and she called for a tow truck. To
help pay for the tow service, Rottiers got into ‘some other dude’s’
car and was paid $150 to do a ‘quickie.’ Rottiers used Epps’s cell
phone to call for a cab and left on her own, but Epps said she did
not know how she returned to Corona.

“When questioned about DNA evidence, Epps admitted she might
have touched a vacuum cleaner or a vacuum cleaner cord or a
telephone cord. She stated it was possible the two men were tied
up when she arrived at the motel.

“Epps denied that she participated in killing the victims. She
denied seeing duct tape on the face of one of the men. Epps
claimed she did not see Rottiers kill the man who was lying
unconscious on the floor when Epps arrived; she only watched
Rottiers kill the ‘big guy.’ However, she then stated she saw
Rottiers stand on both men. Epps denied the men were hogtied.

“Epps claimed a phone cord was on her foot, she grabbed it, and
then she dropped it without giving it to Rottiers. She claimed
that when she grabbed for the phone cord, Rottiers told Epps to
give her the vacuum cleaner cord, Epps said, ‘I ain’t giving you
shit,’ and Rottiers then ripped the cord out of a vacuum cleaner.
Epps admitted she watched as Rottiers tied up one of the men
with a cord she ripped out of a vacuum cleaner.

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“The People rested on June 9, 2010, in the presence of all three
juries.

“B. The Defense Cases

“1. Epps’s and Rottiers’s defense

“On June 9, 2010, after the People rested, Rottiers and Epps
presented no witnesses and rested in the presence of all three
juries based upon ‘the sufficiency of the prosecution case.’

“2. Hutchinson’s defense

“The next day, June 10, Hutchinson’s counsel informed the court
and counsel for the other parties that Hutchinson had decided to
testify on his own behalf.

“In the presence of all three juries, Markson first presented the
testimony of Virgal Cooper, who stated that he used
methamphetamine in the summer of 2006, he lived at the
National Inn motel in Corona at that time, and Hutchinson was
his methamphetamine supplier. Cooper indicated that in late
August 2006, he used his cell phone to call Hutchinson to buy
some methamphetamine. Although Cooper initially stated he
called Hutchinson after midnight, he then acknowledged his cell
phone records showed he made the call at 10:26 p.m. Cooper met
with Hutchinson at the bottom of the stairs outside Cooper’s
motel room about 20 or 30 minutes later and bought some
methamphetamine from Hutchinson. As they were sitting on the
stairs, Cooper saw a small car pull into the motel parking lot.
According to Cooper, four people were in the car: Rottiers, two
‘Hispanic guys,’ and an African–American woman. When asked
by Hutchinson’s counsel whether he saw any of those four people
in the courtroom, Cooper testified he saw one: Rottiers.

“On cross-examination by Epps’s counsel, Cooper stated he did
not know Epps, but he had met her twice through ‘other
people.’ When counsel said, ‘You told Officer Gibson, “I never met
Franchune Epps at all and cannot recall ever having met her,” ’
Cooper responded he had ‘[n]ever met her formally.’ Counsel
then asked Cooper, ‘You don’t recognize her in the courtroom
today?’ Cooper replied, ‘No, I don’t.’ He then testified he met
Epps at a motel ‘[d]own the street—I forget the name of it—by
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the pool hall.’ When asked, Cooper could not remember the name
of the pool hall, but indicated it was next door to a CVS
pharmacy.

“a. Hutchinson’s testimony before all three juries

“Also on June 10, 2010, following Cooper’s testimony, Hutchinson
testified on his own behalf in the presence of all three juries. He
indicated that he and Rottiers started living together in June or
July of 2006. He noticed that she put the name ‘Krazie
Hutchinson’ on one of the phone bills that was in her name. On
August 11, 2006, he moved his belongings into room 114 at the
National Inn, but did not always stay there.

“Hutchinson stated that on Sunday morning, August 27, he woke
up at the Motel 6 and went over to the National Inn to check on
Rottiers’s twin daughters. When he arrived, he found Rottiers
vacuuming the room. He and Rottiers got into an intense
argument. Rottiers tried to bully him, and he told her he was no
longer going to pay for the room and she needed to find
somewhere to go. After 20 minutes, he left. He testified he had
no plans to get back with Rottiers that evening or to watch her
daughters or to commit a robbery that night.

“Hutchinson stated he next saw Rottiers at around 2:30 the next
morning (August 28). He was sitting on a chair behind a wall in
the carport and putting some ‘dope’ in a sack for Cooper, who had
called him at 10:30 p.m., when two cars came in and parked in
the carport. Rottiers was driving one of the cars and Chavez and
Gabriel were with her. Hutchinson identified Epps in the
courtroom as the driver of the other car. He testified that Epps
was carrying a stick in her hand that looked like half of a mop
handle.

“Hutchinson indicated that he confronted Rottiers about the two
men as they were walking towards room 114, and she told him
she was about to rob the men and asked whether he wanted to
help. Hutchinson said he told Rottiers he had $900 in his pocket
and did not need to rob anyone. Rottiers went to the room and he
went back to talk to Cooper. Shortly thereafter, out of curiosity,
Hutchinson went to the room. He stated he knocked on the door,
and, when Rottiers opened it, he saw the two men were dressed

13
and money and wallets were on the bed. He saw Epps sitting in a
chair by the kitchen playing with a cell phone. Rottiers, who had
been speaking to the two men in Spanish, told Hutchinson that
one of them said he was going to do something to her girls.
Hutchinson testified he immediately jumped on the ‘big guy’
(Gabriel) and they both fell on the bed.

“Hutchinson testified his statement to Detective Masson that he
hit the man after the man lunged at Rottiers was a ‘pure ass
lie.’ Hutchinson also testified that his statement to Detective
Masson that Epps had a gun was false, and he made that false
statement because Rottiers asked him to do so.

“According to Hutchinson, he sat down on the bed and read a
magazine after he hit Gabriel. He said that Rottiers and Epps
left the room to check the car, and he stayed in the room. The
door was open and the men did not leave. Rottiers and Epps
quickly returned. Hutchinson testified that Rottiers looked at
him and Epps with a ‘mean’ look, and then hit the ‘big dude,’
Gabriel, on the back of his head with the telephone that was in
the room. According to Hutchinson, Epps then hit the other man
(Chavez) with the stick she was carrying, and Hutchinson left the
room after telling Rottiers and Epps they were crazy.

“Hutchinson testified he returned to room 114 later that morning
at around 4:00 a.m. He indicated he did not expect Gabriel and
Chavez to be there because ‘pretty much the robbery’s done.’ He
saw that Chavez was naked and hogtied with his hands behind
his back and his wrists tied to his ankles. He had a belt around
his neck. Hutchinson acknowledged that, at Rottiers’s request,
he told Detective Masson that Rottiers had told him that ‘[Epps]
made me do it,’ but he testified that statement was not true.
Hutchinson stated that Rottiers ‘had asked me to blame [Epps]
for that.’

“According to Hutchinson, Chavez started choking when Rottiers
tried to loosen the belt around his neck. Hutchinson said he saw
Gabriel lying naked and unresponsive on the floor, moaning and
groaning. Rottiers started asking for cords to tie up the men, and
Hutchinson suggested she use a vacuum cleaner cord.
Hutchinson tugged weakly on the cord, and Rottiers snatched it
and ripped it out of the vacuum cleaner. He stated that Epps

14
 threw a phone cord near Rottiers, and he was in the room for only
about 10 to 15 minutes and then left.

“Hutchinson said he returned to the National Inn and walked
back to room 114 a third time at around 6:00 a.m. after Rottiers
called him. As he was walking back to the room, he saw the
manager standing by the office. As he approached the room, he
saw Rottiers coming out of the room and rolling one of the bodies
out on a dolly. When Rottiers rolled the dolly up to the trunk of
the car, she asked Hutchinson, who was standing next to the
trunk, to help her hoist the body into the trunk. Chavez’s body
was already in the trunk, and Epps was also standing by the car.
He did not hear Chavez making any noises and he did not see
any movement in the blanket covering his body.

“Hutchinson claimed he did not help Rottiers put Gabriel’s body
in the trunk, but admitted that when Rottiers asked him where
she should dump the bodies, he told her to dump them in a field
in the Lake Matthews area. He stated that he and Rottiers later
went to Orange County and Rottiers complained he did not help
her dispose of the bodies.

“On June 15, after he completed his testimony, Hutchinson
rested.

“[3]. Epps’s and Rottiers’s defense cases

“Also on June 15, after Hutchinson completed his testimony and
rested, Rottiers and Epps rested without presenting any
witnesses.”

(People v. Epps, supra, D059021.)
The trial court instructed Epps’s jury on two alternative theories
of murder liability—willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder, and
felony murder. After deliberations, the jury convicted Epps of both
counts of first degree murder. (People v. Epps, supra, D059021.) It also
returned true findings on the multiple-murder and the robbery-murder
special-circumstance allegations associated with each count. (Ibid.)

15
The court sentenced Epps to two consecutive terms of life in prison
without the possibility of parole. (Ibid.)
On direct appeal, our court affirmed Epps’s judgment of
conviction. (People v. Epps, supra, D059021.) In doing so, we rejected
an argument that the trial court erroneously denied a motion for
acquittal Epps had filed pursuant to section 1118.1. (Ibid.) We
concluded the trial court properly denied the motion for acquittal
because the prosecution had elicited substantial evidence from which a
rational jury could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, “that Epps
aided and abetted the commission of the crimes with knowledge of
Rottiers’s unlawful purpose and with the intent to facilitate or
encourage Rottiers’s perpetration of the crimes.” (Ibid.)
Further, our court rejected Epps’s argument that the trial court
violated her Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel,
as well as her Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to a fair trial,
by permitting Hutchinson to testify in front of her jury after she rested
her case, and not affording her counsel additional time to prepare his
cross-examination of Hutchinson. (People v. Epps, supra, D059021.)
We assumed the court committed constitutional error as alleged, but
concluded the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Ibid.)
On October 24, 2012, the Supreme Court denied review.
B
Senate Bill No. 1437
In 2018, the Governor signed Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017–2018 Reg.
Sess.) into law, effective January 1, 2019. The expressed purpose of the law
was “to amend the felony murder rule and the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability

16
is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the
intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who
acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1,
subd. (f).) Senate Bill No. 1437 effectuated this legislative goal by amending
section 188, which defines malice, and section 189, which defines the degrees
of murder. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 3.)
As amended, section 188 states: “Except as stated in subdivision (e) of
Section 189, in order to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall
act with malice aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based
solely on his or her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).)
Amended section 189, subdivision (e) states: “A participant in the
perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony listed in subdivision (a) in
which a death occurs is liable for murder only if one of the following is
proven: [¶] (1) The person was the actual killer. [¶] (2) The person was not
the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided, abetted, counseled,
commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the actual killer in the
commission of murder in the first degree. [¶] [or] (3) The person was a major
participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to
human life, as described in subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.” (§ 189,
subd. (e).)
Senate Bill No. 1437 also enacted section 1170.95, “which creates a
procedure for convicted murderers who could not be convicted under the law
as amended to retroactively seek relief.” (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th
952, 957 (Lewis).) The Legislature subsequently amended section 1170.95 to
“[c]larif[y] that persons who were convicted of attempted murder or
manslaughter under a theory of felony murder and the natural probable

17
consequences doctrine are permitted the same relief as those persons
convicted of murder under the same theories.” (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 1(a).)
Section 1170.95, subdivision (a) provides: “A person convicted of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine or
other theory under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that
person’s participation in a crime, attempted murder under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, or manslaughter may file a petition with the
court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder,
attempted murder, or manslaughter conviction vacated and to be resentenced
on any remaining counts when all of the following conditions apply: [¶] (1) A
complaint, information, or indictment was filed against the petitioner that
allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony murder, murder
under the natural and probable consequences doctrine or other theory under
which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s
participation in a crime, or attempted murder under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine. [¶] (2) The petitioner was convicted of
murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter following a trial or accepted a
plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the petitioner could have been convicted of
murder or attempted murder. [¶] (3) The petitioner could not presently be
convicted of murder or attempted murder because of changes to Section 188
or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).)
Under section 1170.95, subdivision (b)(1), a resentencing petition must
include “(A) A declaration by the petitioner that the petitioner is eligible for
relief … based on all the requirements of [section 1170.95,] subdivision (a).
[¶] (B) The superior court case number and year of the petitioner’s conviction.
[¶] (C) Whether the petitioner requests the appointment of counsel.”
(§ 1170.95, subd. (b)(1).) “If a petition fails to comply with subdivision (b)(1),

18
‘the court may deny the petition without prejudice to the filing of another
petition.’ (§ 1170.95, subd. (b)(2).)” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 960.)
“Where the petition complies with subdivision (b)’s three requirements,
then the court proceeds to subdivision (c) to assess whether the petitioner has
made ‘a prima facie showing’ for relief. (§ 1170.95, subd. (c).)” (Lewis, supra,
11 Cal.5th at p. 960.) When deciding whether a petitioner has made a prima
facie showing for relief, the court may reference the petitioner’s record of
conviction. (Id. at pp. 970–971.) “ ‘[I]f the record, including the court’s own
documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the allegations made in the petition,”
then “the court is justified in making a credibility determination adverse to
the petitioner.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 971.) Generally, an appellate opinion is
“considered to be part of the record of conviction.” (Id. at p. 972.) The court
may also “rely on the jury instructions, which are part of the record of
conviction, in assessing the prima facie showings under section 1170.95(c).”
(People v. Soto (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 1043, 1055.)
If a prima facie showing has been made, the court must issue an order
to show cause and hold an evidentiary hearing “to determine whether to
vacate the murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter conviction and to
recall the sentence and resentence the petitioner on any remaining counts in
the same manner as if the petitioner had not previously been sentenced,
provided that the new sentence, if any, is not greater than the initial
sentence.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (d)(1).) At the hearing, the burden is “on the
prosecution to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is guilty
of murder or attempted murder under California law as amended by the
changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.” (Id.,
subd. (d)(3).) The court “may consider evidence previously admitted at any
prior hearing or trial that is admissible under current law, including witness

19
testimony, stipulated evidence, and matters judicially noticed,” as well as
“the procedural history of the case recited in any prior appellate opinion.”
(Ibid.) Additionally, the parties may “offer new or additional evidence to
meet their respective burdens.” (Ibid.)
C
Epps’s Resentencing Petition
In 2019, Epps filed a petition to have her murder convictions vacated
and to be resentenced under section 1170.95. On her petition, she placed
checkmarks next to the following preprinted statements: “1. A complaint,
information, or indictment was filed against [Epps] that allowed the
prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony murder or murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine. [¶] 2a. At trial, [Epps] was
convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder pursuant to the felony murder rule or
the natural and probable consequences doctrine … [¶] 3. [Epps] could not now
be convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder because of changes made to Penal
Code § § [sic] 188 and 189, effective January 1, 2019.” She also requested
counsel for the resentencing proceeding.
The People filed an opposition to the resentencing petition. They
argued the court should deny the resentencing petition, without issuing an
order to show cause, for multiple reasons. Of relevance here, they argued
Epps could still be convicted of first or second degree murder under amended
sections 188 and 189, and could not make a prima facie case for relief,
because she was a major participant in the robbery and she acted with
reckless indifference to human life. In support of this claim, the People relied
on the jury’s true robbery-murder special-circumstance findings and our
opinion affirming Epps’s judgment of conviction.

20
 The trial court appointed counsel for Epps. With the assistance of
counsel, Epps filed a reply brief in support of her resentencing petition.
After several continuances, the People filed a supplemental request for
summary dismissal of the resentencing petition. They again argued Epps
could not make a prima facie case for relief because she could still be
convicted of murder under amended sections 188 and 189. The People
reiterated their assertion that the true robbery-murder special-circumstance
findings meant the jury necessarily found, at minimum, that Epps was a
major participant in the robbery and she acted with reckless indifference to
human life. Alternatively, they argued the jury’s true multiple-murder
special-circumstance findings meant the jury necessarily found that Epps

harbored an intent to kill.2 The People contended both of these findings
precluded resentencing as a matter of law.
The trial court held a hearing and summarily dismissed Epps’s
resentencing petition without issuing an order to show cause. It determined
Epps was “ineligible for relief because her conviction[s] would be unaffected
by the changes to sections 188 and 189.” The court based this conclusion on
the jury’s true multiple-murder special-circumstance findings. According to
the court, the true multiple-murder special-circumstance findings meant the
jury necessarily “found [Epps] was an aider and abettor who acted with the
intent to kill and harbored express malice, and there [was] no possibility that
the jury’s verdict[s] rested on a now-invalid theory of murder.”

2 In their supplemental request for summary dismissal, the People
requested judicial notice of certain jury instructions given during Epps’s
criminal trial, among other documents. It is not apparent from the record
whether the court granted the request.
21
 III
DISCUSSION
A
Legal Standards
“Because we are tasked with applying the section 1170.95,
subdivision (c) standard governing prima facie entitlement to relief [citation],
our review is de novo. [Citation.] As with any case involving statutory
interpretation, our primary goal is to ascertain and effectuate the lawmakers’
intent. [Citation.] [¶] In applying the de novo standard, we accept the
pleaded facts as true [citation], but evaluate those facts in light of facts
readily ascertainable from the record of conviction.” (People v. Secrease
(2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 231, 244 (Secrease), review granted June 30, 2021,
S268862.)
B
Multiple-Murder Special-Circumstance Findings
The trial court found the jury’s true multiple-murder special-
circumstance findings, standing alone, precluded resentencing as a matter of
law. According to the court, these true findings precluded relief because they
meant the jury necessarily found that Epps aided and abetted the victims’
actual killer and harbored an intent to kill.
On appeal, the People do not defend the trial court’s analysis. Indeed,
they hardly even mention the jury’s true multiple-murder special-
circumstance findings, or the trial court’s ruling. Epps devotes only
marginally more attention to these issues, arguing—without citation or
substantive analysis—that an order to show cause should issue because the
jury did not “necessarily [find] that she had an intent to kill.”

22
 At minimum, we would expect the parties to identify the basis for the
trial court’s ruling in their appellate briefs and state, with citations and
authorities, whether the court’s ruling was correct or incorrect. Thus, the
parties’ failure to meaningfully address the effect, if any, of the true multiple-
murder special-circumstance findings is both perplexing and disconcerting.
Nonetheless, given the importance of the issue to the outcome of this appeal,
we have conducted an independent analysis of the matter. Our analysis
leads us to conclude that the true multiple-murder special-circumstance
findings did not automatically preclude relief, as the trial court believed.
“To find true the multiple-murder special-circumstance allegation, a
jury must find that the defendant has been convicted of at least two counts of
murder, at least one of which must be first degree murder, and that the
defendant either actually killed or intended to kill at least one of the victims.”
(People v. Mora & Rangel (2018) 5 Cal.5th 442, 495.) However, our courts
“have never held that the multiple-murder special circumstance requires a
jury to find the defendant intended to kill every victim.” (People v. Dennis
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 516, italics added; People v. Holmes, McClain, &
Newborn (2022) 12 Cal.5th 719, 785 [“The multiple-murder special
circumstance does not require a finding of intent to kill more than one
victim.”]; People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 892 [“Our state law never
has required a jury to find intent to kill both victims in order for the multiple-
murder special circumstance to be found true.”]; see People v. Maciel (2013)
57 Cal.4th 482, 521 [“Because the evidence of defendant’s intent to kill [one
victim] is sufficient to uphold the multiple-murder special circumstance, we
need not decide whether there was sufficient evidence that defendant
intended to kill the other victims.”].)

23
 Here, it is undisputed that Epps was not the actual killer of either
victim. Thus, the true multiple-murder special-circumstance findings mean
the jury found that Epps intended to kill at least one of the two victims.
However, they do not conclusively establish that she intended to kill both
victims. Given that the prosecution instructed the jury on felony murder, in
addition to willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder, it is possible the
jury found Epps guilty of one murder charge under the theory that she was a
direct aider and abettor who harbored an intent to kill, whereas it found her
guilty of the second murder charge under a felony-murder theory of liability.
The limited record before us does not include the jury verdicts or any
other component of the record of conviction disclosing the theory of liability
relied upon by the jury for each murder charge. Nor does it disclose whether
the jury found that Epps intended to kill both victims, or just one victim—
and if so, which victim. Because the limited record before us does not disclose
such information, we cannot conclude that the true multiple-murder findings,
standing alone, precluded Epps from making a prima facie case for relief as a
matter of law.
C
Robbery-Murder Special-Circumstance Findings
The parties devote substantially more attention in their appellate
briefs to an issue not addressed by the trial court—that is, whether the jury’s
true robbery-murder special-circumstance findings precluded Epps from
making a prima facie case for relief as a matter of law.
The People urge us to affirm the summary dismissal order based on the
true robbery-murder special-circumstance findings. To reach a true felony-
murder special-circumstance finding, a jury must find the defendant was the
actual killer, aided and abetted in the commission of the murder with an

24
intent to kill, or aided and abetted in the commission of the felony while
acting as a major participant and with reckless indifference to human life.
(§ 190, subds. (b)–(d).) Because these requirements are identical to the
felony-murder requirements under amended section 189, subdivision (e), the
People claim Epps cannot prove one of the elements necessary to obtain
resentencing—to wit, that she “could not presently be convicted of murder or
attempted murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a)(3).)
Epps argues the robbery-murder special-circumstance findings did not
categorically bar her from making a prima facie case for relief under
section 1170.95. She notes the jury returned its true robbery-murder special-
circumstance findings before the Supreme Court issued its seminal decisions
in Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th 788, and Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th 522. In those
cases, the Supreme Court “clarified the meaning” of the special-circumstance
statute (§ 190.2). (In re Scoggins (2020) 9 Cal.5th 667, 671.)
As we will explain, we agree with Epps that a pre-Banks and Clark
felony-murder special-circumstance finding, standing alone, does not
necessarily preclude a defendant from obtaining resentencing under
section 1170.95. Further, on the limited record of conviction presently before
us, we cannot conclude that sufficient evidence supported the jury’s robbery-
murder special-circumstance findings under the standards enunciated in
Banks and Clark. In the absence of such evidence, the jury’s pre-Banks and
Clark robbery-murder special-circumstance findings did not preclude Epps
from making a prima facie case for relief. Therefore, the trial court’s
summary denial order must be reversed and the matter remanded so that the
trial court may issue an order to show cause and hold an evidentiary hearing.

25
 1
The Banks and Clark Decisions
The special-circumstance statute (§ 190.2) sets forth the circumstances
under which killers and certain aiders and abettors of first degree murder
may be eligible for the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility
of parole. (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 797.) “In the case of first degree
felony murder, ‘every person, not the actual killer, who, with reckless
indifference to human life and as a major participant’ aids or abets the crime
may be convicted of special-circumstance murder.” (Id. at p. 798, quoting
§ 190.2, subd. (d).) Thus, when first degree felony murder is at issue, the
special-circumstance statute “imposes both a special actus reus requirement,
major participation in the crime, and a specific mens rea requirement,
reckless indifference to human life.” (Banks, at p. 798.)
Banks articulated various factors relevant to assessing the actus reus
(major participant) requirement. To determine whether a defendant was a
major participant in a crime, a court must examine: what role the defendant
had in planning the criminal enterprise that led to one or more deaths; what
role the defendant had in supplying or using lethal weapons; what awareness
the defendant had of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime,
weapons used, or past experience or conduct of the other participants; and
whether the defendant was present at the scene of the killing, in a position to
facilitate or prevent the actual murder, or played a particular role in the
death. (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 803.) “No one of these considerations
is necessary, nor is any one of them necessarily sufficient. All may be
weighed in determining the ultimate question, whether the defendant’s
participation ‘in criminal activities known to carry a grave risk of death’
[citation] was sufficiently significant to be considered ‘major.’ ” (Ibid.)

26
 Clark addressed the mens rea requirement of the special-circumstance
statute. The mens rea requirement has “subjective and objective elements.”
(Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 617.) “The subjective element is the
defendant’s conscious disregard of risks known to him or her,” while the
objective element considers “what ‘a law-abiding person would observe in the
actor’s situation.’ ” (Ibid.) Clark identified the following factors, many of
which overlap with the Banks factors, as pertinent to whether a defendant
acted with reckless indifference to human life: the defendant’s knowledge
that weapons would be used and/or his personal use of weapons; the
defendant’s physical presence at the scene and his opportunity to restrain the
killer or aid the victim; the duration of the felony; the defendant’s knowledge
of his accomplice’s propensity to kill; and the defendant’s efforts to minimize
the risk of violence in the commission of the felony. (Clark, at pp. 618–623.)
2
Pre-Banks and Clark Felony-Murder Special-Circumstance Findings
Do Not Categorically Preclude Resentencing as a Matter of Law

“In the years immediately following the decisions in Banks and Clark,
courts applied the standards enunciated in those cases in the setting of
habeas corpus [citation], and in section 1170.95 resentencing proceedings
that had been preceded by a successful collateral attack on a felony-murder
special-circumstance finding based on Banks and Clark [citation].” (Secrease,
supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 252, review granted.) Since then, the Banks and
Clark standards have been considered in another context—in section 1170.95
resentencing proceedings that were not preceded by a successful collateral
attack on a felony-murder special-circumstance finding. Within this context,
the Courts of Appeal are divided on whether a pre-Banks and Clark felony-
murder special-circumstance finding categorically bars a defendant from
making a prima facie showing that he or she is entitled to resentencing.
27
 “[S]ome courts now hold a section 1170.95 petitioner must always
mount a successful collateral attack on a prior felony-murder special-
circumstance finding against him—no matter when it was made—and until
he does so, he cannot plead a prima facie case under section 1170.95,

subdivision (c) as a matter of law.”3 (Secrease, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at
p. 252, review granted.) “The courts so holding point out that major
participation and reckless disregard of human life have always been required
elements of a special circumstance finding under section 190.2,
subdivisions (a)(17) and (d). And because revisiting those issues in a
section 1170.95 proceeding, ‘ “in effect,” ’ amounts to an attack on a valid
special circumstance finding, these courts take the view that a defendant in
[Epps’s] position must first invalidate the special circumstance finding before
he [or she] may seek section 1170.95 relief. [Citations.] In this view, it is not
the changes to sections 188 and 189 that potentially render such a
defendant’s murder conviction invalid under current law; it is the Banks and
Clark decisions that have that effect, which is why the remedy of habeas
corpus must be sought in the first instance.” (Secrease, at pp. 252–253.)
“Other courts do not impose a requirement that a section 1170.95
petitioner who seeks resentencing in the face of a prior jury finding under

3 See People v. Gomez (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1, 14–17, review granted
October 14, 2020, S264033 (Gomez); People v. Galvan (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th
1134, 1142, review granted October 14, 2020, S264284; People v. Jones (2020)
56 Cal.App.5th 474, 483–484, review granted January 27, 2021, S265854;
People v. Allison (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 449, 457; People v. Murillo (2020) 54
Cal.App.5th 160, 168, review granted November 18, 2020, S264978; People v.
Nunez (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 78, 95–96, review granted January 13, 2021,
S265918; cf. People v. Gutierrez-Salazar (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 411, 419–420
[rejecting claimed entitlement to § 1170.95 relief raised in appeal of murder
conviction on the ground jury’s special-circumstance finding rendered
appellant ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law].)
28
section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17) must first obtain habeas relief, and hold
that he [or she] may opt to pursue relief by attacking his murder conviction—
not his [or her] special circumstance finding—on the ground that, under
current law as revised by Senate Bill [No.] 1437, he [or she] could no longer

be convicted of murder.”4 (Secrease, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 253, review
granted.) “According to these courts, if the petitioner obtains vacatur of a
prior special circumstance finding in a section 1170.95 proceeding, that is
because the statute expressly requires it as a ‘collateral consequence’ of the
resentencing relief to which a successful section 1170.95 petitioner is entitled.
[Citation.] [¶] These courts see no basis to graft what is, in effect, an
exhaustion requirement onto section 1170.95, thereby forcing petitioners
with felony-murder special-circumstances findings to obtain habeas relief
first, before seeking section 1170.95 resentencing. In their view, because
Banks and Clark ‘construed section 190.2, subdivision (d) in a significantly
different, and narrower manner than courts had previously construed the
statute’ [citation], it is not appropriate to give a pre-Banks and Clark felony-
murder special-circumstance finding preclusive effect. As [one] panel …
explained, ‘[i]t would be inappropriate to “treat[ ] [such] findings as if they

4 See People v. Torres (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1168, 1179–1180, abrogated
on another ground in Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 961–970; People v.
Smith (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 85, 93–94, review granted July 22, 2020,
S262835; People v. York (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 250, 259–261, review granted
November 18, 2020, S264954; People v. Harris (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 939,
956–958, review granted April 28, 2021, S267802 (Harris); Secrease, supra,
63 Cal.App.5th at pp. 244–245, review granted; People v. Gonzalez (2021) 65
Cal.App.5th 420, 430–431, review granted August 18, 2021, S269792; People
v. Arias (2021) 66 Cal.App.5th 987, 1003–1004, review granted September 29,
2021, S270555 (Arias); People v. Wilson (2021) 69 Cal.App.5th 665, 673,
review granted December 22, 2021, S271604 (Wilson); People v. Ervin (2021)
72 Cal.App.5th 90, 111, fn. 6; People v. Mejorado (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 562,
565 (Mejorado).)
29
resolved key disputed facts” when the jury did not have the same questions
before them.’ ” (Secrease, at pp. 253–254.)
The Courts of Appeal have subjected the issue at hand to vigorous
debate and devoted countless pages of discussion to the subject. The issue is
currently under review by the Supreme Court as well, so we will soon have
clarity one way or the other. (People v. Strong, review granted Mar. 10, 2021,
S266606 [“This case presents the following issue: Does a felony-murder
special circumstance finding (Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) made before
People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th
522 preclude a defendant from making a prima facie showing of eligibility for
relief under Penal Code section 1170.95?”].) Given this context, we need not
add to the conversation with further extensive argument or analysis.
Rather, it will suffice for us to follow the path our court has already
charted in Arias, supra, 66 Cal.App.5th 987, review granted December 22,
2021, S271604, and Wilson, supra, 69 Cal.App.5th 665, review granted. In
those decisions, we concluded pre-Banks and Clark true felony-murder
special-circumstance findings do not categorically preclude defendants from
obtaining resentencing relief under section 1170.95 as a matter of law.
(Arias, at pp. 1003–1004; Wilson, at p. 673; but see Gomez, supra, 52
Cal.App.5th at p. 17, review granted.) In accordance with these precedents,
we conclude the true robbery-murder special-circumstance findings did not
categorically preclude Epps from making a prima facie case for relief.
3
The Available Record of Conviction Does Not Disclose Substantial Evidence to
Support the True Robbery-Murder Special-Circumstance Findings

Although a pre-Banks and Clark robbery-murder special-circumstance
finding does not automatically preclude resentencing, that fact alone does not
require us to reverse and remand the matter for issuance of an order to show
30
cause. Rather, “[t]he most natural reading of section 1170.95 … is that
where a petitioner facing a felony-murder special-circumstance finding has
never been afforded a Banks and Clark sufficiency-of-the-evidence review—
by any court, at the trial or appellate level—section 1170.95 courts have an
obligation to undertake such an analysis at the prima facie entitlement-to-
relief stage of a resentencing proceeding under subdivision (c) of the statute.
And on appeal from the denial of a section 1170.95 petition for failure to state
a prima facie case for relief in such a situation, we have an obligation to do so
as well.” (Secrease, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 255, review granted.)
If “sufficient evidence in the trial record ‘meets the minimum threshold
of personal culpability set by Banks and Clark,’ the felony-murder special-
circumstance finding will ‘foreclose resentencing as a matter of law.’ ” (People
v. Price (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 1128, 1149.) But, if “the record of conviction
does not contain substantial evidence to support the finding under Banks and
Clark … the petitioner [is] entitled to an order to show cause and an
evidentiary hearing.” (Price, at p. 1149; see Secrease, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th
at p. 256, review granted [“If the factual findings underlying a jury’s felony-
murder special-circumstance determination are legally insufficient under
Banks and Clark, we do not see how those findings can conclusively refute a
prima facie showing of entitlement to resentencing relief.”].)
The record of conviction presently before us consists solely of our prior
appellate opinion in People v. Epps, supra, D059021, and some—but not all—
of the jury instructions given at Epps’s criminal trial. On this limited record
of conviction, we simply cannot say that there was substantial evidence to
support the jury’s true robbery-murder special-circumstance findings under
the standards enunciated in Banks and Clark. In particular, the limited

31
record of conviction available for our review does not disclose substantial
evidence that Epps was a major participant in the underlying robbery.
In our prior appellate opinion, we opined that evidence elicited at
Epps’s trial showed she arrived at the National Inn at or about the same time
as Rottiers and the victims, and was physically present at the scene of the
robbery—factors that of course would tend to establish that she was a major
participant in the robbery. (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 803 [in assessing
whether a defendant was a major participant in an underlying felony, courts
may weigh whether “the defendant [was] present at the scene of the
killing”].) Additionally, our opinion noted there was evidence that Epps
“ ‘might have handed [Rottiers] [a] phone cord,’ ” which Rottiers subsequently
used to tie up one of the victims (People v. Epps, supra, D059021)—evidence
that arguably would tend to show that Epps supplied an instrumentality
(albeit not a lethal weapon) that was used to effectuate the robbery.
However, our prior appellate opinion is silent on many crucial issues
that determine whether a defendant may be found to be a major participant
in an underlying felony. It says nothing about “[w]hat role did the defendant
have in planning” the robbery, if she had any at all. (Banks, supra, 61
Cal.4th at p. 803.) It does not disclose whether there was any evidence that
Epps was aware “of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime.”
(Ibid.) It does not state whether any evidence was introduced showing that
Epps was aware of “past experience or conduct” of her codefendants. (Ibid.)
Our prior appellate opinion does not disclose whether there was any evidence
that Epps supplied a lethal weapon to either or both of her codefendants.
Further, while evidence was introduced showing that Epps sat on the motel
bed during the fatal robbery, our opinion does not state whether there was
any evidence that Epps—who claimed she was high on drugs throughout the

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fatal encounter—was actually in a realistic position to prevent the murders
that were being perpetrated by Rottiers (and possibly by Hutchinson as well).
Our Supreme Court has cautioned that although appellate opinions are
generally considered to be part of the appellate record, “the probative value of
an appellate opinion is case specific, and ‘it is certainly correct that an
appellate opinion might not supply all answers.’ ” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th
at p. 972.) That observation is particularly apt here, as many of the
considerations governing the major participant analysis are referenced only
briefly in, or omitted entirely from, our prior appellate opinion.
In short, the partial record of conviction before us does not disclose
substantial evidence that Epps was a major participant in the underlying
robbery under the governing standards set forth in Banks. Therefore, the
limited record of conviction did not render Epps ineligible for resentencing as

a matter of law, and an order to show cause must issue.5 (Harris, supra, 60
Cal.App.5th at pp. 959–960 [petitioner’s record of conviction did not preclude
resentencing; factfinding was necessary to determine whether petitioner was
a major participant in underlying felony]; see Mejorado, supra, 73
Cal.App.5th 574 [prior appellate opinion “reveal[ed] little about defendant’s
mental state during the course of the robbery,” necessitating an order to show
cause and evidentiary hearing].)
Other aspects of the record of conviction, as well as other admissible
evidence, may shed more light on whether Epps was in fact a major
participant in the underlying robbery. We will not prejudge that issue, which

5 Given our conclusion that the record of conviction does not disclose
substantial evidence that Epps was a major participant in the underlying
robbery, it is unnecessary for us to assess whether the record of conviction
reveals substantial evidence that Epps acted with reckless disregard for
human life under the standards set forth in Clark.
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can only be decided after the issuance of an order to show cause and an
evidentiary hearing.
IV
DISPOSITION
The order summarily denying Epps’s resentencing petition is reversed.
The matter is remanded and the trial court is directed to issue an order to
show cause pursuant to Penal Code section 1170.95, subdivision (c), and to
conduct such further proceedings as are required by Penal Code
section 1170.95, subdivision (d).

McCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

HALLER, J.

O’ROURKE, J.

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