Nexteel Co., Ltd. v. United States

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Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 1 Filed: 03/11/2022 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ NEXTEEL CO., LTD., Plaintiff-Appellee SEAH STEEL CORP., Plaintiff-Cross-Appellant v. UNITED STATES, MAVERICK TUBE CORPORATION, TENARIS BAY CITY, INC., Defendants-Appellees UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellant ______________________ 2021-1334, 2021-1430 ______________________ Appeals from the United States Court of International Trade in No. 1:18-cv-00083-JCG, Judge Jennifer Choe- Groves. ______________________ Decided: March 11, 2022 ______________________ HENRY DAVID ALMOND, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellee. Also represented by LESLIE BAILEY, CHRISTINE CHOI, KANG WOO LEE, J. DAVID PARK, DANIEL WILSON. Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 2 Filed: 03/11/2022 2 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US JEFFREY M. WINTON, Winton & Chapman PLLC, Wash- ington, DC, argued for plaintiff-cross-appellant. Also rep- resented by MICHAEL JOHN CHAPMAN, JOOYOUN JEONG, VI MAI. HARDEEP KAUR JOSAN, International Trade Field Of- fice, United States Department of Justice, New York, NY, argued for defendant-appellee United States. Also repre- sented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, CLAUDIA BURKE, JEANNE DAVIDSON; MYKHAYLO GRYZLOV, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, United States De- partment of Commerce, Washington, DC. GREGORY J. SPAK, White & Case LLP, Washington, DC, for defendants-appellees Maverick Tube Corporation, Tenaris Bay City, Inc. Also represented by FRANK JOHN SCHWEITZER, MATTHEW WOLF SOLOMON, KRISTINA ZISSIS. THOMAS M. BELINE, Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by MYLES SAMUEL GETLAN, JAMES EDWARD RANSDELL, IV, SARAH E. SHULMAN. ______________________ Before O’MALLEY, BRYSON, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges. HUGHES, Circuit Judge. This appeal arises out of the United States Department of Commerce’s administrative review of its antidumping order on oil country tubular goods from the Republic of Ko- rea. Calculating constructed value, Commerce found five circumstances that created a “particular market situation” affecting inputs to oil country tubular goods. The Court of International Trade determined that this finding was not supported by substantial evidence and “direct[ed] Com- merce to reverse its finding of a particular market Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 3 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 3 situation.” NEXTEEL Co. v. United States, 450 F. Supp. 3d 1333, 1343 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2020). We find that three of the five circumstances Commerce relied on to show a particu- lar market situation are not supported by substantial evi- dence. Thus, with modified reasoning, we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that substantial evidence does not sup- port Commerce’s finding. But because the Court of Inter- national Trade lacks authority to reverse Commerce, we vacate the trial court’s opinion to the extent that it directs Commerce to reach a certain outcome. Comparing normal value to export price, Commerce re- lied on its “differential pricing analysis” methodology. In Stupp Corp. v. United States, 5 F.4th 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2021), we vacated aspects of Commerce’s differential pricing anal- ysis over concerns about Commerce’s use of statistical methodologies when certain preconditions for their use are not met. Id. at 1360. Commerce’s analysis here raises iden- tical concerns, so we vacate the trial court’s decision up- holding the methodology and remand for reconsideration in view of Stupp. Seeing no error in the other methodologies that Cross- Appellant challenges, we otherwise affirm. BACKGROUND In 2016, the Department of Commerce initiated its sec- ond administrative review of the antidumping order on oil country tubular goods (OCTG) from the Republic of Korea (Korea). Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from the Re- public of Korea: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2015-2016, 82 Fed. Reg. 46,963, 46,963 (Oct. 10, 2017) (Preliminary Results). The review covered the period from September 1, 2015 through August 31, 2016. Id. Commerce selected for individual examination the two companies that accounted for the largest volume of subject merchandise during the period of review, NEXTEEL Co., Ltd. and SeAH Steel Corporation. Decision Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 4 Filed: 03/11/2022 4 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US Memorandum for Preliminary Results, at 2, 82 ITADOC 46,963 (Oct. 2, 2017) (Preliminary Results Memo). In an antidumping review, Commerce generally com- pares the price at which the subject merchandise is sold in the United States to the “normal value,” which is the price of like products in the exporting country or a third country. 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(35), 1677a(a), 1677b(a). Calculating nor- mal value, Commerce determined that “neither respondent had a viable home market or third-country market during the [period of review].” Preliminary Results Memo at 11. Commerce therefore based its calculation of the normal value on constructed value pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(4). Preliminary Results Memo at 11. Con- structed value is based on the costs of producing and selling the merchandise, with an allowance for profits. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e). Considering costs, Commerce found “a particular mar- ket situation” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e), affecting two in- puts to OCTG: hot-rolled coil (HRC) and electricity. Decision Memorandum for Final Results, at 16–17, 83 ITADOC 17,146 (Apr. 11, 2018) (Final Results Memo). Commerce found a particular market situation “based on the collective impact of Korean HRC subsidies, Korean im- ports of HRC from China, strategic alliances, and govern- ment involvement in the Korean electricity market.” Id. at 17. Having found a particular market situation, Commerce adjusted the cost of HRC in its calculation based on the countervailing duty rate determined for POSCO, a Korean HRC producer, in Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from Ko- rea. Final Results Memo at 29; 1 Appx7560 (SeAH Prelimi- nary Results Analysis Memorandum). 1 Citing Countervailing Duty Investigation of Cer- tain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 5 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 5 Commerce calculated the profit component of con- structed value under § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii), which allows Commerce to calculate profits using “any other reasonable method, except that the amount allowed for profit may not exceed the amount normally realized by exporters or pro- ducers (other than [the specific exporter or producer exam- ined]).” The agency calculated profit based on SeAH’s Canadian sales of OCTG. Final Results Memo at 55. Turn- ing to the profit cap, Commerce again relied on SeAH’s Ca- nadian sales as “facts available.” Id. at 60. Commerce reasoned that these sales were the best choice for a profit cap because they are “specific to OCTG and represent[] the production experience of a Korean OCTG producer in Ko- rea.” Id. When calculating export price, Commerce adjusted for freight expenses pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(A). Fi- nal Results Memo at 87–88. Following its “normal prac- tice,” Commerce capped the amount of freight revenue in its calculation at the amount of freight charges incurred. Id. at 87; Appx7554–55 (SeAH Preliminary Results Analy- sis Memorandum). Finally, Commerce compared export price and normal value. Employing its “differential pricing analysis” meth- odology based on a statistic called “Cohen’s d,” Commerce found a pattern of U.S. prices that “differ significantly among purchasers, regions, or periods of time” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B)(i). Based on this analysis, Com- merce used an “average-to-transaction” comparison method, Preliminary Results Memo at 10–11; Final Results Memo at 76, comparing averaged normal value prices to Korea: Final Affirmative Determination, 81 Fed. Reg. 53,439 (Aug. 12, 2016), as amended by 81 Fed. Reg. 67,960 (Oct. 3, 2016). Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 6 Filed: 03/11/2022 6 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US non-averaged export prices of individual transactions, 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B). NEXTEEL and SeAH appealed the Final Results to the Court of International Trade, arguing that Commerce’s particular market situation, profit cap, freight revenue cap, and differential pricing analyses were unsupported by sub- stantial evidence or not in accordance with law. NEXTEEL Co. v. United States, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1276, 1282–83. (Ct. Int’l Trade 2019) (NEXTEEL I). The court concluded that Commerce’s particular market situation finding was un- supported by substantial evidence. Id. at 1288. It re- manded for further proceedings on that issue. Id. The court affirmed Commerce’s profit cap, freight revenue cap, and differential pricing analyses. Id. at 1290, 1293, 1295–97. On remand, Commerce continued to find a particular market situation, relying on a fifth factor, “steel industry restructuring effort by the Korean government,” along with the previous four. Final Results of Redetermination Pursu- ant to Ct. Remand at 20, NEXTEEL I, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1276 (No. 18-00083), ECF No. 81-1 (First Remand Results). Reviewing Commerce’s first remand results, the Court of International Trade rejected Commerce’s finding of a particular market situation as unsupported by substantial evidence, “both when viewing the five factors individually and collectively.” NEXTEEL Co. v. United States, 450 F. Supp. 3d 1333, 1343 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2020) (NEXTEEL II). The court remanded the issue to Commerce a second time, this time “direct[ing] Commerce to reverse its finding of a particular market situation.” Id. Under protest, Commerce reversed its finding of a par- ticular market situation and recalculated the dumping margins accordingly. Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand at 4–5, NEXTEEL II, 450 F. Supp. 3d 1333 (No. 18-00083), ECF No. 96-1 (Second Remand Re- sults). The Court of International Trade affirmed Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 7 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 7 Commerce’s second remand results. NEXTEEL Co. v. United States, 475 F. Supp. 3d 1378, 1380 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2020). United States Steel appeals, challenging the trial court’s ruling that Commerce’s finding of a particular mar- ket situation is unsupported by substantial evidence, as well as the trial court’s direction to Commerce to reach a particular outcome on its second remand. SeAH cross ap- peals, challenging the trial court’s affirmance of Com- merce’s differential pricing analysis, its freight revenue cap, and its use of SeAH’s own data as a profit cap. ANALYSIS I. Standard of Review “We review a decision of the Court of International Trade evaluating an antidumping determination by Com- merce by reapplying the statutory standard of review that the Court of International Trade applied in reviewing the administrative record.” Peer Bearing Co.-Changshan v. United States, 766 F.3d 1396, 1399 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Thus, “[w]e will uphold Commerce’s determination unless it is unsupported by substantial evidence on the record or oth- erwise not in accordance with the law.” Id.; 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). When “identifying, selecting and applying methodolo- gies to implement the dictates set forth in the governing statute,” we recognize the technical expertise of the agency and give it deference “both greater than and distinct from that accorded the agency in interpreting the statutes it ad- ministers.” Fujitsu Gen. Ltd. v. United States, 88 F.3d 1034, 1039 (Fed. Cir. 1996). II. Particular Market Situation The Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 (TPEA) allows Commerce to consider a “particular market situa- tion” when calculating constructed value. Pub. L. No. 114- Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 8 Filed: 03/11/2022 8 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 27, § 504, 129 Stat. 362, 385. Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e), as revised by the TPEA, if a particular market situation exists such that the cost of materials and fabrication or other pro- cessing of any kind does not accurately reflect the cost of production in the ordinary course of trade, the administering authority may use another cal- culation methodology under this part or any other calculation methodology. The statute does not define “particular market situa- tion,” but the plain language of § 1677b(e) identifies the factual support Commerce must provide to invoke this pro- vision. Commerce must find that the cost incurred to pro- duce the subject merchandise “does not accurately reflect the cost of production in the ordinary course of trade.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e). As the Court of International Trade has noted, the circumstances supporting a “particular” market situation also must be “particular” to producers of the sub- ject merchandise during the relevant period. See SeAH Steel Corp. v. United States, 513 F. Supp. 3d 1367, 1393 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2021). An ongoing global phenomenon would not alone constitute a deviation from the “ordinary course of trade.” Congress provided examples of a particular market sit- uation: [A] “particular market situation” . . . might exist . . . where there is government control over pricing to such an extent that home market prices cannot be considered to be competitively set. It also may be the case that a particular market situation could arise from differing patterns of demand in the United States and in the foreign market. For exam- ple, if significant price changes are closely corre- lated with holidays which occur at different times of the year in the two markets, the prices in the Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 9 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 9 foreign market may not be suitable for comparison to prices to the United States. Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Rep. No. 103- 316, vol. 1, at 822 (1994), as reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4162. These are all situations in which some circum- stance distorts costs so that they are not set based on nor- mal market forces or do not move with the rest of the market. Nothing in the statute requires Commerce to quantify the distortion precisely. Still, a quantitative comparison showing a difference between costs incurred and costs in the ordinary course of trade could be substantial evidence supporting the existence of a particular market situation. Likewise, evidence that costs do not differ at all from what they would have been in the ordinary course of trade would “fairly detract[] from the substantiality of the evidence.” Atl. Sugar, Ltd. v. United States, 744 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1984). Commerce found a particular market situation based on the “collective impact” of • Korean government subsidies for HRC pro- duction, • strategic alliances between HRC suppliers and OCTG producers, • Korean government steel industry restruc- turing efforts, • Korean government involvement in the elec- tricity market, and • imports of low-priced HRC from China. Final Results Memo at 17; First Remand Results at 20. We address these circumstances in turn. Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 10 Filed: 03/11/2022 10 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US A. Korean Government HRC Subsidies Commerce determined that “[r]ecord evidence shows subsidization of HRC by the Korean government,” and be- cause “approximately 80 percent of the cost of OCTG pro- duction” is the HRC input, “distortions in the HRC market . . . have a significant impact on production costs of OCTG.” First Remand Results at 21. Commerce relied on an earlier investigation of HRC from Korea from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2014, which, Commerce explained, found a subsidy rate of almost 60% for POSCO. Id. at 21, 18 & n.84. Commerce found that the mandatory respond- ents in the present review bought HRC from POSCO in sig- nificant quantities. Id. at 21; see also Appx7560 (SeAH Preliminary Results Analysis Memorandum showing 19.9% of HRC purchases from POSCO). Commerce arrived at the 60% subsidy rate after it de- termined that it “c[ould] not accurately calculate POSCO’s . . . subsidy rate.” Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investiga- tion of Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the Re- public of Korea, at 61, 81 ITADOC 53,439 (Aug. 4, 2016). Commerce thus relied on facts otherwise available and made inferences adverse to POSCO, id., as permitted by 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)–(b). The rate Commerce relied on was also from an earlier period of investigation that ended eight months before the present period of review. See id. at 3. But in its first administrative review of the same coun- tervailing duty order, Commerce found de minimis subsidy rates. Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the Re- public of Korea: Final Results of Countervailing Duty Ad- ministrative Review, 2016, 84 Fed. Reg. 28,461, 28,461 (June 19, 2019), as amended by 84 Fed. Reg. 35,604 (July 24, 2019). In that review, Commerce did not rely on adverse facts available. Commerce considered data from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2016, a period which overlaps with the period of review for this administrative review. Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 11 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 11 Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary Results of the Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 2016: Cer- tain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea, at 4, 83 ITADOC 24,252 (October 30, 2018). 2 This evidence is at least as probative of the Korean govern- ment’s actual subsidization during the period of review as the higher rate Commerce relied on. 3 Commerce could support a finding of a particular mar- ket situation with evidence of subsidies to producers of an input to the subject merchandise. But the subsidies must be shown to affect the price of the input so that it does “not accurately reflect the cost of production in the ordinary course of trade,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e), and their effect must be “particular” to producers of the subject merchandise, see SeAH Steel, 513 F. Supp. 3d at 1393. Here, the record evi- dence is at best mixed on whether significant Korean gov- ernment subsidies existed during the period of review. Commerce made no finding that any subsidies were passed through to the prices of HRC or that they affected Korean OCTG producers any more than OCTG producers else- where. See First Remand Results at 21. Thus, substantial 2 This evidence was raised before the agency on re- mand. First Remand Results at 54, 59–60. 3 See also Certain Carbon and Alloy Steel Cut-to- Length Plate from the Republic of Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination, 82 Fed. Reg. 16,341, 16,341–42 (Apr. 4, 2017) (in an investigation of some of the same alleged subsidy programs as HRC, calcu- lating a subsidy rate of only 4.31% based on partial adverse facts available and for a period of review that overlapped by four months with the period of review here); U.S. Steel Reply Br. 11 n.4 (“[A]t least nine programs alleged in [Hot- Rolled Steel] Korea were also found countervailable in [Cut-to-Length] Plate.”). Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 12 Filed: 03/11/2022 12 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US evidence does not support Commerce’s finding that Korean HRC subsidies contribute to a particular market situation. B. Strategic Alliances Based on an affidavit showing that POSCO charged different prices to its affiliates than to its other customers, Commerce found that strategic alliances between HRC and OCTG producers “may have created distortions in the prices of HRC in the past, and may continue to impact HRC pricing in a distortive manner during the instant [period of review] and in the future.” Final Results Memo at 18. Com- merce initially identified no evidence that either SeAH or NEXTEEL was part of such an alliance, that the alliances affected SeAH and NEXTEEL specifically, or that the alli- ances affected the Korean HRC market as a whole. See id. (“[T]he record does not contain specific evidence showing that strategic alliances directly created a distortion in HRC pricing in the current period of review.”). On remand, Com- merce bolstered its conclusion that such alliances exist by pointing to a SeAH Steel Group brochure that describes a SeAH Steel Group processing center “as the processing cen- ter for POSCO,” which Commerce concluded “demonstrates a close entanglement between HRC suppliers such as POSCO and OCTG producers.” First Remand Results at 22–23. SeAH maintains that it was not affiliated with POSCO. SeAH explains that the SeAH entity that runs a “processing center for POSCO” referenced in the brochure had nothing to do with its OCTG operations, and that Com- merce has previously found SeAH and POSCO to be unaf- filiated. SeAH Resp. Br. 44; Appx7993–94 (SeAH Comments on Draft Remand Redetermination). Although the parties dispute whether a cost-based par- ticular market situation adjustment must be supported by a showing of market-wide distortions or respondent-spe- cific distortions, Commerce has shown neither. Commerce merely speculated that strategic alliances affected the Ko- rean HRC market as a whole. Its showing of some Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 13 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 13 relationship between POSCO and SeAH is weak and con- tradicted by other record evidence. Substantial evidence does not support Commerce’s finding that strategic alli- ances contribute to a particular market situation. C. Steel Industry Restructuring On remand, Commerce cited evidence of government- led restructuring of the Korean steel industry. First Re- mand Results at 25–26. Commerce reasoned that “[t]he Ko- rean government’s assistance to accelerate the steel industry’s response and restructuring interferes with the normal functioning of the free market and alters the ordi- nary course of trade.” Id. at 26. Commerce cited a press re- lease from the Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance announcing restructuring. Id. at 25. As the Court of Inter- national Trade noted, though, the period of review con- cluded on August 31, 2016, and the press release, dated January 25, 2017, announced the Korean government’s “2017 Action Plan for Industrial Restructuring.” NEXTEEL II, 450 F. Supp. 3d at 1343. The announcement and other publications discussing future restructuring efforts provide no evidence of actual government interference during the period of review. Sub- stantial evidence does not support Commerce’s finding that steel industry restructuring efforts contributed to a partic- ular market situation. *** We affirm the Court of International Trade’s conclu- sions in NEXTEEL II that three of the circumstances Com- merce cited do not support a finding of a particular market situation on the existing record. 4 4 Because substantial evidence does not support the above three circumstances, we need not reach the issue of Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 14 Filed: 03/11/2022 14 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US Commerce has not taken a clear position on whether it believes the other two circumstances alone are sufficient. Indeed, in the First Remand Results, Commerce carefully avoided making such a finding. See First Remand Results at 27 (“Any one of these four factors can distort the market such that Commerce could reasonably conclude that a [par- ticular market situation] exists. . . . [T]here is no sugges- tion that any one of the five factors alone is insufficient to establish the particular market situation. Rather, we eval- uate the totality of the circumstances . . . .” (emphases added)). We are not free to substitute our own reasoning for that of the agency and must instead “review only the bases on which Commerce made its determination.” Thai I-Mei Frozen Foods Co. v. United States, 616 F.3d 1300, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see also Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285–86 (1974) (“[W]e may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s ac- tion that the agency itself has not given . . . .”). But it is far from a foregone conclusion that Commerce would have found a particular market situation based on these two fac- tors alone. Although low-priced Chinese steel could contribute to a particular market situation, the record does not show suf- ficient particularity for this circumstance to create a par- ticular market situation on its own. Commerce acknowledged that significant quantities of cheaper Chi- nese HRC flow to many countries and “affect[] the whole world.” Final Results at 21; First Remand Results at 21–22 (citing a government announcement stating that Chinese excess supply is targeted toward “Korea, ASEAN, and whether substantial evidence supports Commerce’s find- ings that each of the remaining two circumstances contrib- uted to a particular market situation because Commerce explicitly relied on the presence and interaction of all five circumstances. See First Remand Results at 27. Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 15 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 15 EU”); id. at 22 (citing an article from Asian Steel Watch that states “China’s largest [steel] export destination is South Korea” but also provides data showing that many other countries receive large quantities of Chinese steel). Government control of electricity prices is a type of dis- tortion expressly contemplated by Congress, but the evi- dence is mixed on whether the Korean government is involved “to such an extent that home market prices cannot be considered to be competitively set,” H.R. Rep. No. 103- 316, vol. 1 at 822, and whether the prices are any different from what they would be in the ordinary course of trade. First Remand Results at 65 (citing a report showing that Korean electricity prices are lower than Japan’s but com- parable to median prices among all countries studied). Commerce’s countervailing duty determinations have con- sistently found that Korean electricity prices are set in ac- cordance with market principles and thus that Korean steel producers have not benefited from government in- volvement in Korean electricity pricing. E.g., POSCO v. United States, 337 F. Supp. 3d 1265, 1282–83 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2018) (upholding Commerce’s finding that the Ko- rean electricity prices were “set in accordance with market principles,” covered costs, and did not confer a benefit to the subject producers); POSCO v. United States, 353 F. Supp. 3d 1357, 1368–73 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2018) (sustaining similar findings for a period of investigation from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015); Maverick Tube Corp. v. United States, 273 F. Supp. 3d 1293, 1303–12 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2017) (sustaining similar findings for welded line pipe from Korea). Commerce has not justified its departure from those findings here. See First Remand Results at 66. We therefore affirm the trial court’s decision in NEXTEEL II that Commerce’s conclusion—“the presence of all five factors, as well as the interaction of the five fac- tors with one another, supports the finding that a [particu- lar market situation] existed in Korea during the relevant Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 16 Filed: 03/11/2022 16 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US period,” First Remand Results at 27—was not supported by substantial evidence. III. The Court of International Trade’s Reversal Remanding for the second time, the Court of Interna- tional Trade “direct[ed] Commerce to reverse its finding of a particular market situation.” NEXTEEL II, 450 F. Supp. 3d at 1343. “[T]he Court of International Trade is precluded by statute from ever outright reversing a decision by Com- merce . . . when reviewing countervailing duty and anti- dumping duty proceedings. Rather, at most it can simply remand for further consideration consistent with its deci- sion.” Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 515 F.3d 1372, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2008); 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(3). Remand is appropriate because “the record may well be enlarged” and “even if it is not, new findings and explanations by the Commission can be expected.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 345 F.3d 1379, 1380–82 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (Nippon I) (holding that the Court of International Trade exceeded its authority by re-weigh- ing the evidence and directing a particular outcome on its second remand). Even so, an open-ended remand may not be required if it would be “futile,” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (Nip- pon II), for example because the record supports only one outcome, see Nucor Corp. v. United States, 371 F. App’x 83, 90 (Fed Cir. 2010). As in Nippon I, the court issued its directed remand after one open-ended remand. NEXTEEL II, 450 F. Supp. 3d at 1343. The court reversed Commerce based on its weighing of the evidence, e.g., discounting evidence that predated the period of review, id. at 1339–42, and not be- cause the record supports only one outcome. Indeed, in view of the conflicting evidence discussed above, the record evidence does not appear to support the absence of a par- ticular market situation any more than it supports the Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 17 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 17 existence of one. Remand was thus no more futile than in Nippon I. The court exceeded its authority by directing Commerce to reach a particular outcome. On remand, Com- merce may seek to justify the particular market situation in accordance with this opinion. IV. Differential Pricing Analysis By default, Commerce calculates dumping margins by comparing averaged normal value sales to averaged export prices. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(A)(i). Commerce may in- stead use an “average-to-transaction” comparison, compar- ing averaged normal value sales to export prices of individual transactions, if it finds a “pattern” of U.S. prices that “differ significantly among purchasers, regions, or pe- riods of time.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B). To show such a “pattern,” Commerce uses its “differen- tial pricing analysis” methodology based on a statistic called “Cohen’s d.” Based on this analysis, Commerce relied on an average-to-transaction comparison here. Preliminary Results Memo at 10–11; Final Results Memo at 76. SeAH argues Commerce’s methodology was flawed be- cause Commerce relied on Cohen’s d even though the ex- press conditions for its application were not satisfied: that the data sets being compared be normally distributed, have at least 20 or more data points, and have roughly equal variances. SeAH Resp. Br. 67–68. Our recent opinion in Stupp Corp. v. United States, 5 F.4th 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2021), addressed the same argument and vacated the Court of In- ternational Trade’s decision upholding the differential pricing analysis. Id. at 1360. Because Commerce’s use of Cohen’s d here presents identical concerns to those in Stupp, 5 we vacate this portion of NEXTEEL I and remand 5 See Oral Argument at 36:28–43, 42:37–57, https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl= Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 18 Filed: 03/11/2022 18 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US to the Court of International Trade to reconsider in view of Stupp. V. Freight Revenue Cap To achieve a “fair comparison” between normal value and export price, Commerce must adjust for shipping. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a); Torrington Co. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1347, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 1995). The export price must be “reduced by . . . the amount, if any, included in such price, attributable to any additional costs, charges, or expenses, . . . which are incident to bringing the subject merchandise from the original place of shipment in the exporting coun- try to the place of delivery in the United States.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(A). Commerce starts with the amount charged to the cus- tomer for the subject merchandise and subtracts the net freight expense. Dongguan Sunrise Furniture Co. v. United States, 36 Ct. Int’l Trade 860, 893 (2012). The net freight expense is the cost of freight (“freight expense”) less the amount charged to the customer for freight (“freight reve- nue”). Id. Commerce’s “normal practice” is to cap freight revenue at freight cost. Final Results Memo at 87; see Dongguan, 36 Ct. Int’l Trade at 893. Thus, no adjustment is made if revenue exceeds freight expenses. Section 1677a(c)(2)(A) requires Commerce to make a freight adjustment but does not specify the method to cal- culate the adjustment, including whether the “costs, charges, or expenses” incident to moving the subject mer- chandise should be calculated based on net or gross ex- penses. See Dongguan, 36 Ct. Int’l Trade at 894; SeAH Resp. Br. 74–75 (conceding that the statute does not 21-1334_11042021.mp3 (counsel for SeAH acknowledging that Stupp “resolves” this issue, and counsel for the United States acknowledging that Stupp “governs” and requesting remand on this issue). Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 19 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 19 indicate how Commerce should treat separately-invoiced freight charges). Commerce has selected a methodology consistent with the statutory language, which we afford greater deference than under the Chevron framework. Fu- jitsu Gen. Ltd. v. United States, 88 F.3d 1034, 1039 (Fed. Cir. 1996). SeAH argues Commerce’s methodology is unreasona- ble because it treats profits and losses on shipping differ- ently, reducing export price when the exporter incurs a loss on shipping but not increasing export price when the ex- porter achieves a profit. SeAH Resp. Br. 75–76. This result is perhaps counterintuitive, but SeAH gives no explanation of why it is unreasonable. Commerce is not required to show that its chosen meth- odology is superior to all others. Still, the freight revenue cap has advantages over other possible methodologies. Compared to simply removing the freight revenue cap, Commerce’s interpretation ensures that the freight adjust- ment is only a downward adjustment, as the statute con- templates. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2); Dongguan, 36 Ct. Int’l Trade at 894 (“The plain language of § 1677a(c)(2) deals ex- clusively with downward adjustments to U.S. price.”). SeAH contends that it would be reasonable to deduct freight cost from the combined price for the merchandise and freight, regardless of whether the invoiced freight rev- enue was greater than the freight cost. SeAH Resp. Br. 75. But compared to this proposed method, Commerce’s method “prevents an exporter from improperly inflating its export price or [constructed export price] of a good by charging a customer more for freight than the exporter’s actual freight expenses.” Final Results Memo at 87. And Commerce’s methodology allows “a proper ‘apples-to-ap- ples’ comparison” between export price and normal value by excluding “profit earned from the sale of a service (freight) as opposed to profit earned from the sales of Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 20 Filed: 03/11/2022 20 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US subject merchandise.” United States Resp. Br. 23 (quoting Dongguan, 36 Ct. Int’l Trade at 895). SeAH also advocates disregarding separately-invoiced freight altogether and considering only the amount in- voiced for the product with no freight adjustment. SeAH Resp. Br. 75. But if separately-invoiced freight were disre- garded altogether, an exporter could improperly inflate its export prices by charging more for the merchandise and less for shipping. Such methodology could be inconsistent with the statutory language if the price for the merchan- dise were inflated in this way. The price charged for the merchandise might include an “amount . . . attributable to [freight expense],” which the agency would have to deduct under 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(A). Commerce’s freight revenue cap methodology is rea- sonable. We thus affirm the Court of International Trade’s decision upholding Commerce’s methodology. VI. Profit Cap When normal value is based on constructed value, con- structed value includes the actual profit earned by the ex- porter on its sales of the subject merchandise in the relevant comparison market. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(A). When that information is unavailable, § 1677b(e)(2)(B) provides that Commerce may calculate profit based on (i) the exporter’s profit on the same general category of products in the comparison market, (ii) the average profits earned by other exporters of the subject merchandise in the relevant comparison market, or (iii) . . . any other reasonable method, except that the amount allowed for profit may not exceed the amount normally realized by exporters or produc- ers (other than the exporter or producer described in clause (i)) in connection with the sale, for con- sumption in the foreign country, of merchandise Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 21 Filed: 03/11/2022 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US 21 that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise. Here, after justifying its departure from the other three methods, Commerce relied on “any other reasonable method” pursuant to § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). Final Results Memo at 53–54. The agency calculated profit based on SeAH’s Canadian sales of OCTG. Id. at 55. Turning to the profit cap, Commerce found that it could not directly calcu- late the profit cap described in § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii) because “[t]here is no profit information for sales in Korea of OCTG and products in the same general category on the record.” Final Results Memo at 60. Commerce ultimately relied again on SeAH’s Canadian sales as a profit cap based on “facts available.” Id. Commerce determined that these sales were the best choice for a profit cap because they are “specific to OCTG and represent[] the production experi- ence of a Korean OCTG producer in Korea.” Id. SeAH argues that Commerce’s use of SeAH’s own sales to set the profit cap is directly prohibited by the phrase “other than the exporter or producer described in clause (i)” in § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). SeAH Resp. Br. 79–80. SeAH misreads the statute. Part (iii) describes the quantity Commerce must calculate—the profits normally realized by other exporters. The language “other than the exporter or producer described in clause (i)” clarifies whose profit Commerce must calculate but does not limit the data Commerce may rely on to calculate it. As with any other quantity, Commerce may rely on facts available pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). We thus affirm the holding of the Court of Interna- tional Trade that Commerce’s application of the profit cap is lawful. CONCLUSION In summary, we agree with the Court of International Trade that substantial evidence does not support the Case: 21-1334 Document: 71 Page: 22 Filed: 03/11/2022 22 NEXTEEL CO., LTD. v. US existence of a particular market situation created by Com- merce’s five enumerated circumstances. Because we are limited to reviewing Commerce’s reasoning, we do not de- cide whether a particular market situation could be found based on any subset of the factors or other reasoning. Be- cause the Court of International Trade lacks authority to reverse Commerce, we vacate the trial court’s opinion to the extent it directs Commerce to reach a certain outcome. We vacate the Court of International Trade’s decision upholding Commerce’s differential pricing analysis for the reasons stated in our recent decision in Stupp, 5 F.4th 1341, and remand for proceedings consistent with that de- cision. We affirm the Court of International Trade’s decision upholding Commerce’s use of a freight revenue cap as a reasonable methodology to implement 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(A). We affirm the Court of International Trade’s decision upholding Commerce’s use of SeAH’s own data to calculate a profit cap as consistent with 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED COSTS No costs.