IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
January 2022 Term
FILED
_____________________ March 22, 2022
released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
No. 20-0794 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
_____________________ OF WEST VIRGINIA
CHANCELLOR SENIOR MANAGEMENT, LTD.
Defendant Below, Petitioner,
v.
LOUISE MCGRAW, by and through her Daughter,
NANCY REUSCHEL as Power of Attorney, and
CHARLOTTE RODGERS, by and through her Daughter,
LORETTA HOLCOMB as Power of Attorney,
on their own behalf and all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs Below, Respondents.
___________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Raleigh
The Honorable Andrew G. Dimlich, Judge
Civil Action No. 16-C-698-D
AFFIRMED
_________________________________________________________
Submitted: February 8, 2022
Filed: March 22, 2022
Avrum Levicoff, Esq. Debra Tedeschi Varner, Esq.
The Levicoff Law Firm, P.C. Varner & Van Volkenburg, PLLC
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Clarksburg, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner
Christa L. Collins, Esq.
Collins Law PL
St. Petersburg, Florida
Jonathan R. Mani, Esq.
Mani, Ellis & Layne, PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Martha Geron Gadd, Esq.
Elizabeth Aniskevich, Esq.
AARP Foundation
Washington, D.C.
Counsel for Respondents
JUSTICE WOOTON delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE HUTCHISON, having been disqualified, did not participate in the
decision of this case.
JUSTICE ALAN D. MOATS sitting by temporary assignment.
JUDGE BALLARD sitting by temporary assignment.
ii
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “An order denying a motion to compel arbitration is an interlocutory ruling
which is subject to immediate appeal under the collateral order doctrine.” Syl. Pt. 1, Credit
Acceptance Corp. v. Front, 231 W.Va. 518, 745 S.E.2d 556 (2013).
2. “When an appeal from an order denying a motion to dismiss and to compel
arbitration is properly before this Court, our review is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, W. Va. CVS
Pharmacy, LLC v. McDowell Pharmacy, Inc., 238 W. Va. 465, 796 S.E.2d 574 (2017).
3. “When a trial court is required to rule upon a motion to compel arbitration
pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-307 (2006), the authority of the trial
court is limited to determining the threshold issues of (1) whether a valid arbitration
agreement exists between the parties; and (2) whether the claims averred by the plaintiff
fall within the substantive scope of that arbitration agreement.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. TD
Ameritrade, Inc. v. Kaufman, 225 W. Va. 250, 692 S.E.2d 293 (2010).
4. “Nothing in the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 2, overrides normal rules
of contract interpretation.” Syl. Pt. 9, in part, Brown ex rel. Brown v. Genesis Healthcare
Corp., 228 W. Va. 646, 724 S.E.2d 250 (2011), overruled in part on other grounds by
Marmet Health Care Ctr., Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. 530 (2012).
i
5. “A valid written instrument which expresses the intent of the parties in plain
and unambiguous language is not subject to judicial construction or interpretation but will
be applied and enforced according to such intent.” Syl. Pt. 1, Cotiga Dev. Co. v. United
Fuel Gas Co., 147 W. Va. 484, 128 S.E.2d 626 (1962).
6. “It is not the right or province of a court to alter, pervert or destroy the clear
meaning and intent of the parties as expressed in unambiguous language in their written
contract or to make a new or different contract for them.” Syl. Pt. 3, Cotiga Dev. Co. v.
United Fuel Gas Co., 147 W. Va. 484, 128 S.E.2d 626 (1962).
7. “It is the safest and best mode of construction to give words, free from
ambiguity, their plain and ordinary meaning.” Syl. Pt. 4, Williams v. S. Penn Oil Co., 52
W. Va. 181, 43 S.E. 214 (1903), overruled in part on other grounds by Ramage v. S. Penn
Oil Co., 94 W. Va. 81, 118 S.E.162 (1923).
8. “Where an arbitration agreement names a forum for arbitration that is
unavailable or has failed for some reason, a court may appoint a substitute forum pursuant
to section 5 of the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 5 (1947) (2006 ed.), only if the
choice of forum is an ancillary logistical concern. Where the choice of forum is an integral
part of the agreement to arbitrate, the failure of the chosen forum will render the arbitration
agreement unenforceable.” Syl. Pt. 3, Credit Acceptance Corp. v. Front, 231 W. Va. 518,
745 S.E.2d 556 (2013).
ii
WOOTON, Justice:
The petitioner, Chancellor Senior Management, Ltd. (sometimes referred to
as “Chancellor”), appeals the order entered by the Circuit Court of Raleigh County, West
Virginia, on October 2, 2020, denying the petitioner’s motion to compel arbitration. The
petitioner’s only assignment of error is that the circuit court refused to enforce a clear and
comprehensive written agreement to arbitrate all disputes, which agreement is contained
in the “Assisted Living Residency Agreement(s) The Villages at Greystone Senior Living
Community (West Virginia)” (“Residency Agreement”) signed by the respondents Nancy
Reuschel and Loretta Holcomb on behalf of their mothers, the respondents Louise McGraw
and Charlotte Rodgers, respectively. See text infra. Upon our careful review of the briefs,
the arguments of counsel, the appendix record, the applicable law, and all other matters
before the Court, we affirm the circuit court’s decision.
I. Facts and Procedural Background
On March 27, 2013, Ms. McGraw was admitted to The Villages at Greystone
(“The Greystone”), 1 an assisted living facility located in Beckley, West Virginia. A
Residency Agreement was executed on behalf of Ms. McGraw by her daughter, Ms.
Reuschel. Likewise, on July 4, 2014, Ms. Rodgers was admitted to The Greystone under
1
On May 27, 1998, Chancellor entered into an “Agreement to Manage an Assisted
Living Community” (“Management Agreement”) with Beckley Health Partners, Ltd
(“Beckley Health”), which is the owner of The Greystone, to manage the facility.
1
a Residency Agreement executed by her daughter, Ms. Holcomb. 2 Both Residency
Agreements contained the following arbitration provision, which provided, in pertinent
part:
X. RESOLUTION OF LEGAL DISPUTES
A. NONPAYMENT OF CHARGES
Any legal controversy, dispute, disagreement or
claim of any kind arising out of, or related to this
Agreement, or the breach thereof, regarding
nonpayment by you for payments due to the
Community shall be adjudicated in a court of
law, or arbitrated if mutually agreed to by the
parties.
B. RESIDENT’S RIGHTS
Any legal controversy, dispute, disagreement or
claim arising between the parties after the
execution of this Agreement in which you or a
person on your behalf alleges a violation of any
right granted you under law shall be settled
exclusively by binding arbitration as set forth in
Section X.D. below. This provision shall not
limit in any way your right to file formal or
informal grievances with the Community or the
State of West Virginia or Federal government.
C. ALL OTHER DISPUTES
Any legal controversy, dispute, disagreement or
claim of any kind arising out of, or related to this
Agreement, or the breach thereof (other than
those actions addressed in Sections X.A. and
X.B. of this Agreement), shall be settled
exclusively by binding arbitration as set forth in
Section X.D. below. This arbitration clause is
2
Both daughters were acting under durable powers of attorney.
2
meant to apply to all controversies, disputes,
disagreements or claims including, but not
limited to, all breach of contract claims, all
negligence and malpractice claims, all tort
claims, and all allegations of fraud in the
inducement or requests for revision of the
contract.
D. CONDUCT OF BINDING ARBITRATION
You understand that by hereby agreeing to
arbitrate legal disputes means that you are
waiving your right to sue in a court of law and to
a trial by jury. You agree to arbitrate disputes by
signing this Agreement. The decision of the
arbitrator(s) shall be final and binding and may
not be appealed nor may it be stayed. The
arbitration will be conducted as follows: Any
arbitration conducted pursuant to this Section X
shall be conducted in Cabell County, West
Virginia in accordance with the American
Health Lawyers Association (“AHLA”)
Alternative Dispute Resolution Service Rules of
Procedure for Arbitration. The award rendered
by the arbitrator(s) shall be final, and judgment
on the award shall be entered in accordance with
applicable law in any court having jurisdiction
thereof. The parties understand that arbitration
proceedings are not free and that any person
requesting arbitration will be required to pay a
filing fee to AHLA and other expenses; however,
the parties agree to divide the arbitration
expenses equally. If you would like information
regarding AHLA’s Alternative Dispute
Resolution Service, you may contact AHLA at
(202) 833-1100 or Suite 600, 1025 Connecticut
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036-5405.
(Emphasis added). The AHLA “Rules of Procedure for Consumer Arbitration” (“AHLA
Rules”), applicable to claims received on or after September 15, 2019, set forth certain
3
requirements that must be met in order for a claim to be arbitrated in accordance with the
AHLA Rules. In “Section 2: Filing a Claim,” it is specified that:
2.1 Requirements
To file a claim, a party must complete and submit the claim
form on the AHLA website, pay the applicable fees listed in
Exhibit 3 and on the form, provide a statement describing the
issue(s) to be arbitrated, and either provide a copy of an
agreement to arbitrate or a court order requiring arbitration of
the claim under the Rules or cite a statute or regulation
authorizing or requiring arbitration under the Rules.
If the agreement to arbitrate was signed before the events
giving rise to the claim occurred, the agreement must:
(1) be a separate document conspicuously identified as an
agreement to arbitrate;
(2) include the following notice, or substantially similar
language, in a conspicuous location:
Voluntary Agreement to Arbitrate
THIS AGREEMENT GOVERNS IMPORTANT LEGAL
RIGHTS. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY BEFORE
SIGNING.
This is a voluntary agreement to resolve any dispute that
may arise in the future between the parties under the
American Health Lawyers Association’s Rules of
Procedure for Arbitration. In arbitration, a neutral third
party chosen by the parties issues a final, binding decision.
When parties agree to arbitrate, they waive their right to a
trial by jury and the possibility of an appeal.
(3) state conspicuously that the health care entity will
provide the same care or treatment, without delay, if the
agreement is not signed; and
(4) explicitly grant the resident or his or her representative
the right to rescind the agreement within 30 calendar
4
days of signing it (unless a state law applicable to
contracts generally grants a longer period for
revocation).
(Emphasis added).
The AHLA Rules also includes the following provision:
2.4 Hearing on Administration of Arbitration
(a) SCHEDULING. If a Consumer claims the agreement
to arbitrate fails to comply with the requirements listed
in Rule 2.1, the arbitrator, once appointed, will
promptly schedule a preliminary hearing on this issue.
The arbitrator may conduct the hearing by telephone,
by video conference, and/or by submission of briefs.
(b) DETERMINATION. Within ten (10) days after the
preliminary hearing is closed, the arbitrator will issue an
award determining whether the agreement to arbitrate
satisfies the requirements set forth in Rule 2.1. If the
arbitrator determines that the agreement does not satisfy
the requirements, the arbitrator will issue a Final
Award terminating the arbitration without prejudice to
any claims or defenses. The Final Award may order the
Health Care Entity to pay all the costs and fees of
arbitration, including the filing fee. If the arbitrator
determines the agreement satisfies the requirements, the
arbitrator will issue an interim award to that effect. Any
determination under this section not to administer the
arbitration shall not be considered a determination on
the validity of the arbitration agreement, and the parties
may arbitrate in another forum if their agreement so
provides or if they otherwise agree.
(Emphasis added).
5
On November 29, 2016, the respondents, Louise McGraw, by and through
her Daughter, Nancy Reuschel, as power of attorney, and Charlotte Rodgers, by and
through her Daughter, Loretta Holcomb, as power of attorney, on their own behalf and all
others similarly situated, filed an amended complaint 3 against the petitioner. 4 The
respondents alleged that the petitioner defrauded their respective mothers 5 by making
misrepresentations and misleading statements, and concealing material facts, all of which
led them to believe the petitioner would assess its residents’ needs and provide staffing
sufficient to meet those needs. The amended complaint alleged that the petitioner’s actions
or inactions violated the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act
(“WVCCPA”). See generally W. Va. Code §§ 46A-1-101 to -8-102 (2015 & Supp. 2021).
The petitioner answered the amended complaint 6 on January 24, 2017,
raising twenty-nine separate defenses, none of which involved a demand for arbitration.
Thereafter, the petitioner filed pleadings and motions, including a motion to amend its
amended answer, again without any mention of the arbitration provision found in the
3
The original complaint was filed on October 25, 2016.
4
The respondents filed this action as a putative class action. However, there are no
issues in regard to class action status before the Court in this appeal as a class has not yet
been certified.
5
Both Ms. McGraw and Ms. Rodgers are now deceased.
6
The circuit court’s order entered October 2, 2020, indicates that the petitioner
answered the original complaint on December 5, 2016; however, the appendix record does
not contain a copy of this answer.
6
Residency Agreements. Not until July 11, 2017, when it again sought leave to amend its
answer, did the petitioner seek to add arbitration as a defense to the respondents’ claims. 7
By order entered March 11, 2019, the circuit court allowed the amended answer to be filed.
On June 5, 2019 – more than two and one-half years after the filing of the
original complaint – the petitioner moved to compel arbitration based upon the arbitration
provision set forth in the Residency Agreements. In response thereto, the respondents filed
a “Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Concerning Arbitration of Plaintiffs’ Claims and
Memorandum of Law in Support,” seeking a determination that the arbitration provision
was invalid as a matter of law because it did not comply with the rules the petitioner
incorporated into the agreement, the application of which would result in dismissal of any
arbitration. Specifically, the respondents argued that the arbitration provision adopted the
AHLA Rules, which required that the arbitration provision: 1) be labeled as a “voluntary
agreement;” 2) be presented in a “separate document conspicuously identified as an
7
The respondents opposed the petitioner’s motion to amend its answer in regard to
arbitration, arguing that the petitioner waived that defense by failing to raise it in its initial
pleadings and actively litigating the case for six months. In support of their waiver
argument, the respondents pointed to numerous filings by the petitioner including
responding to discovery and filing a “Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, or in the
Alternative Motion for Summary Judgment” which was based on an argument that the
deceptive trade practice claims asserted by the respondents did not survive their mothers’
deaths. However, the circuit court never ruled on the waiver issue, and because the
respondents fail to assert any assigned error in regard to waiver, the issue is not properly
before the Court.
7
agreement to arbitrate;” 3) state that the provision of care is not contingent on signing the
arbitration provision; and 4) allow for revocation of the agreement for thirty days after
execution. According to the AHLA Rules, if the arbitration agreement failed to satisfy the
foregoing requirements, the arbitrator was “required to issue a Final Award terminating the
arbitration. . . .” Here, the respondents argued, the arbitration provision in the Residency
Agreements failed to comply with any of the foregoing requisite provisions of the AHLA
Rules and this failure precluded arbitration. The respondents further argued that the
provision not only requires application of the AHLA Rules but also clearly designates the
AHLA as the arbitration forum by requiring that the arbitration fee be paid to the AHLA
and directing the parties to the AHLA’s Dispute Resolution Service. In this latter regard,
the respondents contended that because the provision required the use of a particular
arbitration forum, the forum is an integral term of the agreement; and therefore, because
the forum was unavailable, the arbitration provision is invalid.
In its amended brief in support of arbitration, the petitioner argued, among
other things, that the arbitration provision did not require the AHLA to conduct or
administer the arbitration, and thus the unavailability of the AHLA to conduct the
arbitration was irrelevant. According to the petitioner, even if the provision could be read
to require that the AHLA conduct the arbitration, the unavailability of an arbitration forum
did not render the agreement to arbitrate unenforceable.
8
By order entered October 2, 2020, the circuit court found that while the
claims asserted by the respondents would otherwise be subject to arbitration, the arbitration
provision could not be enforced because it was contained in the admissions documentation,
i.e., the Residency Agreements, rather than in a separate document, and therefore the
agreement could not be enforced as written. In short, the court found that the petitioner
“made a prima facie showing of the existence of an arbitration agreement. [The
respondents], however, have met their burden of proof by demonstrating that the subject
agreement cannot be enforced as written because it does not comply with its own stated
standards.” As a result, the court denied the petitioner’s motion to compel arbitration. It is
from this order that the petitioner appeals.
II. Standard of Review
“An order denying a motion to compel arbitration is an interlocutory ruling
which is subject to immediate appeal under the collateral order doctrine.” Syl. Pt. 1, Credit
Acceptance Corp. v. Front, 231 W.Va. 518, 745 S.E.2d 556 (2013). Further, “[w]hen an
appeal from an order denying a motion to dismiss and to compel arbitration is properly
before this Court, our review is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, W. Va. CVS Pharmacy, LLC v.
McDowell Pharmacy, Inc., 238 W. Va. 465, 796 S.E.2d 574 (2017); accord Credit
Acceptance, 231 W. Va. at 525, 745 S.E.2d at 563. Under this standard of review, we
address the issue before us.
9
III. Discussion
The sole issue before this Court is whether the circuit court erred in refusing
to enforce the arbitration provision contained in the Residency Agreements. The petitioner
contends that the arbitration provision does not require the AHLA to administer the
arbitration because it only requires that the arbitration be conducted “in accordance with”
the AHLA Rules of Procedure for Consumer Arbitration. According to the petitioner, Rule
2.1 of the AHLA “only imposes certain requirements that an arbitration agreement must
meet in order for the AHLA to administer the arbitration. 8 It does not create a standard of
enforceability of the arbitration agreement.” (Footnoted added). The petitioner further
argues that the language “in accordance with” means that the requirements of Rule 2.1 are
not integrated into the arbitration agreement. Instead, pursuant to AHLA Rule 2.4(b) which
the petitioner contends was ignored by the circuit court, any determination that the
arbitration agreement does not satisfy the requirements of the Rule 2.1, “shall not be
considered a determination on the validity of the arbitration agreement, and the parties may
8
We reject the petitioner’s argument that the “[t]he drafter and parties could not have
intended that the requirements of Rule 2.1 create standards of enforceability of the
arbitration” because Rule 2.1 was not enacted by the AHLA until 2019, “well after the
subject Residency Agreements were entered into.” Significantly, the AHLA Rules
expressly provide that “[a] claim will be arbitrated in accordance with the version of these
Rules posted on the website of the American Health Lawyers Association (AHLA) on the
date a claim is filed.” Further, the petitioner’s argument was not raised before the circuit
court and expressly relies upon certain exhibits containing prior versions of the AHLA
Rules that the petitioner affixed to its petition for appeal. These exhibits constitute new
evidence and were not part of the record considered by the circuit court. In this regard, by
order entered July 15, 2021, we granted the respondents’ motion to strike exhibits attached
to the petitioner’s brief because the exhibits and this evidence, as well as the petitioner’s
arguments inextricably connected thereto, are not properly considered in this decision.
10
arbitrate in another forum if their agreement so provides or if they otherwise agree . . . .”
Thus, the petitioner claims that Rule 2.1 is not a “procedural rule” but is merely a rule
relating to the administration of arbitration. In other words, the petitioner argues that Rule
2.1 “has absolutely no bearing on the enforceability of an agreement to arbitrate, and
represents nothing more than an internal operating administrative requirement.” We
disagree.
We have held that
[w]hen a trial court is required to rule upon a motion to
compel arbitration pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, 9
U.S.C. §§ 1-307 (2006), the authority of the trial court is
limited to determining the threshold issues of (1) whether a
valid arbitration agreement exists between the parties; and (2)
whether the claims averred by the plaintiff fall within the
substantive scope of that arbitration agreement.
Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. TD Ameritrade, Inc. v. Kaufman, 225 W. Va. 250, 692 S.E.2d 293
(2010). In Certegy Check Services, Inc. v. Fuller, 241 W. Va. 701, 828 S.E.2d 89 (2019),
we recognized that “[t]he threshold issue—‘whether a valid arbitration agreement exists’—
is really two intertwined issues. First, is there an agreement? Second, if there is an
agreement, is it valid (i.e., in the sense of being enforceable)?” Id. at 704, 828 S.E.2d at
92. In this case, both parties agree that an arbitration provision exists. The issue is whether
it is a valid arbitration agreement.
In addressing the validity of the arbitration provision, it is well established
that “[s]tate law governs the determination of whether a party agreed to arbitrate a
11
particular dispute.” Brown ex rel. Brown v. Genesis Healthcare Corp., 228 W. Va. 646,
673, 724 S.E.2d 250, 277 (2011), overruled in part on other grounds, Marmet Health Care
Ctr., Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. 530 (2012). Further, “[n]othing in the Federal Arbitration
Act, 9 U.S.C. § 2, overrides normal rules of contract interpretation.” Id. at 657, 724 S.E.2d
at 261, Syl. Pt. 9, in part. Thus, “the issue of whether an arbitration agreement is a valid
contract is a matter of state contract law and capable of state judicial review.” State ex el.
Clites v. Clawges, 224 W. Va. 299, 305, 685 S.E.2d 693, 699 (2009). Arbitration
agreements are “to be treated by courts like any other contract, nothing more, and nothing
less.” Brown ex rel. Brown, 228 W. Va. at 671, 724 S.E.2d at 275.
The parties agree that the language that comprises the arbitration provision
in the Residency Agreements is clear and unambiguous. Because of this, we do not need
to interpret the arbitration provision but simply to apply it. This Court held that
[a] valid written instrument which expresses the intent
of the parties in plain and unambiguous language is not subject
to judicial construction or interpretation but will be applied and
enforced according to such intent.
....
It is not the right or province of a court to alter, pervert
or destroy the clear meaning and intent of the parties as
expressed in unambiguous language in their written contract or
to make a new or different contract for them.
Syl. Pts. 1 and 3, Cotiga Dev. Co. v. United Fuel Gas Co., 147 W. Va. 484, 128 S.E.2d
626 (1962); accord Syl. Pts. 6 and 7, Ascent Res. - Marcellus, LLC v. Huffman, 244 W. Va.
119, 851 S.E.2d 782, 788 (W.Va. 2020). “It is also well settled that the words of an
12
agreement should be given their natural and ordinary meaning, because the parties
presumably used the words in the sense in which they were generally understood.” Bennett
v. Dove, 166 W. Va. 772, 774, 277 S.E.2d 617, 619 (1981). In this regard, we previously
held that “[i]t is the safest and best mode of construction to give words, free from
ambiguity, their plain and ordinary meaning.” Syl. Pt. 4, Williams v. S. Penn Oil Co., 52
W.Va. 181, 43 S.E. 214 (1902), overruled in part on other grounds by Ramage v. S. Penn
Oil Co., 94 W. Va. 81, 118 S.E.162 (1923).
First, the language of the arbitration provision found in the Residency
Agreements provides that “[t]he arbitration will be conducted as follows: Any arbitration
conducted pursuant to this Section X shall be conducted in Cabell County, West Virginia
in accordance with the American Health Lawyers Association (“AHLA”) Alternative
Dispute Resolution Service Rules of Procedure for Arbitration.” 9 (Emphasis added). The
petitioner focuses upon the words “in accordance with” in arguing that this language
neither integrates the AHLA Rules into the arbitration agreement nor “create[s] a standard
of enforceability of the arbitration agreement.” In other words, the petitioner contends that
“[t]he plain and unambiguous language of the arbitration provision reflects only one
9
The petitioner’s argument that Rule 2.1 is merely an administrative rule and not a
procedural rule is disingenuous. Rule 2.1 is found in the AHLA’s “Rules of Procedure for
Consumer Arbitration” and there is nothing in the rule to suggest that it is purely
administrative. Instead, the language of the rule set forth supra and discussed in greater
detail infra sets forth the procedural requirements which must be met for filing a claim to
arbitrate.
13
requirement, that the arbitration be conducted ‘in accordance with’ the AHLA Rules of
Arbitration” but does not require that any of the other procedures in the AHLA Rules be
followed or that AHLA conduct the arbitration – despite express contractual language to
the contrary.
The petitioner’s logic and piecemeal selection of only certain words from
both the arbitration agreement and the AHLA Rules are both misguided and misleading.
Inasmuch as the parties agree that the arbitration provision is unambiguous, basic principles
of contract construction, see id., require us to give the phrase “in accordance with” its
ordinary meaning, which is: “in a way that agrees with or follows.” In accordance with,
Merriam-Webster, https://merriam-webster.com, (last visited February 21, 2022). Hence,
the language “in accordance with the American Health Lawyers Association (“AHLA”)
Alternative Dispute Resolution Service Rules of Procedure for Arbitration[,]” means that
the arbitration will be conducted in a way that agrees with or follows the AHLA Rules.
In this regard, pursuant to the arbitration provision found in the Residency
Agreements, an arbitration must follow or agree with AHLA Rule 2.1, “Requirements.”
This rule provides that “[i]f the agreement to arbitrate was signed before the events giving
rise to the claim occurred, the agreement must:” 1) be set forth in a separate document
conspicuously identified as an agreement to arbitrate; 2) include the express notice set forth
supra in greater detail or substantially similar language in a conspicuous location; 3)
provide conspicuously that the facility will provide the same care or treatment, without
14
delay, if the agreement is not signed; and 4) grant the resident or his or her representative
the right to rescind the agreement within thirty calendar days of signing it. Further, any
arbitration must follow Rule 2.4, which provides that “[i]f the arbitrator determines that
the agreement does not satisfy the requirements, the arbitrator will issue a Final Award
terminating the arbitration without prejudice to any claims or defenses.” (Emphasis
added).
Even a cursory examination of the arbitration provision at issue reveals that
it fails to “comply with its own stated standards” set forth in the AHLA Rules; indeed, the
arbitration provision is internally inconsistent with the requirements of Rule 2.1.
Specifically, the arbitration provision is not contained in a separate agreement as required
by Rule 2.1, but rather is buried in the Residency Agreements. Additionally, it fails to
contain any language specifying that it is a “voluntary agreement,” which is also required
by Rule 2.1. The arbitration provision further fails to advise residents that the provision of
health care is not contingent on their signing the agreement to arbitrate, and it does not
provide a thirty-day period to rescind the agreement after it has been signed. According to
Rule 2.4, if an arbitration provision fails to comport with the requirements of Rule 2.1, the
arbitrator “will issue a Final Award terminating the arbitration.” Thus, the circuit court did
not err in determining that the arbitration agreement was not valid.
Additionally, the petitioner argues that the arbitration provision’s reference
to the AHLA to the effect that the arbitration is to be conducted “in accordance with” the
15
AHLA Rules, “is merely an ancillary logistical concern and is not a forum selection integral
to the agreement to arbitrate.” The petitioner argues that “[h]ad the parties desired that the
AHLA conduct or administer the arbitration, they could have specifically stated this in the
arbitration agreement.” Conversely, the respondents argue that “selecting the AHLA as
the arbitral forum is clear and mandatory” and while the petitioner could have provided for
an alternative forum, it failed to do so.
We held the following in syllabus point three of Credit Acceptance:
Where an arbitration agreement names a forum for
arbitration that is unavailable or has failed for some reason, a
court may appoint a substitute forum pursuant to section 5 of
the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 5 (1947) (2006 ed.),
only if the choice of forum is an ancillary logistical concern.
Where the choice of forum is an integral part of the agreement
to arbitrate, the failure of the chosen forum will render the
arbitration agreement unenforceable.
231 W. Va. at 519, 745 S.E.2d at 557-58, Syl. Pt. 3 (emphasis added).
We easily dispense with the petitioner’s argument that arbitration can occur
in a forum other than the AHLA. First, and critically, even if the arbitration provision
provided a different forum for the arbitration, any non-AHLA arbitrator would be required
to apply Rule 2.1 and, as discussed supra in greater detail, the failure of the arbitration
provision to comport with the Rule 2.1 would mandate a dismissal of the arbitration.
16
Second, a review of the language of the arbitration provisions demonstrates
clearly that the parties agreed to the AHLA conducting the arbitration and made the AHLA
an integral part of the agreement, to wit:
[t]he parties understand that arbitration proceedings are not
free and that any person requesting arbitration will be required
to pay a filing fee to AHLA and other expenses; however, the
parties agree to divide the arbitration expenses equally. If you
would like information regarding AHLA’s Alternative Dispute
Resolution Service, you may contact AHLA . . . . 10
(Emphasis and footnote added). Succinctly stated, the AHLA is the only arbitrator
designated in the arbitration provision; the provision requires the parties to pay a filing fee
to the AHLA. The petitioner’s contention that the arbitration can occur in a different forum
simply is not contemplated by the arbitration provision. Therefore, the circuit court did
not err in its determination that the arbitration agreement “cannot be enforced as written
because it does not comply with its own stated standards.”
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s order denying the petitioner’s motion
to compel arbitration is affirmed.
Affirmed.
10
See also AHLA Rule 2.1 set forth supra.
17