United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 20-3046
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Scott Gustafson
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
Bi-State Development Agency of the Missouri-Illinois Metropolitan District, doing
business as Metro, doing business as Metro Transit, doing business as Metrobus,
doing business as Metrolink
Defendant - Appellee
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
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Submitted: June 17, 2021
Filed: March 28, 2022
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Before LOKEN, KELLY, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
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ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.
In this action brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42
U.S.C. § 12132, and the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, Scott Gustafson
appeals following the district court’s 1 adverse grant of summary judgment in favor
of Bi-State Development (“Bi-State”). The district court dismissed Gustafson’s
claims, finding that some of his claims and arguments were barred by the doctrine
of judicial estoppel, that his claim regarding MetroBus drivers not stopping for him
at a bus stop was barred by a previous settlement agreement between the Missouri
Commission on Human Rights (“the Commission”) and Bi-State, and his occasional
problems with MetroBus drivers do not establish a violation of the ADA. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Bi-State is a government entity that provides public rail, bus, and paratransit
services in Missouri and Illinois pursuant to an interstate compact. Gustafson has
relied on Bi-State’s fixed-route bus and rail service as his primary mode of
transportation in the St. Louis metropolitan area since 1997. Although Gustafson is
blind, he can independently use Bi-State’s public transportation system with the
assistance of his guide dog or a cane. By his own estimate, Gustafson typically used
the Bi-State bus system between 30 to 100 times, and the rail system between 20 to
50 times, in any given year.
In November 2006, Gustafson filed a complaint with the Commission alleging
Bi-State denied him access to its services in violation of the Missouri Human Rights
Act (“MHRA”). As provided by statute, the Commission commenced
administrative proceedings against Bi-State on Gustafson’s behalf. Gustafson
elected not to intervene in the proceedings, which ended in a 2011 settlement
agreement (“Agreement”) between the Commission and Bi-State. By its terms, the
Agreement signaled Bi-State’s commitment to improve access across, among other
things, its technology, fare collection, internet publications, and signage. The
Agreement purported to resolve “any and all charges, claims, suits, demands,
damages, . . . and causes of action . . . arising out of, related to or based upon any
1
The Honorable Stephen R. Clark, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
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fact(s) or event(s) which occurred on or prior to the date” of the Agreement. Even
though Gustafson refused to participate in the Agreement, he did not seek judicial
review of its terms.
Gustafson filed a second complaint with the Commission in April 2014, which
he later amended in November 2014, alleging that Bi-State bus drivers discriminated
against him based on his disability when they drove past him on three specific
occasions: December 26, 2013; June 13, 2014; and August 5, 2014 (the “drive-by
claims”). Unlike his earlier complaint, this time Gustafson sought a right-to-sue
letter, which the Commission issued on November 30, 2015.
Gustafson originally filed the instant lawsuit in the Circuit Court of the City
of St. Louis, alleging discrimination violations under the MHRA. Bi-State removed
the case to federal court after Gustafson added new claims under the ADA and the
Rehabilitation Act. The district court determined that Bi-State was not subject to the
MHRA at the time of Gustafson’s allegations and dismissed the MHRA claims.2
After Gustafson filed his Fourth Amended Complaint, Bi-State moved for judgment
on the pleadings asserting, among other things, the suit was an improper attempt to
enforce certain federal transportation regulations through a private right of action.
In response, Gustafson stated both in his brief and at the hearing that he “did not
seek to vindicate a private right of action to enforce such regulations,” but rather the
presence of any regulatory violation in the complaint was included as evidence of
intentional discrimination. The district court denied Bi-State’s motion and, based
on the assurances that Gustafson was not pursuing a private right of action under the
regulations, prohibited Gustafson from asserting such a private right of action at trial.
2
See Jordan v. Bi-State Dev. Agency, 561 S.W.3d 57 (Mo. Ct. App. 2018)
(holding Bi-State was not subject to the MHRA because of differing standard for
evaluating discrimination as compared to Illinois law). Although the MHRA has
since been amended to be consistent with the standards set forth in the Illinois
Human Rights Act, the alleged violations occurred prior to amendment and the
dismissed MHRA claims are not before us on appeal.
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In January 2020, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Bi-
State raised two primary arguments: (1) Gustafson’s claims were barred by the terms
of the Agreement; and (2) Gustafson was not denied meaningful access to Bi-State’s
services. Gustafson sought summary judgment on the issue of liability, claiming Bi-
State: (1) unlawfully discriminated against him by depriving him of meaningful
access as proscribed by both the federal statutes and regulations; and (2)
discriminated against and segregated him by failing to provide paratransit services
in a manner consistent with the statutes and regulations. Gustafson re-asserted the
drive-by claims as evidence of Bi-State’s discrimination.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Bi-State on all
claims. The court concluded that judicial estoppel barred Gustafson’s allegations
arising out of the regulations and, even in the absence of estoppel, the statutory text
did not create a private right of action to enforce those regulations. The district court
refused to consider Gustafson’s paratransit segregation claim because he did not
seek to amend the complaint to add the claim prior to summary judgment. Finally,
the district court held the drive-by claims were barred by the terms of the Agreement
and, alternatively, that summary judgment was appropriate because the drive-by
claims are insufficient as a matter of law to establish a denial of meaningful access.
Gustafson appeals.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Judicial Estoppel
We review the district court’s application of judicial estoppel for abuse of
discretion, including in the summary judgment context. Stallings v. Hussmann
Corp., 447 F.3d 1041, 1046 (8th Cir. 2006). “[W]e will not overturn a district court’s
discretionary application of the judicial estoppel doctrine ‘unless it plainly appears
that the court committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon
a weighing of the proper factors.’” Id. at 1046–47 (quoting Alternative Sys.
Concepts, Inc. v. Synopsys, Inc., 374 F.3d 23, 32 (1st Cir. 2004)).
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Whenever a party takes a position in a legal proceeding and succeeds in
maintaining that position, the doctrine of judicial estoppel operates to prevent that
party from later assuming a contrary position. Scudder v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 900
F.3d 1000, 1006 (8th Cir. 2018). We consider three non-exhaustive factors in
determining whether the doctrine is applicable: “(1) whether a party’s later position
is clearly inconsistent with its earlier position; (2) whether the party has succeeded
in persuading a court to accept that party’s earlier position, so that judicial
acceptance of an inconsistent position in a later proceeding would create the
perception that the court was misled; and (3) whether the party seeking to assert an
inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment
on the party if not estopped.” Opportunity Fin., LLC v. Kelley, 822 F.3d 451, 456
(8th Cir. 2016). In contrast, judicial estoppel does not apply when the prior position
arose out of “a good-faith mistake rather than as part of a scheme to mislead the
court.” Stallings, 447 F.3d at 1049 (quotation omitted).
On the facts of this case, all three factors weigh in favor of judicial estoppel.
First, Gustafson’s position on summary judgment is inconsistent with the position
he took on Bi-State’s motion for a judgment on the pleadings. At the November 12,
2019, motion hearing Gustafson’s counsel unequivocally stated: “The regs do not
provide a private right of action.” In his corresponding brief, Gustafson stated he
“did not seek to vindicate a private right of action to enforce such regulations.”
These statements are inconsistent with Gustafson’s subsequent position that there is
a private right of action. See United States v. Hamed, 976 F.3d 825, 829 (8th Cir.
2020).
The second factor also weighs in favor of estoppel. At the motion hearing,
Gustafson persuaded the district court that he was not pursuing a private right of
action under the federal regulations. In denying Bi-State’s motion for judgment on
the pleadings, the district court expressly accepted Gustafson’s position, stating it
had “no need to address whether Gustafson has a right to privately enforce federal
regulations.” Because the Fourth Amended Complaint alleged that Bi-State was
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liable for failing to comply with the regulations, acceptance of Gustafson’s statement
to the contrary would lead to a perception that the court had been misled.
Finally, allowing Gustafson to take an inconsistent position would give him
an unfair advantage in the litigation. Gustafson failed to object to the order on Bi-
State’s motion for judgment on the pleadings that expressly stated: “Gustafson will
not be permitted to raise at trial Bi-State’s alleged failure to comply with federal
regulations as claims pursuant to the ADA or the Rehab Act.” To later permit
Gustafson to assert a private right of action under the regulations would present an
entirely different trial for Bi-State to defend, after the close of discovery and relying
on the district court’s order indicating that these issues were off the table. We find
no abuse of discretion in applying judicial estoppel. It follows that we need not
address whether Gustafson has a private right of action under the regulations. Cf.
Segal v. Metro. Council, No. 20-3728, at 7-8 (8th Cir. 2022).
B. Meaningful Access
Gustafson next argues the district court erred when it determined his claims
were barred by the Agreement and, alternatively, granted summary judgment to Bi-
State on the merits. Even assuming the Agreement does not operate to bar
Gustafson’s claims, those claims would still fail because Gustafson cannot
demonstrate Bi-State denied him meaningful access to its services.
We review a district court’s decision on cross-motions for summary judgment
de novo. Childress v. Fox Assocs., LLC, 932 F.3d 1165, 1170 (8th Cir. 2019).
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). “We may affirm the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on any ground supported by the record.” Rossley v. Drake Univ., 979 F.3d
1184, 1186 (8th Cir. 2020) (quotation omitted).
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Title II of the ADA provides “no qualified individual with a disability shall,
by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the
benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity.” 42
U.S.C. § 12132. “[W]e construe Title II of the ADA as requiring that qualified
persons with disabilities receive meaningful access to a public entity’s services, not
merely limited participation.” Loye v. Cnty. of Dakota, 625 F.3d 494, 496 (8th Cir.
2010) (quotation omitted); see also Argenyi v. Creighton Univ., 703 F.3d 441, 449
(8th Cir. 2013) (applying “meaningful access” to the Rehabilitation Act). Cases
interpreting either the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act are “applicable and
interchangeable” because the Acts are “similar in substance.” Randolph v. Rodgers,
170 F.3d 850, 858 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting Gorman v. Bartch, 152 F.3d 907, 912
(8th Cir. 1998)). Under the meaningful access standard, services “are not required
to produce the identical result or level of achievement for handicapped and
nonhandicapped persons, but must afford handicapped persons equal opportunity to
. . . gain the same benefit.” Loye, 625 F.3d at 499 (quoting Alexander v. Choate,
469 U.S. 287, 305 (1985)).
Applying this law, meaningful access is determined at the summary judgment
stage by comparing Gustafson’s experience with the service provided to non-
disabled Bi-State riders. See Childress, 932 F.3d at 1171 (analyzing meaningful
access by comparing the experiences of hearing-impaired persons with those without
hearing impediments when a theater only provided one captioned performance per
show); Durand v. Fairview Health Servs., 902 F.3d 836, 842 (8th Cir. 2018)
(requiring courts to identify hearing-abled peer group to determine whether hearing-
impaired individuals were provided an equal opportunity to access the same
benefits). This determination “‘is inherently fact-intensive’ and ‘largely depends on
context.’” Argenyi, 703 F.3d at 449 (quoting Liese v. Indian River County Hosp.
Dist., 701 F.3d 334, 342–43 (11th Cir. 2012)).
Viewing the facts most favorably to Gustafson, he has failed to show that Bi-
State denied him meaningful access to its services. Gustafson alleges three incidents
of discrimination by Bi-State during an eight-month period, which Bi-States
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concedes constitute drive-by complaints. Gustafson estimated that he typically used
Bi-State bus and rail service between 50 to 100 times each year. However, there is
nothing in the record to indicate that Gustafson’s experiences were anything more
than “frustrating, but isolated, instances” which “do not, without more, establish a
violation of the ADA.” Midgett v. Tri-County Metro. Transp. Dist. of Oregon, 254
F.3d 846, 848 (9th Cir. 2001) (finding that four occasions of problems with
wheelchair lifts do not establish an ADA violation, or threat of future violations, in
review of preliminary injunction denial). Because Gustafson has not shown he was
denied an opportunity to access the same services as non-disabled riders,3 the district
court did not err in disposing of his claims at summary judgment.
C. Paratransit Segregation
Gustafson also contends the district court erred when it determined that he did
not seek leave to amend his complaint to add a paratransit segregation claim before
summary judgment. Gustafson asserts he sought leave to amend but the request was
denied as futile. In response, Bi-State argues we lack jurisdiction because
Gustafson’s notice of appeal did not designate the order on his motion to amend his
complaint. In his reply brief, Gustafson asserts that “all issues are within the scope
of the notice of appeal” because the designated final judgment and order granting
summary judgment “overtly take[] issue with the intertwined” order denying leave
to amend.
3
To the extent Gustafson alleges Bi-State failed to provide him meaningful
access to its signage, announcements, website, and mobile application, we need not
address those claims. An appellant’s brief must contain “a concise statement of the
case setting out the facts relevant to the issues submitted for review.” FED. R. APP.
P. 28(a)(6). “To be reviewable, an issue must be presented in the brief with some
specificity. Failure to do so can result in waiver.” Meyers v. Starke, 420 F.3d 738,
743 (8th Cir. 2005). In his brief, Gustafson identified the issue but failed to set forth
the facts and circumstances relevant to his claim sufficient for our consideration.
We therefore consider the question to be waived.
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As a prerequisite for jurisdiction, an appellant must file a notice of appeal that
“designate[s] the judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed.” Hallquist v.
United Home Loans, Inc., 715 F.3d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting FED. R. APP.
P. 3(c)(1)(B)). We have “held on numerous occasions that a notice which manifests
an appeal from a specific district court order or decision precludes an appellant from
challenging an order or decision that he or she failed to identify in the notice.”
Parkhill v. Minn. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 286 F.3d 1051, 1058 (8th Cir. 2002).
Our circuit has “a policy of liberal construction of notices of an appeal in
situations where intent is apparent and there is no prejudice to the adverse party.”
Spectra Commc’ns Group, LLC v. City of Cameron, Mo., 806 F.3d 1113, 1118 (8th
Cir. 2015). For example, an “intent to appeal” may be “apparent from the procedural
history of the case and the inclusion of the orders on the appeal information form,”
Berdella v. Delo, 972 F.2d 204, 208 (8th Cir. 1992), or when the amended complaint
expressly reserved the right to appeal the dismissal of a claim and the parties
addressed the merits in their briefs, Spectra, 806 F.3d at 1118.
Here, however, the notice of appeal expressly references only the summary
judgment order and judgment, stating “Gustafson hereby appeals to the United States
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit from the Final Judgment [ECF Nos. 143,
144] entered in this action on August 27, 2020.” The notice of appeal does not
identify the order denying Gustafson’s motion to amend his complaint for a fifth
time (i.e., Docket No. 109), and there is no apparent intent to appeal this order. The
appeal information form likewise does not mention the order denying Gustafson’s
motion to amend. Gustafson has not expressly reserved the right to appeal the denial
of his motion to amend his complaint, nor has he complied with FED. R. APP. P.
3(c)(1)(B). We lack jurisdiction to review the denial of Gustafson’s motion to
amend the complaint. Parkhill, 286 F.3d at 1059.
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III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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