UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
TEDROSE BERAKI, :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 21-1113 (RC)
:
v. : Re Document No.: 12
:
CRESCENT HOTELS AND RESORTS and :
UNITE HERE LOCAL 25, :
:
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION1
GRANTING DEFENDANT UNITE HERE LOCAL 25’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S AMENDED
COMPLAINT
I. INTRODUCTION
Unite Here Local 25 (“Defendant” or “the Union”) asks the Court to dismiss each of
Tedrose Beraki’s (“Plaintiff”) claims for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff asserts the following
four claims against the Union: (1) age discrimination under the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 623, 626; (2) violation of the Union’s duty of fair representation;
(3) vacatur of an arbitration award under the Federal Arbitration Act; and (4) violation of 29
U.S.C. § 411(a)(5), the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act. The Court grants the
Union’s motion to dismiss.
1
The Court acknowledges that the motion resolved in this opinion was brought only by
Unite Here Local 25 (“Defendant” or “the Union”) without being joined by Crescent Hotels and
Resorts (“the Hotel”), another named defendant in this action. The Hotel has not yet appeared
regarding this matter. Mot. Dismiss at 1 n.1.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Beraki was employed as a bellman at Crescent Hotels and Resorts beginning August 25,
2018. Def.’s Supp. Mot. Dismiss Am. Compl. (“Mot. Dismiss”) at 1, 3, ECF No. 12-1; Pl.’s
Am. Mot. (“Am. Compl.”) ¶ 21, ECF No. 8. The other defendant in this case, the Union, is a
labor union that represents hospitality workers, including employees of the Hotel. Mot. Dismiss
at 1. A major responsibility of the Union is to “negotiate[] a collective bargaining agreement
(‘CBA’) with the Hotel setting wages, benefits, work rules, and other conditions of
employment.” Id. The Union enforces terms of the CBA through contractual grievances and
arbitration procedures. Id.; see also Def.’s Supp. Mot. Dismiss Original Compl. Ex. A
(“Arbitration Award”) at 5, ECF No. 4-3; Def.’s Supp. Mot. Dismiss Original Compl. Ex. B
(“Collective Bargaining Agreement”) at 37–40, ECF No. 4-4.2
In March 2019, Beraki applied and interviewed for a front desk position at the Hotel; he
was subsequently denied the position in July 2019 when it was awarded to an outside applicant.
Mot. Dismiss at 3; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 26–28, 37, 41. On August 8, 2019, Beraki sent a letter to the
Union detailing CBA violations he believed the Hotel had committed in relation to his rejected
application. Mot. Dismiss at 3–4; Am. Compl. ¶ 48. On September 25, 2019, the Hotel
terminated Beraki’s employment for “insubordination, creating a hostile work environment, and
2
The Union filed two separate motions to dismiss. The first was a motion to dismiss the
original complaint. Def.’s Supp. Mot. Dismiss Original Compl., ECF No. 4-1. The second was
a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. Mot. Dismiss. The Court denied the original
motion to dismiss (ECF No. 4-1) as moot. Min. Order of Mar. 31, 2022. Therefore, the Court
resolves claims raised only in ECF No. 12-1, the motion to dismiss the amended complaint, and
not claims raised only in ECF No. 4-1, the motion to dismiss the original complaint.
Additionally, “[t]o avoid duplication of exhibits on the docket, [the Court] will cite to the docket
numbers of the exhibits already filed with [the Union’s] original motion to dismiss where
possible.” Mot. Dismiss at 3 n.2.
2
demonstrating a pattern of refusal to follow the Hotel’s policies and procedures.” Mot. Dismiss
at 4 (cleaned up); Arbitration Award at 35–36; Am. Compl. ¶ 68.
On Beraki’s behalf, the Union filed two grievances in connection with his employment at
the Hotel. Mot. Dismiss at 1. One was related to the Hotel’s termination of Beraki’s
employment in September 2019; in it, the Union grieved “that absent any prior formal discipline,
the [Hotel] lacked just cause to terminate [Beraki.]” Mot. Dismiss at 1, 4; see also Arbitration
Award at 36–37. The other grievance contended that Beraki should have been awarded a vacant
front desk agent position because he was the senior bidder. Mot. Dismiss at 1; Am. Compl. Exs.
23–24 at 155–56, ECF No. 11. The Union presented the case to a neutral arbitrator. Mot.
Dismiss at 1.
The Union succeeded in obtaining an arbitration decision to reinstate Beraki to his
previous position with full back pay and seniority rights, and the Union also succeeded in the
promotion grievance by securing a front desk agent position for Beraki. Id. On September 30,
2020, the Arbitrator required Plaintiff to execute a Last Chance Agreement (“LCA”) “to be
prepared jointly by the representatives of the Hotel and the Union.” Mot. Dismiss at 6;
Arbitration Award at 38, 47 (citation omitted); Am. Compl. ¶ 75. The Arbitrator made clear in
his order that Plaintiff’s violation of the LCA could subject Plaintiff to immediate termination.
Mot. Dismiss at 6; Arbitration Award at 38, 47; Am. Compl. ¶ 75. But Beraki refused to settle
because he did not accept the terms outlined in the Arbitrator’s LCA, which would have allowed
the Hotel to immediately terminate Beraki for any violation of the LCA. Mot. Dismiss at 6;
Arbitration Award at 38, 47; Am. Compl. ¶ 75.
Over several months following the Arbitrator’s decision, “the Union [negotiated] with the
[Hotel] over the LCA mandated by the arbitration award so that [Beraki] could be reinstated to
3
his employment.” Mot. Dismiss at 6; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 77–81. Beraki told the Union’s General
Counsel that “he would not sign the LCA because ‘there’s you, know, things I don’t agree
[with.]’”3 Mot. Dismiss at 6; Am. Compl. Ex. 25 at 162, ECF No. 11. However, the Union’s
General Counsel explained to Beraki that they “got everything we could have possibly wanted
out of it, all the backpay, the retro seniority. You’re getting the position. When they tried to
maneuver and not give you as much backpay, we beat the crap out of them on that, got every
penny.” Mot. Dismiss at 7 (internal quotation marks omitted); Am. Compl. Ex. 27 at 166, ECF
No. 11. Beyond this, the Union also succeeded in negotiating “the removal of a clause from the
LCA that could have allowed the Hotel to terminate Plaintiff for lack of work.” Mot. Dismiss at
7; Am. Compl. Ex. 27 at 169, ECF No. 11.
Although the Union was successful in supporting Beraki’s reinstatement and promotion
grievances, Beraki filed a lawsuit asserting the following four claims against the Union: (1) age
discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act; (2) violation of the Union’s
duty of fair representation; (3) vacatur of an arbitration award under the Federal Arbitration Act;
and (4) violation of 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(5), the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.
Mot. Dismiss; Am. Compl. The Union moves to dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims. Mot. Dismiss
at 2. The Union also requests sanctions against Plaintiff for submitting an allegedly “falsified
EEOC right-to-sue letter as one of the exhibits to his Amended Complaint.” Id. at 9.
3
Beraki would not sign the LCA for the following primary reasons: “(1) if he violated
any Hotel rules during the 18 months following his reinstatement, he could be immediately
discharged; and (2) in that circumstance, Plaintiff, like all employees covered by the CBA, could
only challenge the Hotel’s action through the CBA’s mandatory grievance and arbitration
procedure.” Am. Compl. Ex. 25 at 160, ECF No. 11.
4
III. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Legal Standards for Pro Se Plaintiffs
A pro se complaint is held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by
lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97,
106 (1976)). But even pro se litigants “must comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”
Jarrell v. Tisch, 656 F. Supp. 237, 239 (D.D.C. 1987). The Court need not assume the role of
advocate for a pro se plaintiff. Davis v. Kelly, 160 F.3d 917, 922 (2d Cir. 1998) (“[A] court need
not act as an advocate for pro se litigants . . . .”); Sun v. D.C. Gov’t, 133 F. Supp. 3d 155, 168 n.6
(D.D.C. 2015) (“[I]t is not the Court’s job to canvass the record for documents supporting a pro
se party’s position.”).
B. Legal Standards for Motions to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
To prevail on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a plaintiff need only provide
a “short and plain statement of the claim,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), that “give[s] the defendant fair
notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (second alteration in original) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41,
47 (1957)). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) does not test a plaintiff’s likelihood of
success on the merits, but rather “tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint” by asking whether
the plaintiff has properly stated a claim for which relief can be granted. Browning v. Clinton,
292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). In considering such a motion, the complaint must be
construed “liberally in the plaintiff’s favor with the benefit of all reasonable inferences derived
from the facts alleged.” Stewart v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 471 F.3d 169, 173 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citing
Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).
5
Nevertheless, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). This means that a
plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative
level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in
fact).” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56 (citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of
a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” are therefore insufficient to
withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal
conclusions as true, see id., nor must a court presume the veracity of legal conclusions that are
couched as factual allegations. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Additionally, “[i]f the allegations
. . . show that relief is barred by the applicable statute of limitations, the complaint is subject to
dismissal for failure to state a claim . . . .” Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007).
“In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, [the Court] may consider only
the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the
complaint and matters of which [the Court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis
Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997). In employment discrimination cases,
courts may, and often do, take judicial notice of EEOC charges and EEOC decisions. See, e.g.,
Golden v. Mgmt. & Training Corp., 319 F. Supp. 3d 358, 366 n.2 (D.D.C. 2018).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. Count I: Age Discrimination Under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act
(“ADEA”)
The Union relies on two distinct arguments in support of its motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s
ADEA claim. First, the Union argues that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his claim and instead
submitted falsified evidence of exhaustion; it therefore says that Plaintiff’s entire case should be
6
dismissed as a Rule 11 sanction. Mot. Dismiss at 11. Second, the Union argues that Plaintiff’s
ADEA claim fails to state a claim for relief. Mot. Dismiss at 15. For the following reasons, the
Court dismisses Plaintiff’s ADEA claim.
1. Exhaustion and Plaintiff’s Alleged Submission of a Falsified Right-to-Sue Letter
For a plaintiff to properly state an ADEA claim, they must exhaust administrative
remedies by attaining an EEOC right-to-sue letter. 29 U.S.C. §§ 626(d)(1), (e); see Washington
v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 160 F.3d 750, 752 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“Before suing under . . .
the ADEA[,] . . . an aggrieved party must exhaust his administrative remedies by filing a charge
of discrimination with the EEOC[.]”); McKeithan v. Boarman, 803 F. Supp. 2d 63, 67 n.3
(D.D.C. 2011). An unexhausted ADEA claim must be dismissed. See Younger v. D.C. Pub.
Schs., 60 F. Supp. 3d 130, 140–41 (D.D.C. 2014)).
Here, Plaintiff claims to have exhausted his administrative remedies by filing an “EEOC
charge against both the [H]otel and the [U]nion.” Mot. Dismiss at 16; Am. Compl. ¶ 4.
However, the Union alleges that Plaintiff submitted a falsified EEOC right-to-sue letter with his
amended complaint that differed in material respects to the EEOC right-to-sue letter first filed
with Plaintiff’s original complaint. See Mot. Dismiss at 11; compare Am. Compl. Ex. 2 at 7,
ECF No. 11; with Pl.’s Exs. Original Compl. (“Original Compl. Exs.”) at 1, ECF No. 1-1.
Specifically, the Union alleges that Plaintiff altered the EEOC right-to-sue letter submitted with
the original complaint, which referenced only a charge against the Hotel, by deleting the
reference to the Hotel such that the letter submitted with the amended complaint might be read to
demonstrate exhaustion of charges against both the Hotel and the Union.4 Mot. Dismiss at 16.
4
Despite having identical EEOC Charge Numbers, ECF No. 1-1 refers to charges against
the Hotel in the bottom left-hand corner of the document, but not to a charge against the Union.
ECF No. 11 fails to name either the Hotel or Union in the bottom left-hand corner of the
7
Plaintiff certified “[a] copy of January 19, 2021, charge letter” “under penalties of perjury that
the . . . [charge letter is] true and correct.” Am. Compl. at 2, ECF No. 11. The Court’s review of
both right-to-sue letters strongly suggests that Plaintiff did, in fact, falsify certain key aspects of
the document in an attempt to show that he exhausted his administrative remedies.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b) “applies to ‘[r]epresentations to the Court’ made in
‘presenting to the [C]ourt (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a pleading,
written motion, or other paper.” Ali v. Tolbert, 636 F.3d 622, 626 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing Fed.
R. Civ. P. 11(b)). District Courts have the inherent authority “to protect their institutional
integrity and to guard against abuses of the judicial process with contempt citations, fines,
awards of attorneys’ fees, and such other orders and sanctions as they find necessary, including
even dismissals and default judgments.” Ali, 636 F.3d at 627 (citing Shepherd v. Am. Broad.
Cos., 62 F.3d 1469, 1472 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Rule 11 sanctions under this authority require the
Court to find “by clear and convincing evidence that [a party] committed sanctionable
misconduct that is tantamount to bad faith.” Id.
Here, the Union makes a strong showing that Plaintiff submitted a falsified right-sue-
letter from the EEOC. Even so, the Court cannot so find by clear and convincing evidence on
the current record; for example, there has not been a hearing on the issue. And as explained
below, the Court grants Defendant’s motion to dismiss all claims. Because dismissal is the
principal sanction the Union requests, it is not necessary to definitively resolve the falsification
issue or to impose any sanction at this stage.
document, yet Plaintiff claims to have “filed [an] EEOC charge against both the [H]otel and the
[U]nion.” Mot. Dismiss at 12; Am. Compl. ¶ 4. Various other differences exist between the two
documents that are supposed to be identical.
8
Alternatively, the Union suggests that “the Court should at a minimum strike from the
record the falsified Exhibit 2 to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint and all allegations in the
Amended Complaint that derive from Exhibit 2, given Plaintiff’s reliance on false evidence.”
Mot. Dismiss at 14 n.10. Again, because the Court grants Defendant’s motion to dismiss in all
other respects as detailed in the following sections of this opinion, the Court finds it unnecessary
to grant this relief.
The Union’s final request on the sanctions front is for the Court to “issue a clear directive
to Plaintiff that any further submission of false evidence, attempts to mislead the tribunal,
interference with the integrity of Court proceedings, or other misconduct will result in the
dismissal of his entire case.” Mot. Dismiss at 14–15 n.10. The Court warns Plaintiff that any
attempt to submit false evidence to this Court or the Court of Appeals may result in sanctions,
including the dismissal of the case and/or appeal.
As an alternative to its request for dismissal as a sanction, the Union requests dismissal
on the merits; that is, it argues that Plaintiff fails to state an ADEA claim because he failed to file
an EEOC charge against the Union (the Union says Plaintiff filed only against the Hotel). Mot.
Dismiss at 16. Given the unanswered questions regarding the right-to-sue-letter evidence of
exhaustion, the Court declines to resolve this argument. Instead, as the Court will explain, the
Court holds that Plaintiff fails to state an ADEA claim for an independent reason: he fails to
plausibly allege that the Union engaged in any age-based discrimination.
2. Failure to Allege Age Discrimination
The Union argues that “Plaintiff’s ADEA claim fails to plausibly allege that the Union
discriminated against him on the basis of age.” Mot. Dismiss at 17 (cleaned up). Specifically,
the Union says that “Plaintiff’s ADEA claim is subject to dismissal . . . [because] he has not
9
plausibly alleged that the Union (as opposed to the Hotel) discriminated against him on the basis
of age.” Mot. Dismiss at 10. The Court agrees.
Violation of 29 U.S.C. §§ 623(c)(1) or 623(c)(3) occurs when a defendant causes, or
attempts to cause, discrimination based on age. Whether the Hotel engaged in age-
discriminatory conduct against Plaintiff is not at issue in this motion to dismiss because the Hotel
is not a party to it. See supra note 1. The Court agrees with the Union that Plaintiff’s Amended
Complaint fails to “allege that any action, or lack thereof, by the Union occurred because of his
age.” Mot. Dismiss at 17 (emphasis added). The only age-related allegations in Plaintiff’s
complaint concern two comments about his age that were both allegedly made by the Hotel’s
representatives and not the Union. Mot. Dismiss at 17; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 15, 51, 55. The first
comment was allegedly made by the General Manager of the Hotel, Jennifer Goodman, and the
second was allegedly made by the Hotel’s Human Resources Director, Tracy Mitchel. Mot.
Dismiss at 17; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 15, 51, 55. Plaintiff does not allege that the Union or any of
the Union’s employees made comments that discriminated against him on the basis of his age.
Instead, Plaintiff’s ADEA claim against the Union revolves around Plaintiff’s speculation that
the Hotel and the Union occasionally communicated, but these vague allegations do not plausibly
allege that the Union intentionally discriminated or caused discrimination against Plaintiff based
on his age. Mot. Dismiss at 17–18; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 15, 51, 55, 26, 28 n.3, 38 n.9. Similarly,
Plaintiff’s assertion that the Hotel and the Union’s actions should be attributed to one another for
purposes of his ADEA claim because the Hotel and Union have “a very cozy and underhanded
relationship” is vague, and not the kind of plausible allegation that states a claim for relief. Am.
Compl. ¶ 103. The fact that some Hotel employees also held roles as union representatives does
not lend plausibility to this allegation. See id. ¶¶ 28 n.3, 51 (noting that a Hotel employee who
10
was also a “union shop steward” overheard and laughed at another Hotel employee’s alleged
age-related comment).
B. Count II: Violation of the Union’s Duty of Fair Representation (“DFR”)
Setting aside the likelihood that some of Plaintiff’s DFR claims are time barred,5 the
Court agrees with the Union that “all of Plaintiff’s DFR claims (both timely and untimely) fail to
state a claim as a matter of law.” Mot. Dismiss at 20. Thus, Plaintiff’s DFR claims are
dismissed.6
“The DFR is an implied statutory obligation that requires labor organizations ‘to serve
the interests of all members without hostility or discrimination toward any [members], to
exercise [their] discretion with complete good faith and honesty, and to avoid arbitrary
conduct.’” Mot. Dismiss at 21 (citing Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177 (1967). “The statutory
duty of fair representation was developed [in the 1940s] in a series of cases involving alleged
racial discrimination by unions certified as exclusive bargaining representatives under the
Railway Labor Act . . . .” Vaca, 386 U.S. at 177. A breach of this duty occurs when a “union’s
conduct toward a member of the collective bargaining unit is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad
5
DFR claims are “subject to a six-month statute of limitations . . . .” Simmons v. Howard
Univ., 157 F.3d 914, 916 (D.C. Cir. 1998); see also DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 462
U.S. 151, 164–65 (1983). Plaintiff filed suit on April 19, 2021. Mot. Dismiss at 20. Therefore,
the six-month statute of limitations bars any claims based on actions taken before October 19,
2020. Id. Plaintiff’s DFR claims that relate to the Union’s actions before LCA negotiations
required by the September 30, 2020 arbitration award are barred by the six-month statute of
limitations. Id.
6
Plaintiff asserts a hybrid claim under § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (as
amended 29 U.S.C. § 185) and the duty of fair representation claim. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 96–97. A
hybrid § 301 claim involves a union member who sues their employer for breach of a CBA,
while also asserting that their union breached its duty of fair representation. See Int’l Ass’n of
Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Allied Prods. Corp., 786 F.2d 1561, 1563 (11th Cir. 1986).
Here, Plaintiff alleges that the Hotel breached its CBA with the Union, and that the Union
breached its duty of fair representation to Plaintiff. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 96–97. The § 301 claim
against the Hotel is not at issue in this opinion.
11
faith. Vaca, 386 U.S. at 190. The courts give significant deference to a union’s conduct. See
Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l v. O’Neill, 499 U.S. 65, 78 (1991).
Plaintiff argues “that the Union breached its duty of fair representation . . . to Plaintiff.”
Mot. Dismiss at 19; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 96–97. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that the Union
“breached its DFR by participating with the [H]otel on every breach of the CBA and by
committing [f]raud through the arbitration process to obtain a favorable arbitration award and
committing wire fraud to convince [P]laintiff to sign a hostile Last Chance Agreement that will
be used to fire [P]laintiff again.” Am. Compl. ¶ 96.
Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that the Union’s actions were arbitrary. In fact,
“Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint and its thirty-one exhibits . . . demonstrate that the Union went
above and beyond its obligations in satisfying its duty of fair representation to Plaintiff.” Mot.
Dismiss at 2. Specifically, the Union negotiated with the Hotel over the LCA for several
months, resulting in Beraki’s reinstatement to a front-desk agent position he desired with full
seniority and backpay. Mot. Dismiss at 6–7; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 77–81. Additionally, the Union
also succeeded in negotiating favorable terms in the LCA that resulted in “the removal of a
clause from the LCA that could have allowed the Hotel to terminate Plaintiff for lack of work.”
Mot. Dismiss at 7; Am. Compl. Ex. 27 at 169, ECF No. 11.
Even looking beyond these positive results, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly state any DFR
claims against the Union in relation to its arbitration strategy. For a DFR claim to succeed based
on the Union’s strategic decisions, Plaintiff must show “that the [U]nion acted with reckless
disregard for the employee’s rights . . . .” Bey v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 341 F. Supp.
3d 1, 24 (D.D.C. 2018)). Further, the law provides the Union with “room to make discretionary
decisions and choices, even if those judgements are ultimately wrong.” Carrington v. United
12
States, 42 F. Supp. 3d 156, 162 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, Inc.,
525 U.S. 33, 45–46 (1998)).
Despite the Union’s successes in representing Plaintiff at arbitration, Plaintiff raises
various complaints about the Union’s strategic choices throughout the arbitration. Am. Compl.
¶¶ 32 n.6, 33, 59, 74, 74 n.12. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that the Union failed to present as
evidence at the arbitration a letter in which the Plaintiff alleged that the Hotel had violated the
CBA and that the Union failed to contest certain allegations the Hotel made during the
arbitration. Id. ¶ 59. Additionally, Plaintiff argues that the Union failed to call various witnesses
to corroborate Plaintiff’s allegation that the Hotel has a “salacious” culture and that the Hotel
presented forged documents at the arbitration. Id. ¶¶ 74, 74 n.12. According to Plaintiff, the
Union colluded with the Hotel to convince Plaintiff to sign a hostile LCA that would function as
a means for the Hotel to fire Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 96.
However, strategic decisions such as whether to call witnesses, submit evidence, and
raise certain arguments are up to the Union’s discretion. See Bey, 341 F. Supp. 3d at 24–25
(holding that a union’s decision not to submit evidence during an arbitration was at most a
judgment error but not a DFR breach); Carrington, 42 F. Supp. 3d at 164–65 (holding that a
union’s decision not to investigate a removal grievance but instead to argue that timeliness had
been waived was a reasonable strategy that did not breach the DFR); Gwin v. Nat’l Marine
Eng’rs Beneficial Ass’n, 966 F. Supp. 4, 8 (D.D.C. 1997) (holding that a union’s failure to
present a witness was not a DFR breach). None of the strategic decisions Plaintiff complains
13
about rise to the level of evidencing disregard for his rights. 7 The Union did not show reckless
disregard, but rather appropriate discretion in its successful representation of Plaintiff.
Additionally, the Union’s actions were not discriminatory or made in bad faith. Plaintiff
argues “that the Union breached its DFR by ‘arranging the fake August 22, 2019, grievance
meeting’ and by taking the Hotel’s side in the grievance meeting.’” Mot. Dismiss at 24; Am.
Compl. ¶ 38. However, and as the Union correctly points out, “[t]he transcript of the August 22,
2019, grievance meeting . . . demonstrates the opposite.” Mot. Dismiss at 24; Am. Compl. Ex.
12 at 20–99, ECF No. 11.8 This transcript details the Union representative’s more than
competent advocacy for Plaintiff’s shift change and promotion grievances against the Hotel.
Mot. Dismiss at 24. Further, when the Hotel ultimately terminated Plaintiff’s employment, “the
Union promptly and successfully challenged that decision.” Id. at 25. The Union’s actions did
not “seriously undermine[] the arbitral process [or] contribute[] to the allegedly erroneous
outcome of the contractual proceedings.” Gwin, 966 F. Supp. at 7.
Plaintiff also fails to state a DFR claim with regard to additional aspects of the LCA
negotiations. Mot. Dismiss at 26. Here, “Plaintiff complains that the LCA did not include a
‘video clause’ he requested that would have related to his ability to review footage from the
7
Plaintiff also alleges that the Union failed to contest certain of the Hotel’s allegations at
arbitration in an effort to cover up a conspiracy between the Union and Hotel that was captured
on an “[A]ugust 22, 2019 audio recording.” Am. Compl. ¶ 74. At first glance, this sounds like
an allegation of bad faith. But Plaintiff attached the transcript of the August 22, 2019 recording
to the Amended Complaint, and nothing in it suggests any conspiracy between the Union and
the Hotel. Am. Compl. Ex. 12 at 20–99, ECF No. 11.
8
“In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, [the Court] may consider
only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the
complaint and matters of which [the Court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis
Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Here, the transcript is attached as an
exhibit to the amended complaint. Thus, the transcript is appropriately referenced by the Court
to determine whether Plaintiff’s amended complaint fails to state a claim for relief.
14
Hotel’s surveillance cameras in the future.” Mot. Dismiss at 27; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 81–82.
However, since a union has significant “discretion to pursue only those grievances it fairly
considers to be meritorious[,]” a breach of the DFR does not exist merely because a union settles
without obtaining all of the relief sought. Lewis v. Greyhound Lines-East, 555 F.2d 1053, 1055
(D.C. Cir. 1977). For a breach of the DFR to exist in Plaintiff’s case, he must plausibly allege
that the LCA terms negotiated between the Hotel and the Union were arbitrary or wholly
irrational, or that the Union’s actions were discriminatory, or in bad faith. O’Neill, 499 U.S. at
78; Harris v. ATU Loc. 689, 825 F. Supp. 2d 82, 87 (D.D.C. 2011). Here, the Union successfully
represented Plaintiff’s grievances by negotiating an LCA with the Hotel that resulted in
Plaintiff’s reinstatement to his previous position with full back pay and seniority rights, an award
of a front desk agent position that Plaintiff desired, and even the removal of a clause from the
LCA that could have allowed the Hotel to terminate Plaintiff for lack of work. Thus, Plaintiff’s
DFR claims are dismissed.
C. Count III: Vacatur of the Arbitration Award under the Federal Arbitration Act
(“FAA”)
Plaintiff fails to state an FAA claim. For the Court to vacate an award under the FAA,
the Union or the Hotel—and not Beraki—must file an application with the Court for being
adversely affected or aggrieved by the resulting award. 9 U.S.C. § 10. The FAA has been
strictly construed by courts “to prohibit an employee who was not a party to the arbitration from
appealing the results of the arbitration between the employee’s union and employer.” Payne v.
Giant Food, Inc., 346 F. Supp. 2d 15, 22 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Bacashihua v. U.S. Postal
Serv., 859 F.2d 402, 405 (6th Cir. 1988)).
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Here, the Hotel and the Union were the only parties to the arbitration, and not Plaintiff.
For an employee—like the Plaintiff here—to be considered a party to the arbitration, they must
show “that the [U]nion breached its duty of fair representation.” Loc. 300, NPMHU v. NPMHU,
764 F. Supp. 199, 205–07 (D.D.C. 1991) (citation omitted). As established in the foregoing
section of this opinion, Plaintiff fails to state a claim that the Union breached its DFR. Thus,
Plaintiff’s FAA claim is dismissed for lack of standing.
D. Count IV: Violation of 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(5)
Plaintiff’s 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(5) claim is dismissed for failure to state a claim. As the
Union correctly states, Plaintiff fails to plead “any facts plausibly alleging a violation of this
section of the LMRDA, which provides that, ‘[n]o member of any labor organization may be
fined, suspended, expelled, or otherwise disciplined except for nonpayment of dues by such
organization or by any officer thereof” unless the member has been given certain procedural
safeguards against disciplinary action by a union. Mot. Dismiss at 8 n.7 (quoting 29 U.S.C.
§ 411(a)(5)).
Here, “[i]n an introductory paragraph to his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff . . . asserts that
he brings an action pursuant to the [LMRDA] . . . but he does not refer to this cause of action
again.” Mot. Dismiss at 8 n.7; Am. Compl. ¶ 1. Nor, in any event, does the Amended
Complaint assert that the Union disciplined Plaintiff in any way. Because Plaintiff so briefly
gestures at a claim under 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(5), without elaboration, this claim is dismissed.
E. The Court Does Not Address Any Title VII Claim
In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff writes “that he will seek to amend” in order to bring
a Title VII claim once he receives a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC. Am. Compl. ¶ 101.
Thus, even though Plaintiff labels this Title VII discussion his “Fo[u]rth Cause of Action,” id. at
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34, there is no Title VII claim currently before the Court. The Court therefore does not address
the merits of any such claim.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Union’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint
(ECF No. 12) is GRANTED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately
and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: 04/05/2022 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge
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