IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 80996-2-I
)
Respondent, )
) DIVISION ONE
v. )
) ORDER GRANTING MOTION
JOSEPH HENRY HALL, ) FOR RECONSIDERATION,
) WITHDRAWING OPINION, AND
Appellant. ) SUBSTITUTING OPINION
)
Appellant Joseph Hall moved to reconsider the court’s opinion filed on January
10, 2022. Respondent State of Washington has filed a response. The panel has
determined that the motion for reconsideration should be granted. The opinion shall be
withdrawn and a substitute published opinion shall be filed. Now, therefore, it is hereby
ORDERED that the motion for reconsideration is granted; and it is further
ORDERED that the opinion filed on January 10, 2022 shall be withdrawn and
substituted with a new published opinion.
FOR THE COURT:
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 80996-2-I
)
Respondent, )
) DIVISION ONE
v. )
)
JOSEPH HENRY HALL, )
) PUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. )
)
MANN, J. — RCW 4.44.300 forbids a bailiff from communicating with the jury
during its deliberations, except to inquire if they have reached a verdict. The bailiff is in
a sense the “alter ego” of the judge, and improper communication between the court
and the jury is an error of constitutional dimensions impacting the right to a fair and
impartial jury. When a bailiff communicates with a jury, the trial court must examine the
remarks for “possible prejudicial impact.” If the court determines the communication
had a possible prejudicial impact, a mistrial is required.
Joseph Hall was convicted of two counts of first degree rape of a child. The trial
court declared a mistrial on two counts of first degree child molestation due to a
deadlocked jury. On appeal, Hall advances multiple arguments, including: (1) that the
trial court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial based on comments made by the
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bailiff to the jury and (2) double jeopardy precludes retrial of the two counts of first
degree child molestation. Because we cannot conclude that the bailiff’s comments did
not have a possible prejudicial impact on the verdict, we agree that the trial court erred
in denying Hall’s motion for a mistrial. Because the trial court properly exercised its
discretion in discharging the jury, however, double jeopardy does not preclude retrial of
the two counts of first degree child molestation. We reverse and remand for a new trial.
FACTS
The State charged Hall with two counts of first degree child rape and two counts
of first degree child molestation. 1 A jury trial in Snohomish County Superior Court
began on October 15, 2019. The case was submitted to the jury on October 23, 2019.
On the eighth day of deliberations, November 1, the bailiff received a question from the
jury. The bailiff described the event as follows:
So I received the juror question asking me if Juror 4 could be dismissed.
The juror stated that she was not ill but just wanted to leave, and they
asked if they could call in the alternate. I told them that if they did that,
they’d have to start over and that generally that’s not what the alternate is
for, but they told me to ask it anyway.
After the exchange, the bailiff requested the jury write its question on one of the
jury forms. The jury question stated, “Juror # 4 would like to be dismissed and an
alternate to take her place.” Then, according to the bailiff:
The jury rang again about 20 minutes later and asked what would happen
if they reached a verdict of guilty on two counts and did not answer the
other ones. I said that that is not a question I can answer, but if you want
to write it down, we can call the attorneys in. And they said that they
would wait until they heard back on the first question.
1 The issues on appeal focus on the jury deliberations. Thus, this opinion summarizes those
events only, and not the facts related to the crimes charged.
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After receiving the jury’s initial question, the trial court began a colloquy with
counsel. Defense counsel was en route to court and participated at first by telephone.
Shortly after, the trial court received a second inquiry from the jury about a verdict. The
colloquy was halted until defense counsel arrived in court. When defense counsel
arrived, the court informed the parties that it had received a second inquiry from the
jury. The notice stated, “We have a verdict on 1 and 2. Can we leave 3 and 4 blank or
hung?”
Before the court could address this question, defense counsel moved for a
mistrial based on juror misconduct over the exchange with the bailiff, as well as the
potential discussion of the case outside of deliberations. Rather than decide on the
motion, the court proposed polling the jury. Defense counsel did not object.
The court brought in the jury and instructed them that the questions asked would
require yes or no answers only. The court first asked the presiding juror, “There is an
indication that a verdict has been reached on one or more of the counts; is that
correct?” The juror answered yes. The court then asked, “Yes or no, is there a
reasonable probability of the jury reaching a verdict as to all of the counts within a
reasonable length of time,” to which the presiding juror also answered yes. The court
then asked the remaining jurors the same questions—all jurors answered yes to first; all
but two answered no to the second.
Following the polling, the jury returned to the jury room and the trial court brought
out each juror individually to ask if the bailiff’s comments about the substitution of juror 4
influenced their responses to the previous questions. All jurors answered no.
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After concluding the polling, the trial court denied Hall’s motion for mistrial. The
trial court explained that while it violated the jury’s instruction not to write questions
suggesting its verdict, the jury could still change its mind in accordance with the
instruction on the law. The court then proposed that it ask the jury if its initial request for
juror 4 to withdraw was still outstanding and, if not, that it instruct the jury to return to
deliberations.
The trial court again called in the jury and asked if the request that juror 4 be
dismissed was withdrawn. The presiding juror answered that the request was
withdrawn. The court then instructed the jury that if it had questions about how to
respond on their verdict forms, or if there is an inability to reach a verdict, they already
have instructions in their packet.
Within 10 minutes of the jury returning to deliberations, the trial court received
notice that juror 4 wanted to be excused. The court then brought in juror 4 to inquire
into the reason they wanted to be excused. The following exchange occurred:
THE COURT: . . . I am going to try and ask some questions to
understand why you would like to be excused. So I am going to try to ask
this in a series of yes/no questions, and if I don’t get to the right question, I
will ask you to identify that I still have not gotten to the right place. Okay?
So are you asking to be excused because you are unable to
continue as a juror in this case because of other obligations or something
else that’s a responsibility of yours outside [of] this courthouse?
JUROR 4: No.
THE COURT: Okay. Are you asking to be excused because of the
deliberations themselves, either the questions you are being called to
answer as a juror in this case or just the process of deliberations?
JUROR 4: If I understand your question then, yes.
THE COURT: So what do you think my question is asking?
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JUROR 4: I am asking to be excused because the charges that we
are deliberating are difficult for me.
THE COURT: Is that the nature or is that the basis for your request
or—
JUROR 4: Deep down it is. Am I allowed to talk right now?
THE COURT: I guess I am—I want to be very careful in part
because it is essential that your remarks not reveal to any of us the
deliberations that the jury has been engaged in now. Today is day eight of
jury deliberations, so it is evident that the jury has been committed to this
process for an extended period of time. Does the length of the
deliberations have anything to do with your request to be excused?
JUROR 4: No. I think I could answer about it. I am just terrified of
making the wrong call. Like—
THE COURT: All right.
JUROR 4: —it’s a lot of responsibility and a lot of weight.
THE COURT: Anything else you think we should know?
JUROR 4: It’s really hard to be in a room with 11 other people all
day long.
THE COURT: Anything else?
JUROR 4: (Juror 4 nodded.)
THE COURT: Do you feel that at this point in time your—you have
been able to fulfill your role as a juror in accordance with the Court’s
instructions in the law?
JUROR 4: Have I done it so far?
THE COURT: Yes.
JUROR 4: Yeah.
The parties had no questions and juror 4 returned to the jury room.
Defense counsel again expressed her concerns that juror 4 may be hastened or
coerced. The court declined to dismiss juror 4 and, instead, concluded that under CrR
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6.10 it would direct the jury to return the decisions that they had made at that point and
to declare mistrial as to any counts that they had not yet agreed on “whatever that
agreement [was].” The court expressed that it did not know whether the jury could do it
that day or when the courthouse opened the following Monday. The court delivered
final instructions to the jury:
THE COURT: Please be seated. Members of the jury, I asked you
all to be brought in because I am going to give you an instruction at this
point in the case. The information that I have received by—from the
questions I have asked you indicates that the jury should be directed to
return whatever verdict you have reached on the counts that you have
addressed and that a mistrial should be declared as to any counts you
have not been able to unanimously address. I know you don’t have the
materials with you in this department’s jury room, so those will be brought
to you. I am not telling you that you need to do that at this moment in
time, but the courthouse will be open for a while longer this evening, and
then it will be open again on Monday. Does that make sense? It does not
make sense? Okay. So the presiding juror is shaking her head.
There is a process that the Court follows when it appears that the
jury will not be able to reach a unanimous decision as to any or all counts
in a case. There are many factors that a judge in my position weighs
when considering that question, and here I have concluded that the
deliberations, which have been ongoing for eight days. You have been a
responsible and conscientious jury in terms of arriving promptly every
morning, starting your deliberations by about 9:30, deliberating through
the lunch period and well into the afternoon, usually leaving about 3:00 or
3:30 each afternoon. It demonstrates to the Court that collectively you
have extended considerable effort to address all of the issues that have
been put before you.
At this time I am—based on your earlier declaration that you have
reached a verdict as to one or more counts, I am indicating that it is a
time—this is the time to reflect that on the verdict form or verdict forms
and that as to the other matters that you have not been able to address
unanimously, the Court is prepared to discharge you from further service
in this case. Does that make sense now? Juror No. 9, the presiding juror
is shaking her head. Does that make sense to the rest of you?
I am going to excuse you to our closest jury room, which is the one
in the courtroom at this time. If you feel more comfortable back in the jury
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No. 80996-2-I/7
room where you have been deliberating today, you may certainly go there.
That is entirely up to you. Please rise for the jury.
Fourteen minutes after this instruction, the jury returned a verdict finding Hall
guilty of two counts of first degree child rape and returned blank verdict forms for two
counts of first degree child molestation. The court declared a mistrial on the two counts
of first degree child molestation. Following the verdict, Hall moved for a new trial,
relying in part on declarations of jurors 4 and 12. The trial court denied the motion for a
new trial.
The trial court imposed an indeterminate cumulative sentence for both first
degree child rape convictions of 160 months to life, imposed several conditions of
community custody, and required Hall to pay community custody supervision fees.
Hall appeals.
ANALYSIS
A. Bailiff’s Communications
Hall argues that the bailiff’s communication to the jury had a possible prejudicial
impact requiring reversal and a new trial. We agree.
RCW 4.44.300 forbids a bailiff from communicating with the jury during its
deliberations, except to inquire if they have reached a verdict. The statute was
“designed to insulate the jury from out-of-court communications that may prejudice their
verdict.” State v. Crowell, 92 Wn.2d 143, 147, 594 P.2d 905 (1979). The bailiff is in a
sense the “alter ego” of the judge, and improper communication between the court and
the jury is an error of constitutional dimensions impacting the right to a fair and impartial
jury. State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d 389, 407, 945 P.2d 1120 (1997).
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We review a trial court’s order granting or denying a new trial motion for an
abuse of discretion. Crowell, 92 Wn.2d at 145. A stronger showing of an abuse of
discretion is needed to set aside an order granting a new trial than, as here, one
denying a new trial. Crowell, 92 Wn.2d at 146.
In ruling on a motion for mistrial based on communications between the bailiff
and jury, “the trial court simply should have ‘attempt[ed] to discover what was said [by
the bailiff] and examine the remarks for their possible prejudicial impact.’” Crowell, 92
Wn.2d at 147 (emphasis omitted) (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Christensen,
17 Wn. App. 922, 926, 567 P.2d 654 (1977)). 2 The jurors should not be “questioned as
to whether they were influenced by the conversation with the bailiff, and their opinions
on that subject cannot be considered by the court in determining whether the alleged
conduct was prejudicial.” Crowell, 92 Wn.2d at 146-47. “[N]either the trial court nor we
can consider a juror’s statements as to whether the conversation with the bailiff
influenced the jury; such effects inhere in the verdict and cannot be used to impeach it.”
Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 925-26 (emphasis omitted).
Christensen is informative. There, Division Two considered several interactions
between the bailiff and jury. On the first, the jury foreperson requested a transcript of
the trial proceeding or, alternatively, a reading of the record. The bailiff properly
informed the jury that the request could not be met. Next, the foreperson requested
“clarification on the legal points of [the jury’s] instructions to see if [it] could get them a
little bit clearer.” Rather than relaying the request to the judge, the bailiff advised the
2 Contrary to the State’s assertion, the truthfulness of the bailiff’s statements do not foreclose
them from having a possible prejudicial impact. See Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 924-25 (holding that the
bailiff’s comments about the impracticability of reconvening court to consider its questions hastened the
jury’s verdict).
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jury that such a clarification would involve reconvening all of the courtroom principals—a
procedure that could take hours—and that the court “‘didn’t like to do it because of the
time factor involved.’” Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 925. The foreperson later asked
what would happen if the jury could not return verdicts on all counts, to which the bailiff
responded the defendant “‘would have to be retried on anything [that the jury] couldn’t
reach a verdict on.’” Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 925.
After hearing argument, the Christensen trial court determined that the bailiff’s
comments had been made after the jury had reached the verdict on the substantive
crimes thereby rendering a mistrial unnecessary. Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 925.
Division Two reversed, holding that “[a]fter review of the entire record, we cannot say
that we do not have any reasonable doubt that the bailiff’s remarks had no prejudicial
effect on the jury.” Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 926.
The State argues that Christensen is inapposite because juror 4 asked to be
excused despite the bailiff’s comment and, thus, the jury’s actions would have been the
same regardless of the interaction with the bailiff. The State further points out that the
trial court polled the jurors after they returned their verdict and all, including juror 4,
confirmed that they agreed with the verdict.
The State’s argument, however, ignores the trial time line. After 8 days of
deliberations, a mere 20 minutes elapsed between the jury being informed that if juror 4
were excused they would have to start all over and the jury reaching a verdict. The
jury’s actions imply potential prejudice that is perhaps more severe than that in
Christensen, where the jury continued deliberations for an extended time despite the
bailiff’s remarks. It is at least possible that the bailiff’s comments resulted in juror 4
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being pressured to reach a verdict. Consistent with Christensen, examining the record
as a whole “we cannot say that we do not have any reasonable doubt that the bailiff’s
remarks had no prejudicial effect on the jury.” 3 Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 926.
B. Double Jeopardy
Hall argues that double jeopardy precludes retrial of the two counts of first
degree child molestation. We disagree.
If a trial court “precipitously discharges the jury without disclosing an adequate
basis for such discharge, a retrial will be denied on the basis of double jeopardy.” State
v. McCullum, 28 Wn. App. 145, 150-51, 622 P.2d 873 (1981), rev’d on other grounds,
98 Wn.2d 484, 656 P.2d 1064 (1983). We accord great deference to a trial court’s
decision to declare a jury deadlocked and thus a mistrial. State v. Jones, 97 Wn.2d
159, 163-64, 641 P.2d 708 (1982) (quoting Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 510,
98 S. Ct. 824, 54 L. Ed. 2d 717 (1978)). In making its decision, the trial court principally
considers “the length of time the jury had been deliberating in light of the length of the
trial and the volume and complexity of the evidence.” State v. Taylor, 109 Wn.2d 438,
443, 745 P.2d 510 (1987). The court may also consider any progress in the
deliberations. Taylor, 109 W.2d at 443.
To explain its decision to declare a mistrial, the trial court stated:
Let me express more fully on the record than I have that my decision to
declare a mistrial as to whatever count or counts that have not yet
reached a unanimous verdict on is founded on several factors. First, they
have been deliberating for many days and conscientiously by all
appearances. The fact that two of the jurors when polled indicated that
they didn’t believe that the jury could reach a verdict on all counts within a
reasonable length of time indicates at least some concern that that is true.
3 While the trial court polled the jury to determine whether the bailiff’s remarks influenced their
verdict, that inquiry was improper and inheres in the verdict. We will not consider the inquiry on appeal.
Christensen, 17 Wn. App. at 925-26.
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But persuasively the fact that Juror No. 4 would simply like to be excused,
and I think her words were she is terrified of making the wrong decision
indicates to the Court that, indeed, to direct the jury to go back and
continue deliberations could produce a verdict that is not a reflection of a
freely given decision by all jurors. And, accordingly, it is appropriate to
declare a mistrial as to any counts that has not been decided unanimously
by the jury. So I will be in recess until we hear further from the jury or
some other matter comes up.
Here, the trial court provided an adequate explanation regarding its decision to
discharge the jury on the two counts of first degree child molestation. The jury had
deliberated for eight days, had reported that it was hung on the two molestation counts
and, when it was questioned whether it could reach a verdict on all counts, two jurors
replied that they could not. Further, juror 4 renewed her request for excusal, citing the
difficulty that she was having in making a decision and being in the jury room with
eleven people for such an extended period of time. Thus, the declaration of a mistrial
was proper and double jeopardy does not preclude retrial of the two counts of first
degree child molestation.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
WE CONCUR:
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State Of Washington, V. Joseph Henry Hall
Combined Opinion