Case: 20-60850 Document: 00516316655 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/12/2022
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
May 12, 2022
No. 20-60850
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Nahomy Paola Santos-Garcia,
Petitioner,
versus
Merrick Garland, U.S. Attorney General,
Respondent.
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Agency No. A206 312 143
Before Willett, Engelhardt, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
Nahomy Paola Santos-Garcia, a native and citizen of Honduras,
petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals’s (BIA) decision
denying her appeal of an immigration judge’s (IJ) denial of her application
for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention
Against Torture (CAT). Santos-Garcia contends that the IJ erred by finding
*
Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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No. 20-60850
that (1) she failed to demonstrate a nexus between alleged persecution and
her membership in a particular social group, and (2) she failed to establish
that it was more likely than not that she would be tortured if repatriated.
“While we typically only review the final decision of the BIA, when
the IJ’s ruling plays into the BIA’s decision, as it does in this case, we review
both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions.” Parada-Orellana v. Garland, 21
F.4th 887, 893 (5th Cir. 2022). We review findings of fact, including the
denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection, for
substantial evidence. Zhang v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 339, 344 (5th Cir. 2005).
Under this standard, “[t]he alien must show that the evidence was so
compelling that no reasonable factfinder could conclude against it.” Wang v.
Holder, 569 F.3d 531, 537 (5th Cir. 2009).
For Santos-Garcia to be eligible for asylum, she must show, inter alia,
that she is unable or unwilling to return to her country “because of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of”
membership in a particular social group. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
Persecution is “a sustained, systematic effort to target an individual on the
basis of a protected ground.” Gjetani v. Barr, 968 F.3d 393, 397 (5th Cir.
2020). Santos-Garcia must establish a nexus between her membership in a
particular social group and her persecution. See § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); Sealed
Petitioner v. Sealed Respondent, 829 F.3d 379, 383 (5th Cir. 2016).
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that there was
not a sufficient nexus between any past persecution or fear of future
persecution based on Santos-Garcia’s membership in a particular social
group. 1 Santos-Garcia asserted membership in three particular social groups:
1
Santos-Garcia may have waived the nexus issue by failing to raise any meaningful
challenge to the IJ’s and BIA’s nexus finding in her opening brief. See Roy v. City of
Monroe, 950 F.3d 245, 251 (5th Cir. 2020) (“Failure adequately to brief an issue on appeal
2
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(1) the “[s]ubset of nuclear Santos-Garcia family” that was persecuted by a
Honduran gang because Santos-Garcia’s father would not pay the gang’s
extortion fees; (2) Honduran women whose family members have been
murdered by gangs and who refused to pay gang extortion fees owed by their
dead relatives; and (3) the “[s]ubset of [n]uclear Santos-Garcia family” who
were targeted by gangs due to their relationship with Santos-Garcia’s father.
The IJ held that none of the three social groups was cognizable because each
was “defined in large part by the perceived harm to the individual” and thus
was “insufficiently particular” or “socially distinct.” The BIA affirmed the
IJ’s holding but did not address Santos-Garcia’s proposed particular social
groups. Instead, the BIA reasoned that Santos-Garcia failed to demonstrate
a nexus between past persecution or fear of future persecution and her
membership in a particular social group.
We agree with the BIA. Notably, Santos-Garcia testified that she was
never personally threatened or harmed by a gang, and the only time her family
was threatened or harmed by gang members was when they failed to pay an
extortion fee. She also testified that most Hondurans were indiscriminately
subject to extortion fees and violence by gangs. In other words, even
assuming Santos-Garcia alleged membership in a cognizable particular social
group, she did not present evidence that compels the conclusion that she has
been, or will be, persecuted because of her membership in that particular
social group. See Wang, 569 F.3d at 537; Zhang, 432 F.3d at 344. Her asylum
claim therefore fails.
constitutes waiver of that argument.” (quoting Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 376
F.3d 496, 499 n.1 (5th Cir. 2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted)). She fails to point
to any record evidence or case law indicating that she established the requisite nexus
between past persecution, or fear of future persecution, and her membership in a particular
social group. Even if she did not waive this argument, Santos-Garcia’s argument
nonetheless fails on the merits, as discussed above the line.
3
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Eligibility for withholding of removal bears a higher burden than
eligibility for asylum. To sustain her claim for withholding of removal,
Santos-Garcia must show a “clear probability” of persecution on account of
a protected ground. Revencu v. Sessions, 895 F.3d 396, 402 (5th Cir. 2018)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Because Santos-Garcia has
not met her burden of demonstrating eligibility for asylum, she necessarily
fails to meet the higher burden for withholding of removal. Thus, we
conclude that the BIA’s dismissal of Santos-Garcia’s appeal of this claim was
not erroneous.
Finally, Santos-Garcia challenges the conclusion that she was not
eligible for CAT relief. Eligibility for protection under the CAT requires an
alien to show “that it is more likely than not that . . . she would be tortured if
removed to the proposed country of removal.” Efe v. Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899,
907 (5th Cir. 2002) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)). The IJ and BIA
must consider “all evidence relevant to the possibility of future torture.”
Arulnanthy v. Garland, 17 F.4th 586, 597 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(c)(3)(i)).
Ordinarily, we review denial of a CAT claim under the substantial
evidence standard. Zhang, 432 F.3d at 344. But here, as Santos-Garcia
correctly asserts, there is no indication that the IJ and BIA considered the
evidence she offered regarding the general country conditions in Honduras.
Notwithstanding, even if the IJ and BIA erred by not expressly considering
the evidence, we may uphold the BIA’s decision if there is “no realistic
possibility that” the BIA’s decision would have been different absent the
error. Maniar v. Garland, 998 F.3d 235, 240 (5th Cir. 2021).
The evidence Santos-Garcia presents regarding the general conditions
in Honduras does not lead us to conclude that there is a “realistic possibility”
that the BIA would have found it is more likely than not that Santos-Garcia
4
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No. 20-60850
faces torture upon return. As mentioned above, Santos-Garcia testified that
she had never been harmed or threatened by Honduran gangs. Moreover,
even though her evidence suggests that organized criminal gangs commit
“significant” amounts of violent crime, including torture, and that the
Honduran criminal justice system is corrupt, the evidence also highlights the
Honduran government’s concentrated efforts to remedy these problems. In
short, we find “no realistic possibility” that the BIA’s decision would have
been different if it had considered Santos-Garcia’s evidence detailing the
conditions in Honduras. Maniar, 998 F.3d at 240.
PETITION DENIED.
5