Filed 5/12/22 Dominguez v. Costco Wholesale Corp. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
MARTY DOMINGUEZ,
Plaintiff and Appellant, E076064
v. (Super.Ct.No. CIVDS1815784)
COSTCO WHOLESALE OPINION
CORPORATION et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Thomas S. Garza,
Judge. Reversed.
Koshkaryan Law Group, Ara Saroian; Law Office of Maximilian Lee and
Maximilian Lee for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Neil, Dymott, Frank, McCabe & Hudson, Hugh A. McCabe, Dane J. Bitterlin, and
Trevor G. Moran, for Defendants and Respondents.
Plaintiff and appellant Marty Dominguez slipped and fell in a store, and he sued
the store and one of its employees. The trial court granted summary judgment to the
defendants. On appeal, Dominguez contends that there are triable issues of material fact
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as to whether the store had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition that
injured him, and whether the store took reasonable care in keeping its premises free of
dangerous conditions. We agree that triable issues of material fact preclude summary
judgment, so we reverse the judgment.
BACKGROUND
Dominguez alleges injuries from a slip and fall in the food court of a warehouse
store owned by defendant and respondent Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco). On
June 25, 2016, Dominguez was shopping at Costco. Defendant and respondent Kent
Waller is a Costco employee—apparently a manager of the store, though our record does
not elucidate his role in the events at issue. Neither party has argued, however, that for
our purposes Waller’s involvement needs to be considered separately from that of his
employer.
Around 3:30 p.m., Dominguez was carrying food that he had purchased at the food
court to a table when he slipped in a puddle of water and fell. The water had apparently
leaked from a fountain drink ice machine located about three or four feet from the fall.
According to Dominguez, after he fell, a young woman wearing a Costco badge, who had
been mopping the area near the ice machine while Dominguez was in line getting food,
commented “‘it’s leaking again’” or “this thing is still leaking” (Dominguez’s account of
the woman’s exact words varied slightly during his deposition). Dominguez looked
under the ice machine and observed “condensation from the evaporator [of the ice
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machine] just dripping down on the floor.” Water was dripping from the edge of the
machine, missing a drain by about four inches, and flowing in a trail about an inch wide
into a pool about six inches wide, located about four feet from the machine. The Costco
employee mopped up the water, though the floor remained wet. She also placed a cone
after Dominguez’s wife “yelled at her and told her to put up something” to warn others
about the wet floor.
Dominguez brought suit, alleging premises liability arising from negligence.
Costco and Waller sought summary judgment, arguing that Dominguez could not show
they had actual or constructive notice of any dangerous condition, and that reasonable
inspections of the floor had been conducted. The motion was supported in part by the
declaration of the general manager of the store, who stated that floor walk inspections of
the entire store, “specifically looking for any safety concerns,” are conducted “every hour
through the 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. range.” A store employee, Jaimie Canono, declared that on
the date in question she had conducted a “floor walk” inspection starting at 3:00 p.m. and
ending at 3:20 p.m. Canono declared that her “custom and practice” was to inspect the
food court at the end of a floor walk, as she went to get a “Food Court Cooler
temperature reading.” Based on her “custom and practice,” she “would have inspected
the Food Court for any dangerous conditions or hazards,” and she would have noted them
on her report and taken action to resolve them, if there had been any. Costco infers from
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Dominguez was able to identify the “evaporator” from experience working on
automotive air conditioners.
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this evidence that the food court was free of dangerous conditions “only fifteen minutes
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prior to the alleged time of incident.”
In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Dominguez submitted an
expert report from a forensic engineer, Mark Burns, who inspected the location of
Dominguez’s fall. Burns opined that “Costco fell below the standard of care by failing to
install mats or slip-resistant floor surface within [the] food court to provide a reasonably
safe walking surface for patrons.” He further opined that Costco should have applied a
slip-resistant epoxy to the floor of the food court, as it “routinely” does in restrooms, to
make the floor less slippery when wet, and thus “virtually eliminate the possibility of a
slip and fall event occurring at a relatively minimal cost.” Burns concluded that the ice
machine and the area near it was “in an unsafe condition at the time of the incident” due
to a floor surface that was “unreasonably slippery” when wet, combined with “the
presence of condensation” and “leakage” from the ice machine and “lack of proper
drainage in a high-risk environment.”
The trial court overruled Dominguez’s various evidentiary objections and granted
the motion for summary judgment.
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Apparently, the fifteen minutes is derived from the interval between the time
Canono reportedly finished her floor inspection and the time of 3:35 p.m., stated on an
incident report signed by Dominguez shortly after his fall. But the form does not indicate
whether 3:35 p.m. was the time he signed the incident report, or the time that the incident
took place. For present purposes, however, we need not resolve this ambiguity.
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DISCUSSION
A court may grant summary judgment only if there is no triable issue of material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter of law. (Code
Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) A defendant moving for summary judgment must show
one or more elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action cannot be established or there is a
complete defense. (Id. at subd. (p)(2).) The defendant can satisfy its burden by
presenting evidence negating an element of the cause of action or evidence the plaintiff
does not possess and cannot reasonably expect to obtain to establish an essential element.
(Miller v. Department of Corrections (2005) 36 Cal.4th 446, 460.) If the defendant meets
this burden, the burden shifts to plaintiff to present evidence creating a triable issue of
material fact. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(2).)
“On appeal from the granting of a motion for summary judgment, we examine the
record de novo, liberally construing the evidence in support of the party opposing
summary judgment and resolving doubts concerning the evidence in favor of that party.”
(Miller v. Department of Corrections, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 460.)
“[A] store owner is not an insurer of the safety of its patrons.” (Ortega v. Kmart
Corp. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1200, 1205 (Ortega).) A customer injured by a dangerous
condition in a store may recover damages against the owner only if the owner was
somehow negligent. (Id. at p. 1205.) This is true no matter whether a claim is framed as
negligence or premises liability. (Kesner v. Superior Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1158
[noting elements for both claims “are the same”].)
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The store owner was negligent if it failed to “exercise reasonable care in keeping
the premises reasonably safe.” (Ortega, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 1205.) This duty is
breached if the owner “had [actual or constructive] notice of the [dangerous condition] in
sufficient time to correct it” or warn about it. (Id. at p. 1206.) It is not enough just to
show that a dangerous condition existed and the plaintiff was injured by it. (Howard v.
Omni Hotels Management Corp. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 403, 432.)
Constructive notice of a dangerous condition may arise from a store owner’s
“failure to inspect the premises within a reasonable period of time.” (Ortega, supra, 26
Cal.4th at p. 1203.) Failure to inspect may create an “inference that the defective
condition existed long enough for a reasonable person exercising ordinary care” to have
discovered it, tending to show the owner breached its duty of care. (Ibid.) What
constitutes a reasonable period of time depends on the “unique circumstances” of each
case. (Id. at p. 1207; see Louie v. Hagstrom’s Food Stores Inc. (1947) 81 Cal.App.2d
601, 608 [“The exact time the condition must exist before it should, in the exercise of
reasonable care, have been discovered and remedied, cannot be fixed, because, obviously,
it varies according to the circumstances”].)
Importantly, however, the decision of whether to apply the “failure to inspect”
inference described in Ortega is necessary only “[i]f the plaintiff has no evidence of the
source of the dangerous condition or the length of time it existed.” (Ortega, supra, 26
Cal.4th at p. 1203.) When the dangerous condition was created by the defendant or its
employees, “the invitee need not prove the owner’s notice or knowledge of the dangerous
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condition; the knowledge is imputed to the owner.” (Sanders v. MacFarlane’s Candies
(1953) 119 Cal.App.2d 497, 501 (Sanders); see Hatfield v. Levy Bros. (1941) 18 Cal.2d
798, 806 (Hatfield) [“Where the dangerous or defective condition of the property which
causes the injury has been created by reason of the negligence of the owner of the
property or [its] employee acting within the scope of the employment, the owner of the
property cannot be permitted to assert that [it] had no notice or knowledge of the
defective or dangerous condition . . . Under such circumstances knowledge thereof is
imputed to [the owner]”].)
Here, there is some evidence that the wet floor that Dominguez slipped on was the
product of negligence by Costco or a Costco employee. It was undisputed in the
summary judgment briefing that the water that Dominguez slipped on came from
Costco’s ice machine and not, say, from a drink dropped by another customer.
Dominguez testified in his deposition that he observed a Costco employee mopping in the
area of the ice machine while he was getting his food. After Dominguez fell, he observed
water continuing to drip from the ice machine and pool where he had slipped. And he
heard the Costco employee who had been mopping remark “‘it’s leaking again’” or “this
thing is still leaking.” Although other inferences are possible, it would be reasonable for
a jury to conclude from this evidence that at least one Costco employee was aware of
water dripping from the ice machine in the minutes before Dominguez fell, and she
negligently failed to resolve the problem, as she could have done by containing and
cleaning up the leaking water or by warning customers away from the area. Under
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Sanders and Hatfield, that is enough to show a triable issue of material fact regarding
Costco’s imputed knowledge of the dangerous condition in sufficient time to correct it or
warn about it.
We would reach the same conclusion if we considered the evidence under
Ortega’s framework, looking to whether Costco had constructive notice of the dangerous
condition, arising from failure to inspect the premises within a reasonable period of time.
Dominguez’s fall may have taken place as late as 3:35 p.m. Canono conducted her
inspection of the store between 3:00 and 3:20 p.m. A jury could reasonably choose to
discount Canono’s assertion that she would have walked through the food court toward
the end of that period, based as it was on her “custom and practice” rather than memory
of the specific inspection. Thus, the evidence is reasonably interpreted to support the
conclusion that the food court was inspected sometime between 15 and 35 minutes before
Dominguez fell. In Ortega, there was evidence that the defendant store had not inspected
the premises for a similar period of time, “at least 15 to 30 minutes (and possibly up to
two hours)” before the plaintiff slipped in spilled milk. (Ortega, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p.
1210.) Ortega ruled on that evidence that a jury would have to decide whether, under the
circumstances, that period of time was unreasonably long, giving rise to an inference that
the dangerous condition existed long enough for the owner to have discovered and
remedied it in the exercise of reasonable care. (Id. at p. 1213.) Although our Supreme
Court emphasized that “[e]ach accident must be viewed in light of its own unique
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circumstances” (id. at p. 1207), we see no distinction between Ortega’s facts and the
facts of this case that would support a different result at this stage.
In support of a different conclusion, Costco and Waller emphasize several
unpublished federal district court orders applying a rule of thumb that 30 minutes or
longer between inspection and accident is required for a plaintiff to survive summary
judgment. (See Cardoza v. Target Corp. (C.D. Cal. June 22, 2018, No. CV 17-2232-
MWF (RAOx)) 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117106, at *8 [“As a general proposition,
California courts apply a 30-minute threshold for submitting questions of actual notice to
a jury-i.e., if there is undisputed evidence that an active inspection of the relevant area
occurred less than 30 minutes before the accident, summary judgment in favor of the
store owner is appropriate; if not, the question should be resolved by a jury”]; Alacan v.
Target Corp. (C.D. Cal. June 26, 2015, No. CV 14-04564-AB (VBKx)) 2015 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 178484, at *10 [“nothing less than thirty minutes between the last inspection and
a plaintiff’s fall has been held to raise a genuine dispute of material fact or sufficient to
uphold a plaintiff’s verdict”]; Eidem v. Target Corp. (C.D. Cal. Aug. 24, 2011, No.
EDCV 10-01000 VAP (DTBx)) 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95544, at *25 [“While the
California courts have not set forth a specific time period that constitutes adequate care,
the relevant cases all concern time periods of a half hour or longer between inspection
and accident”].) This line of reasoning was persuasive to the trial court here. It is not
persuasive to us, even as a description of the rule applied by federal cases applying
California law. (See, e.g., Ruiz v. Walmart Inc. (C.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2021, No. CV 20-
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01129 (RAOx)) 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 49761, at * 17 [declining to find as matter of law
that defendant “could not have been on constructive notice if it had conducted an
inspection of the area 23 minutes prior to the fall”]; Contreras v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
(C.D. Cal. May 8, 2015, No. SACV 14-0973-DOC (ANx)) 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
182114, at * 20 [denying summary judgment where inspection occurred 13 minutes
before accident]; Sorenson v. Target Corp. (N.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2013, No. 12-cv-04025-
JCS) 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 173221, at * 24 [“Whether twenty-one minutes is a
reasonable amount of time for Target to not conduct a reasonable inspection is a question
for a jury”].) It is no more accurate a description of California state court authority.
(Ortega, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 1207 [observing that “[w]hether a dangerous condition
has existed long enough for a reasonably prudent person to have discovered it is a
question of fact for the jury, and the cases do not impose exact time limitations”;
affirming denial of summary judgment where time between inspection and accident could
have been as little as 15 minutes]; Sapp v. W.T. Grant Co. (1959) 172 Cal.App.2d 89, 94
[“Was a 20-minute interval between inspections of the aisles commensurate with the
exercise of ordinary care by defendant? This is a question that was properly left with the
jury to decide”]; Girvetz v. Boys’ Market, Inc. (1949) 91 Cal.App.2d 827, 831-832
[finding one and a half minutes without inspection “too short a period” to give rise to
liability, but commenting that “the presence of a condition such as was shown in the
circumstances of this case [a banana or banana peel on the floor of a grocery store] for as
long as ten or fifteen minutes would in all probability be held to justify submitting the
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cause to the jury”]; see also Ortega, supra, at pp. 1206, 1208 [discussing Girvetz and
Sapp with approval].)
In our view, therefore, even if the evidence firmly established that there was no
more than 15 minutes between Canono’s inspection and Dominguez’s fall (as discussed
above, the evidence is not so clear) we would find there to be questions of material fact
regarding both actual and constructive notice of the alleged dangerous condition, and thus
whether Costco and its employees acted with reasonable care, that preclude summary
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judgment.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. Dominguez is awarded costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAPHAEL
J.
We concur:
McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
FIELDS
J.
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In light of our reasoning and conclusion here, we need not address the parties’
dispute regarding the significance or lack thereof of Burns’s expert opinions.
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