Filed 5/17/22
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
KIUMARS SOLEIMANY et al., B304644
Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC663036)
v.
MOSTAFA NARIMANZADEH
et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County, Monica Bachner, Judge. Reversed in part and Remanded.
Salisian & Lee, Richard H. Lee, Glenn Coffman and H. Han Pai
for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Leo Fasen for Defendants and Respondents.
INTRODUCTION
Under California law, if a promissory note evidencing a loan
stipulates a usurious rate of interest—that is, a rate in violation of the
limits set by article XV, section 1 of the California Constitution—the
interest provision is void, and the principal sum is deemed due at
maturity of the note without interest (meaning that any interest paid is
applied against the principal so as to reduce the principal obligation
owed). However, if any of the principal amount is unpaid at the date of
maturity, the lender is entitled to damages in the form of prejudgment
interest on any such unpaid amount from the date of maturity of the
loan to the date of judgment. The appropriate rate of prejudgment
interest is determined by the law applicable to contracts that do not
stipulate a legal rate of interest.1
In this case, in 2008, defendant Mostafa Narimanzadeh borrowed
$350,000 from plaintiffs Kiumars and Shanaz “Suzy” Soleimany
(husband and wife). The loan was documented by a promissory note
which was secured by a deed of trust on real property belonging to
defendant Narimanzadeh. In 2009, defendant Fariba Atighehchi
borrowed $150,000 from plaintiff Shanaz Soleimany. The loan was
documented by a promissory note signed by defendant Atighehchi; the
note was not secured by a deed of trust on real property.
In a court trial on plaintiffs’ action against defendants for breach
of the obligation to repay the loans, the trial court voided the usurious
1 If a contract stipulates a legal rate of interest, that rate is the
applicable prejudgment rate. (Civ. Code, § 3289, subd. (a).)
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interest rate on both notes and deemed the principal sum of the notes
due at maturity. Any interest paid by defendants up to maturity would
be applied against the principal of the loans to determine if, in fact, any
principal remained due at the date of maturity.
Civil Code section 3289, subdivision (b) provides that if a contract
“entered into after January 1, 1986, does not stipulate a legal rate of
interest, the obligation shall bear interest at a rate of 10 percent per
annum after a breach.” (Civ. Code, § 3289, subd. (b), italics added.) But
subdivision (b) excludes from its coverage any “note secured by a deed of
trust on real property.” Based on Civil Code section 3289, subdivision
(b), for the 2009 loan, which was not secured by a deed of trust on real
property, the trial court fixed the prejudgment interest rate on any
unpaid principal at 10 percent. On the 2008 loan, however, the court
ruled that Civil Code section 3289, subdivision (b) did not apply,
because the promissory note was secured by a deed of trust on real
property, and therefore plaintiffs were entitled to no prejudgment
interest on any principal due at the date of maturity on that loan.
Based on the calculations compelled by these rulings, the evidence
showed that defendants had in fact overpaid the loans. Therefore, the
court concluded that plaintiffs had not proved any damages, granted
defendants’ motion for judgment (erroneously styled by defendants as a
motion for directed verdict; see Code Civ. Proc., § 631.8), and awarded
attorney fees and costs to the defendants as prevailing parties.
In this appeal by plaintiffs, we hold that even though Civil Code
section 3289, subdivision (b) does not apply to the 2008 loan because it
was secured by a deed of trust on real property, the plaintiffs were
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nonetheless entitled to prejudgment interest on the unpaid principal at
the date of maturity at the rate of 7 percent, the default rate of
prejudgment interest provided in article XV, section 1 of the California
Constitution, which applies except when a statute provides otherwise.
Therefore, we reverse the judgment in part and the award of attorney
fees and costs and remand the matter to the trial court.
We direct the trial court on remand to conduct further trial
proceedings on plaintiffs’ potential damages, in which the parties may
present evidence as to whether, using a prejudgment interest rate of 7
percent against any amounts of unpaid principal at the date of
maturity, plaintiffs incurred any damages with respect to the 2008 loan.
In light of such evidence, the trial court shall enter a new judgment as
appropriate. Further, in light of the new judgment, the court shall
reconsider as appropriate which parties (if any) are prevailing parties,
and the amount of attorney fees and costs to which any such prevailing
parties are entitled.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The relevant factual and procedural background in this case is
undisputed. On September 23, 2008, defendant Narimanzadeh
borrowed $350,000 from plaintiffs Kiumars and Shanaz Soleimany.
The loan was documented by a promissory note secured by a deed of
trust on defendant Narimanzadeh’s specified real property located on
Chantilly Road in Los Angeles. According to the note, defendant
Narimanzadeh promised to repay the principal amount, plus interest at
a rate of 16 percent per annum, by March 1, 2009.
4
On January 14, 2009, defendant Atighehchi borrowed $150,000
from plaintiff Shanaz Soleimany.2 The loan was documented by a
promissory note, in which defendant Atighehchi agreed to repay the
principal amount, plus interest at a rate of 16 percent per annum, by
February 14, 2009, or if extended, by March 14, 2009. It was not
secured by a deed of trust on real property.
Defendants failed to pay off their respective loans by the 2009
dates of maturity. However, they continued to make payments on the
loans through October 30, 2015, and at some point (the record is not
clear), started paying interest at the rate of 10 percent (instead of 16
percent). The parties agreed defendants paid plaintiffs $601,568.96 but
did not distinguish between the two loans.
On November 14, 2017, plaintiffs filed the operative, first
amended complaint against defendants.3 As to the 2008 loan, plaintiffs
alleged breach of written loan agreement against defendant
Narimanzadeh, and sought judicial foreclosure against Narimanzadeh’s
real property securing the loan. As to the 2009 loan, plaintiffs alleged
breach of written loan agreement against defendant Atighehchi.
Defendants conceded breach of the written loan agreements by not
paying the principal on the loans by the date of maturity, but raised as
2 Pinkberry “Sunset and Fuller Location,” not a party to this appeal, was
also named as a borrower. Atighehchi was a 50 percent shareholder and
president of Pinkberry “Sunset and Fuller Location,” located on W. Sunset
Boulevard in Los Angeles.
3 Plaintiffs also named various entities not here relevant.
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an affirmative defense that the 16 percent interest rate on the loans
was void as usurious.
Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation, the matter was tried to the
court in two phases. In the first phase, the court considered defendants’
usury affirmative defense, and, assuming the 16 percent interest rate
was usurious, the rate of prejudgment interest, if any, the law would
apply to any unpaid principal on the loans.
After extensive briefing and testimony by plaintiffs and
defendants (the contents of which are not relevant on appeal), the trial
court issued its final statement of decision in this phase on March 4,
2019. In a ruling not in issue on appeal, the court found that the
interest rate of 16 percent on both loans was void as usurious, exceeding
the 10 percent maximum permissible rate under Article XV, section 1 of
the California Constitution.4 Therefore, the loans were to be treated as
if they did not specify an interest rate, and the principal (without such
interest) was deemed due at maturity. Any usurious interest paid on
the notes was to be applied against the principal to determine if any
principal amounts were still unpaid.
With respect to the issue of prejudgment interest on the principal
due to which the law entitled plaintiffs, the court applied Civil Code
4 As here relevant, on loans not primarily for personal, family or
household purposes, the California Constitution permits parties to contract
for interest not to exceed the higher of 10 percent per annum or 5 percent
over the amount charged by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco on
advances to member banks on the 25th day of the month before the loan.
(Cal Const., art. XV, § 1, subd. 2.) In the pertinent time periods here, the
higher of these two rates was 10 percent.
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section 3289, subdivision (b) to the 2009 loan, as it was not secured by a
deed of trust on real property.5 Thus, the court determined that
prejudgment interest at the legal rate of 10 percent would be due on the
unpaid principal at the date of maturity. However, because Civil Code
section 3289, subdivision (b) did not apply to the 2008 loan, which was
secured by a deed of trust on defendant Narimanzadeh’s real property,
the court ruled that plaintiffs were not entitled to prejudgment interest
on that loan.
Thereafter, the court conducted the second phase of the trial to
determine whether, based on its ruling in the first phase, plaintiffs were
owed any sums as damages in addition to what defendants had already
paid on their respective loans. Plaintiffs called one witness, Winnes
Wong, CPA. In calculating the prejudgment interest due on the
amounts of the unpaid principal from the date of maturity of both loans
(the measure of plaintiffs’ damages), Ms. Wong applied a prejudgment
interest rate of 10 percent to both loans, even though the trial court had
determined in the first phase that such prejudgment interest applied
only to the 2009 loan. Ms. Wong conceded that if no prejudgment
interest was attributed to the unpaid principal on the 2008 loan (as was
5 Civil Code section 3289 provides in full:
“(a) Any legal rate of interest stipulated by a contract remains
chargeable after a breach thereof, as before, until the contract is superseded
by a verdict or other new obligation.
“(b) If a contract entered into after January 1, 1986, does not stipulate
a legal rate of interest, the obligation shall bear interest at a rate of 10
percent per annum after a breach.
“For the purposes of this subdivision, the term contract shall not
include a note secured by a deed of trust on real property.”
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compelled by the court’s ruling in the first phase), there would be an
overpayment by defendants of $84,914 on the two loans combined.
On such evidence, defendants orally moved for a directed verdict,
based on plaintiffs’ failure to establish damages. The trial court
construed defendant’s motion as a motion for judgment pursuant to
Code of Civil Procedure section 631.8 and granted the motion. On
December 17, 2019, the court issued its tentative decision, which
became the final statement of decision, in which it found that plaintiffs
had failed to establish damages.
On January 13, 2020, defendants filed a motion for attorney fees
and costs as prevailing parties. (Civ. Code, § 1717; Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 1033.5.) On February 24, 2020, the court entered judgment pursuant
to its statements of decisions issued on March 4, 2019 and December 17,
2019, under which plaintiffs took nothing by their operative complaint
against defendants and defendants recovered from plaintiffs their costs
of suit and attorney fees in amounts to be determined by the court. On
February 28, 2020, plaintiffs timely appealed from the judgment. On
August 20, 2020, the court granted defendants motion for attorney fees
and costs in a reduced amount of $61,862.65, reflecting $59,780 in
attorney fees and $2,082.65 in costs.
DISCUSSION
As we have noted, plaintiffs do not challenge the trial court’s
ruling that the 16 percent interest rate on both loans was usurious and
that each note was payable at maturity without the specified interest.
Further, they do not challenge the court’s ruling applying the 10
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percent rate of prejudgment interest of Civil Code section 3289,
subdivision (b) to the 2009 loan. However, as to the 2008 loan, they
contend that they are entitled to prejudgment interest of 10 percent
under article XV, section 1 of the California Constitution. As we have
observed (see fn. 4, ante) on loans not primarily for personal, family or
household purposes, the California Constitution permits parties to
contract for interest not to exceed the higher of 10 percent per annum or
5 percent over the amount charged by the Federal Reserve Bank of San
Francisco on advances to member banks on the 25th day of the month
before the loan. (Cal Const., art. XV, § 1, subd. 2.) In the pertinent
time periods here, the higher of these two rates was 10 percent.
We agree that plaintiffs are entitled to prejudgment interest on
the unpaid principal of the 2008 loan, but not at the rate of 10 percent
to which the parties could have contracted under article XV, section 1,
but rather at a rate of 7 percent (calculated from the date of maturity of
the loan), which is the default prejudgment interest rate set by article
XV, section 1 except as provided by statute. Accordingly, we reverse the
judgment in part, and remand the matter to the trial court to reassess
damages (if any) in light of our holding.
A. Prejudgment Interest on 2008 Loan
Because the 16 percent interest rate on the 2008 and 2009 loans
exceeded the constitutional maximum, the interest provisions were void
and the notes were properly treated as if they called for no interest.
(Green v. Future Two (1986) 179 Cal.App.3d 738, 744.) Despite the
specified void interest rate established by the notes, plaintiffs were still
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entitled to prejudgment interest as provided by law on any unpaid
principal at maturity.
In Epstein v. Frank (1981) 125 Cal.App.3d 111, 117, the plaintiffs
filed an action to collect on promissory notes. The trial court found that
certain notes were usurious and denied the plaintiffs any interest on
those notes. On appeal, the plaintiffs claimed they were “entitled to
interest at the legal rate by way of damages for wrongful retention of
the principal of the notes from the time of maturity to the date of
judgment.” (Id. at pp. 117–118.) The court of appeal agreed, reasoning
that when a note purports to charge a usurious interest rate, the
interest provision is rendered void. However, a usurious rate provision
does “not affect the right of the payee to recover the principal amount of
the note when due.” (Id. at p. 123.) The note effectively becomes “a
note payable at maturity without interest.” (Ibid.) While the usurious
interest rate prevents recovery of interest that accrues before the note
matures, the court concluded that if a note becomes overdue, “interest is
awarded in the nature of damages for the retention of the principal
amount of the note and not by virtue of any provision in the note.”
(Ibid.) The court explained that “[t]he denial of interest up until the
maturity of the note is a sufficient deterrent against the exacting of
usurious interest” and that “it is neither unjust nor contrary to policy”
to charge prejudgment interest against a borrower who has improperly
withheld payment. (Ibid.; see also Green v. Future Two, supra, 179
Cal.App.3d at p. 744 [citing Epstein to award prejudgment interest at
the constitutional rate of 7 percent per annum on usurious note]; Mark
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McDowell Corporation v. LSM 128 (1989) 214 Cal.App.3d 1427, 1432
[awarding 10 percent per annum prejudgment interest on usurious
note, citing Civ. Code, § 3289, subd. (b) and Epstein], abrogated on other
grounds by Southwest Concrete Products v. Gosh Construction Corp.
(1990) 51 Cal.3d 701, 704, 706–709; 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law
(11th ed. 2021) Contracts, § 469, p. 495.)
Civil Code section 3289 provides rules for prejudgment interest
rates applicable to breaches of contract. If the contract specifies a legal
rate of interest, a court will apply that rate “after a breach [of contract]
until the contract is superseded by a verdict or other new obligation.”
(Civ. Code, § 3289, subd. (a).) If a contract does not stipulate a legal
rate of interest, a 10 percent per annum interest rate applies in the
event of a breach. (Id., subd. (b).) However, “the term contract shall
not include a note secured by a deed of trust on real property.” (Civ.
Code, § 3289, italics added.) In the present case, as the trial court
correctly concluded, the 10 percent prejudgment interest rate of Civil
Code section 3289, subdivision (b) applied to the 2009 loan, which was
not secured by a deed of trust, but not to the 2008 loan, which was. But
the inapplicability of Civil Code 3289, subdivision (b) to the 2008 loan
does not mean that plaintiffs were entitled to no prejudgment interest
on any principal due at the date of maturity.
Besides permitting parties in certain situations to contract for a
higher rate of interest, article XV, section 1 provides a default
prejudgment interest rate of 7 percent per annum. It states in relevant
part: “The rate of interest upon the loan or forbearance of any money,
goods, or things in action, or on accounts after demand, shall be 7
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percent per annum but it shall be competent for the parties to any loan
or forbearance of any money, goods or things in action to contract in
writing for a [different] rate of interest” as specified. (Italics added; see
Pro Value Properties, Inc. v. Quality Loan Service Corp. (2009) 170
Cal.App.4th 579, 582 [“the California Constitution provides for
prejudgment interest at 7 percent per annum”]; accord, Children’s
Hospital & Medical Center v. Bontá (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 740, 774–
775.) “‘Absent a statutory provision specifically governing the type of
claim at issue, the prejudgment interest rate is 7 percent under article
XV, section 1 of the California Constitution.’ (Bullock v. Philip Morris
USA, Inc. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 543, 573.)” (Cussler v. Crusader
Entertainment, LLC (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 356, 369–370; Michelson v.
Hamada (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1566, 1585.) Thus, although no case
(until now) has so held, as observed by a leading treatise, “[f]or a note
secured by a deed of trust on real property, in the absence of a rate
specified in the contract, the [prejudgment] rate will be seven percent.”
(11 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate (4th ed. 2021) § 37:3, p. 37-13, fn.
10.)
Plaintiffs’ contention that the applicable interest rate is 10
percent per annum is without merit. The constitutional provision
merely allows parties to “contract in writing for a rate of interest” up to
10 percent. Absent such a specified legal contract rate (and a
promissory note with a void usurious rate is treated as having no rate
specified), the default prejudgment interest rate remains at 7 percent,
unless otherwise provided by statute. (Cal. Const., art. XV, § 1.) We
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therefore conclude that the trial court erred in not applying
prejudgment interest of 7 percent per annum to the 2008 loan, from the
date of maturity to judgment. We reverse the judgment in that respect
and remand the matter to the trial court. We direct the trial court to
conduct further trial proceedings on plaintiffs’ potential damages, in
which the parties may present evidence as to whether, using a
prejudgment interest rate of 7 percent against any amounts of unpaid
principal at the date of maturity, plaintiffs incurred any damages with
respect to the 2008 loan. In light of such evidence, the trial court shall
enter a new judgment as appropriate.
B. Attorney Fees and Costs
Defendants filed, and the trial court granted, a motion for
attorney fees and costs on the ground that defendants were the
prevailing parties. (Civ. Code, § 1717; Code Civ. Proc., § 1033.5.)
Because we reverse the judgment in part and remand for further
proceedings that may change the parties’ financial obligations under
the judgment, we also reverse the trial court’s ruling on attorney fees
and remand the matter for a new prevailing party determination and
award of fees and costs as appropriate. (See Ghirardo v. Antonioli
(1994) 8 Cal.4th 791, 808–809 [reversing damages award and
remanding for reconsideration of prevailing party issue]; Zagami, Inc. v.
James A. Crone, Inc. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1083, 1097 [same];
Cisneros v. U.D. Registry, Inc. (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 548, 576–577
[same].)
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DISPOSITION
We reverse the judgment in part, and the order awarding attorney
fees to defendants. We remand the matter to the trial court. On
remand, the trial court shall conduct further trial proceedings on
plaintiffs’ potential damages, in which the parties may present evidence
as to whether, using a prejudgment interest rate of 7 percent against
any amounts of unpaid principal at the date of maturity, plaintiffs
incurred any damages with respect to the 2008 loan. In light of such
evidence, the trial court shall enter a new judgment as appropriate.
Further, in light of the new judgment, the court shall reconsider as
appropriate which parties (if any) are prevailing parties, and the
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amount of attorney fees and costs to which any such prevailing parties
are entitled.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
WILLHITE, J.
We concur:
MANELLA, P. J.
CURREY, J.
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