Firebirds International, LLC v. Zurich American Insurance Co.

2022 IL App (1st) 210558

FIRST DISTRICT
SIXTH DIVISION
May 20, 2022

No. 1-21-0558

FIREBIRDS INTERNATIONAL, LLC, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 2020 CH 05360
)
ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE )
COMPANY, ) Honorable
) Michael T. Mullen,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Mikva and Oden Johnson concurred with the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff, Firebirds International, LLC (Firebirds), appeals the trial court’s dismissal of its

breach of contract complaint against defendant, Zurich American Insurance Company (Zurich)

pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2018)). On

appeal, Firebirds contends (1) the trial court erred in finding that the contamination exclusion in

Zurich’s policy applied to loss or damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) the trial

court erroneously denied Firebirds an opportunity to amend its complaint. For the following

reasons, we affirm.

¶2 I. JURISDICTION

¶3 The trial court dismissed Firebirds’ complaint with prejudice on April 19, 2021. Firebirds

filed a notice of appeal on May 14, 2021. Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and Rule 303 (eff. July 1, 2017), governing

appeals from final judgments entered below.
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¶4 II. BACKGROUND

¶5 The following facts are substantially taken from the trial court’s memorandum opinion

and order. Firebirds owns more than 50 wood fired grill restaurants in 19 states. On January 21,

2020, the United States reported its first case of COVID-19. The parties acknowledge that COVID-

19 is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus (hereinafter referred to as “COVID-19 virus”).

¶6 In order to curb the spread of COVID-19, the government in each of those 19 states issued

orders prohibiting restaurants from offering dine-in service. Firebirds’ restaurants also incurred

additional expenses to clean, sanitize, repair, alter, and modify the premises in order to keep their

employees and patrons safe. Measures taken included professional-grade deep cleaning,

installation of plexiglass dividers and hands-free sanitizing stations, and removal of tables and

chairs in order to maintain six feet of separation between customers. Firebirds alleged that the

actual presence of the virus in its restaurants caused property loss or damage. Also, as a result of

the pandemic, Firebirds’ restaurants have had their “gross revenues destroyed.”

¶7 At the time, Firebirds possessed two identical, all-risk commercial property insurance

policies issued by Zurich. These policies insured “against direct physical loss of or damage caused

by a Covered Cause of Loss to Covered Property, *** subject to the terms, conditions and

exclusions stated in “the policies.” 1

¶8 Firebirds submitted a claim under the policies, seeking coverage for the significant losses

incurred by their restaurants. Zurich, however, denied Firebirds’ claim because the COVID-19 did

1
Since the two policies at issue are identical, we will refer to the terms in Zurich’s EDGE policy
number ERP 0191571-03, with an effective policy period of March 30, 2019, to March 30, 2020. The
other policy had an effective policy period of March 30, 2020, to March 30, 2021.

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not constitute a “direct physical loss or damage to property.” Zurich also denied coverage based

on the contamination exclusion contained in the policies.

¶9 Firebirds thereafter filed a six-count, amended complaint alleging breach of contract. In

the complaint, Firebird alleged that the “actual presence” of the virus constituted physical loss or

damage. The first three counts alleged (1) Zurich breached the policies’ time element provision,

where “COVID-19 caused direct physical loss and damage to Firebirds’ insured properties,” thus

necessitating the suspension of operations at the restaurants; (2) Zurich breached the civil authority

provision where government orders in response to COVID-19 restricted Firebirds’ access to its

properties; and (3) Zurich breached the protection and preservation provision where Firebirds

incurred costs and suffered gross earnings losses to protect its property in the presence of COVID-

19. In counts IV, V, and VI, Firebirds sought a declaratory judgment on each of the claims that the

losses it sustained due to the COVID-19 pandemic are covered under the Zurich policies.

¶ 10 Zurich filed a section 2-615 motion to dismiss the complaint. Zurich argued that “[i]t is

plain from the face of Firebirds’ complaint that it seeks coverage exclusively for losses that

resulted from the presence of the COVID-19 virus, and Firebirds’ claims fall squarely within the

Policies’ Contamination Exclusion.” The exclusion states:

“This policy excludes the following unless it results from direct physical loss or

damage not excluded by this Policy.

Contamination, and any cost due to Contamination including the inability to use or

occupy property or any cost of making property safe or suitable for use or occupancy,

except as provided by the Radioactive Contamination Coverage of this Policy.”

The policy defines “contamination” as:

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“Contamination (Contaminated)—Any condition of property due to the actual

presence of any foreign substance, impurity, pollutant, hazardous material, poison, toxin,

pathogen or pathogenic organism, bacteria, virus, disease causing or illness causing agent,

Fungus, mold or mildew.”

¶ 11 The trial court found the contamination exclusion to be clear and unambiguous. The

provision excludes coverage for contamination, defined as “[a]ny condition of property due to the

actual presence of any *** virus.” The court concluded that under the plain terms of the provision,

“any loss caused by a virus and any cost attributed to a virus are excluded from coverage.” The

parties do not contest that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. The court considered Firebirds’

arguments, but it found that “[t]he factual scenario in this case is the exact type anticipated by the

exclusion. The applicability of the exclusion is free from doubt.” It granted Zurich’s motion to

dismiss with prejudice, and Firebirds filed this appeal.

¶ 12 III. ANALYSIS

¶ 13 The sole issue in this appeal is whether the trial court properly dismissed Firebirds’

complaint based on the contamination exclusion in Zurich’s policies. A section 2-615 motion to

dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint based on defects apparent on its face. City

of Chicago v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351, 364 (2004). In reviewing the sufficiency of a

complaint, we take as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences drawn from those

facts. Ferguson v. City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d 94, 96-97 (2004). A section 2-615 motion to dismiss

should not be granted unless it is clear that no set of facts can be proved that would entitle the

plaintiff to recovery. Canel v. Topinka, 212 Ill. 2d 311, 318 (2004). We review the trial court’s

order granting a section 2-615 motion de novo. Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill. 2d 223, 228 (2003).

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¶ 14 In their amended complaint, Firebirds alleged that the actual presence of COVID-19 in

their properties constituted physical loss or damage. The complaint further alleged that the

presence of COVID-19 rendered their properties unusable and unsafe for operation as restaurants.

Firebirds contends that Zurich’s policies provided coverage for such property damage and business

interruption losses, and the trial court erred in dismissing the complaint.

¶ 15 The policies at issue are two all-risk commercial property insurance policies. “ ‘Generally,

an “all risk” insurance policy creates a special type of coverage extending to risks not usually

covered under other insurance, *** unless the policy contains a specific provision expressly

excluding the loss from coverage.’ ” Board of Education of Maine Township High School Dist.

207 v. International Insurance Co., 292 Ill. App. 3d 14, 17 (1997) (quoting Sentinel Management

Co. v. New Hampshire Insurance Co., 563 N.W.2d 296, 299 (Minn. Ct. App. 1997)). In dismissing

Firebirds’ complaint, the trial court determined that Zurich’s policies explicitly excluded damage

or loss resulting from contamination, which is defined as “[a]ny condition of property due to the

actual presence of *** [a] virus.”

¶ 16 Firebirds argues, however, that attached to the policies are 31 separate amendatory

endorsements, each with a different state named in its title. The first page of each endorsement

states: “THIS ENDORSEMENT CHANGES THE POLICY. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY.”

Of interest here is the “Amendatory Endorsement—Louisiana.” This endorsement deleted the

“contamination” definition in the policy and replaced it with “Contamination (Contaminated)—

Any condition of property due to the actual presence of any Contaminants.” The endorsement

defined “Contaminant” as: “[a]ny solid, liquid, gaseous, thermal or other irritant, including but not

limited to smoke, vapor, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals, waste (including materials to be

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recycled, reconditioned or reclaimed), other hazardous substances, Fungus or Spores.” The

Louisiana endorsement therefore removed “virus” from the definition of “contamination.”

Firebirds argues that the Louisiana endorsement amended Zurich’s policies so that contamination

due to a virus is no longer explicitly excluded from coverage. Alternatively, Firebirds argues that

the contamination exclusion is at least ambiguous in light of the Louisiana endorsement and thus

must be construed against Zurich.

¶ 17 Our resolution of this issue requires interpretation of provisions in the policies. The rules

applicable to contract interpretation also govern our construction of an insurance policy. Founders

Insurance Co. v. Munoz, 237 Ill. 2d 424, 433 (2010). Our primary objective is to ascertain and

give effect to the parties’ intent as expressed in the agreement. Hobbs v. Hartford Insurance Co.

of the Midwest, 214 Ill. 2d 11, 17 (2005). If the policy terms are clear and unambiguous, they will

be enforced as written unless doing so would violate public policy. Id. “ ‘[T]he court must construe

the policy in its entirety, giving effect to all parts of the policy as is possible, including

endorsements.’ ” Pekin Insurance Co. v. Recurrent Training Center, Inc., 409 Ill. App. 3d 114,

120 (2011) (quoting Central Illinois Public Service Co. v. Allianz Underwriters Insurance Co.,

240 Ill. App. 3d 598, 602 (1992)). To determine the parties’ intent based upon the language used,

we construe the policy as a whole, considering the type of insurance for which the parties have

contracted, as well as the subject matter insured and the purposes of the policy. Old Second

National Bank v. Indiana Insurance Co., 2015 IL App (1st) 140265, ¶ 19. The construction of an

insurance policy’s provisions is a question of law, which we review de novo. Outboard Marine

Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 108 (1992).

¶ 18 Where an ambiguity exists, courts strictly construe the policy against the insurer that

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drafted it and liberally construe it in favor of the insured. Pekin Insurance Co. v. CSR Roofing

Contractors, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 142473, ¶ 26. “This rule of construction, however, does not

justify construing a contract against an insurer when no real ambiguity exists.” Western Casualty

& Surety Co. v. Brochu, 105 Ill. 2d 486, 495 (1985). Under Illinois law, an ambiguity exists where

“the policy language is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation.” Hobbs, 214 Ill. 2d at

17. We emphasize, however, that “[a]lthough ‘creative possibilities’ may be suggested, only

reasonable interpretations will be considered.” Id. (quoting Bruder v. Country Mutual Insurance

Co., 156 Ill. 2d 179, 193 (1993)). We will not find a provision ambiguous merely because the

parties disagree on its meaning. Central Illinois Light Co. v. Home Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d 141,

153 (2004).

¶ 19 With these tenets of contract interpretation in mind, we find that the amendatory

endorsements of Zurich’s policies, including the Louisiana endorsement, are not ambiguous. Each

endorsement identifies a particular state in its title. To simply ignore the state name in the title runs

counter to the requirement that we interpret an insurance policy in such a way that none of its terms

are rendered meaningless or superfluous. Pekin Insurance Co. v. Wilson, 237 Ill. 2d 446, 466

(2010). As such, the only reasonable interpretation of the endorsements is that they apply to the

risks insured in the named state. 2

¶ 20 Although this intent could have been expressed more clearly, that fact alone does not make

the provision ambiguous. Rather, an ambiguity exists only when “the policy language is

2
We also find that section 6.20 of the policies supports our interpretation that the titles provide
relevant information regarding the amendatory endorsements. Section 6.20 provides that “[t]he titles of
the various paragraphs and endorsements are solely for reference and shall not in any way affect the
provisions to which they relate.” “Reference” is defined as “an act of referring,” and to “refer” means to
“direct to a source of *** information.” The American Heritage Dictionary 1168 (4th Coll. ed. 2004).

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susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.” Munoz, 237 Ill. 2d at 433. A contrary

interpretation that gives no effect to the state named in the endorsement would mean that all

attached endorsements applied equally to the policies. As Zurich points out, considering all 31

endorsements as applicable to the policy would result in “many terms that would conflict with

each other.” Also, a number of the endorsements refer to specific laws in the named state. It would

be illogical to apply a provision referring to a particular state law in a different state. Such an

interpretation is therefore not a reasonable one.

¶ 21 Firebirds argues that Novant Health Inc. v. American Guarantee & Liability Insurance Co.,

No. 1:21-CV-309, 2021 WL 4340006 (M.D.N.C. Sept. 23, 2021), compels a different result. The

district court in Novant, construing North Carolina contract law, denied a motion to dismiss the

plaintiff’s covid-based claim pursuant to an insurance policy that contained a contamination

exclusion and a Louisiana amendatory endorsement substantially similar to the ones found in

Zurich’s policy. Id. at *5. While federal courts’ interpretation of state law can be persuasive, we

are not bound by it. See City of Chicago v. Groffman, 68 Ill. 2d 112, 118 (1977) (noting “[t]he

general rule is that decisions of United States district and circuit courts are not binding upon Illinois

courts”). Instead, we choose to conduct our own review of the policy language, applying

established Illinois contract interpretation law as set forth above.

¶ 22 Nonetheless, Novant is distinguishable. Novant held that the insurer failed to meet its

burden where the policy contained no language limiting all amendatory endorsements to claims in

those states, and the insurer did not adequately explain why it would otherwise “include[ ] 74 pages

of irrelevant and immaterial words in Novant’s policy, for no reason apparent on the record.”

Novant, 2021 WL 4340006, at *5. Here, as Zurich points out, there was a reason for attaching the

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endorsements to the policies. Zurich’s policies covered not only property maintained by the

insured when the policies took effect, they also covered property “Newly Acquired” during the

policy period. Specifically, they provided that Zurich “will pay for direct physical loss of or

damage caused by a Covered Cause of Loss to property (of the type insurable under this Policy),

at any Location purchased, leased or rented by the Insured after the inception date of this Policy.”

(Emphasis added.)

¶ 23 When they purchased their policies, Firebirds maintained property in 19 states, some of

which are named in the amendatory endorsements. 3 Firebirds’ restaurants are not confined to a

particular region, and they could have acquired property anywhere in the United States during the

policy period. If Firebirds had done so, and if the state where the property is located had an

amendatory endorsement, Zurich’s policies would have provided coverage for that property as

amended by the endorsement. Unlike Novant, the parties here had legitimate reasons, connected

to the purpose of the policies, to attach the 31 state-specific amendatory endorsements.

¶ 24 Firebirds argues, however, that Zurich could have included limiting language in the

Louisiana endorsement as it did with some of the other endorsements. They point out that Zurich

subsequently amended the endorsement to read that it “only applies to locations in Louisiana” and

argue that, by its actions, Zurich acknowledged the ambiguity of the original endorsement.

¶ 25 It is well-established that courts cannot consider extrinsic evidence when interpreting a

facially unambiguous insurance policy. Vivify Construction, LLC v. Nautilus Insurance Co., 2017

IL App (1st) 170192, ¶ 20. We also disagree that Zurich’s subsequent actions indicate ambiguity.

3
Firebirds’ restaurants are in Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.

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The fact that Zurich amended the Louisiana endorsement to make the parties’ intent clearer does

not mean the original language was ambiguous. As we have found, the plain language of the

policies, read as a whole, supports only one reasonable interpretation given the policies’ purpose

and the subject matter insured: that the amendatory endorsements applied only to the insured’s

properties, presently owned or newly acquired, in the named state. Courts must not strain to find

an ambiguity where none exists. Hobbs, 214 Ill. 2d at 17.

¶ 26 Accordingly, we find that the Louisiana endorsement applies only to amend coverage of

risks located in Louisiana. Firebirds acknowledges it has no properties in Louisiana, so the

contamination exclusion contained in the original policy remains in effect for their claims.

Firebirds’ complaint alleged loss and damage incurred “as a result of the novel SARS-CoV-2

(COVID-19) outbreak.” Zurich’s policies, however, explicitly exclude from coverage losses or

damages due to contamination, defined as “[a]ny condition of property due to the actual presence

of [a] *** virus.” We find, as did the trial court, that “[t]he applicability of the exclusion is free

from doubt.”

¶ 27 Firebirds argues that even if the original contamination exclusion is in effect, it does not

apply to their claim for business income losses. They contend that the plain language of the

exclusion applies only to costs incurred due to contaminated property, such as rents paid when

they were unable to occupy a location or expenditures for deep-cleaning and installation of hands-

free sanitary stations and plexiglass. Firebirds points to the following language as support:

“This policy excludes the following unless it results from direct physical loss or

damage not excluded by this Policy.

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Contamination, and any cost due to Contamination including the inability to use or

occupy property or any cost of making property safe or suitable for use or occupancy,

except as provided by the Radioactive Contamination Coverage of this Policy.”

According to Firebirds, the lack of any reference to business losses means that only costs due to

contamination are excluded.

¶ 28 Firebirds’ interpretation, however, dismisses the first two words of the sentence. The

provision does not merely state that the policy excludes “any cost due to Contamination.” Rather,

the policy excludes “Contamination, and any cost due to Contamination.” (Emphasis added.) The

conjunctive “and” means “[t]ogether with; in addition to; as well as.” The American Heritage

Dictionary 52 (4th Coll. ed. 2004). Read with the definition inserted for the word, the provision

excludes from coverage “Contamination, [together with, in addition to, as well as] any cost due to

Contamination.” Furthermore, insertion of a comma after the first word “Contamination,”

indicates that “Contamination” itself is considered an independent exclusion not subject to

qualification by any succeeding phrases. See City of Chicago v. Alexander, 2017 IL 120350, ¶¶ 54-

55 (finding that the placement of a comma after each listed right in the 1970 Illinois constitution

reflected the legislature’s intent to recognize four independent rights). 4

¶ 29 Firebirds’ complaint alleged business interruption losses due to the presence of the

COVID-19 virus in their properties. The policies, however, explicitly exclude “Contamination,”

defined as “[a]ny condition of property due to the actual presence of any *** virus,” from coverage.

4
We recognize that a case cited by Firebirds, Thor Equities, LLC v. Factory Mutual Insurance
Co., 531 F. Supp. 3d 802 (S.D.N.Y. 2021), did find the provision to be ambiguous as to business losses.
However, the court acknowledged that reading the provision as only pertaining to costs would render the
first part of the sentence, the “contamination, and” part, meaningless. Id. at 808. We are not bound by the
decisions of that court and choose not to follow Thor’s interpretation.

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Pursuant to the plain language of the policies, the COVID-19 virus is not a covered cause of loss.

It follows that business interruption due to the COVID-19 virus, as alleged by Firebirds in their

complaint, is not a suspension caused by a covered cause of loss.

¶ 30 We do not find Cinemark Holdings, Inc. v. Factory Mutual Insurance Co., 500 F. Supp.

3d 565 (E.D. Tex. 2021), a case cited by Firebirds, persuasive. There, the plaintiff sought coverage

under the defendant’s policy alleging that the COVID-19 virus was actually present in the air and

actually damaged its properties. Id. at 569. The court held that the plaintiff met its burden to defeat

the motion to dismiss, and Firebirds points to a footnote in the court’s order showing that the

defendant’s policy contained a contamination exclusion substantially similar to the one here. See

id. at 567 n.3, 569. The court’s holding, however, was based on the plaintiff’s allegation that its

properties were actually damaged by the presence of COVID-19 in the air, and the fact that Factory

Mutual Insurance Company’s policy provided coverage for loss and damage caused by a

communicable disease. Id. at 569. From our reading of the order, the court did not base its ruling

on the contamination exclusion.

¶ 31 As Firebirds concedes, Zurich’s policies do not contain a provision for loss or damages

caused by communicable disease. Firebirds’ citation to a California state case is similarly

unpersuasive. See Ross Stores, Inc. v. Zurich American Insurance Co., No. RG20-084158, 2021

WL 3700659, at *11 (Cal. Super. July 13, 2021) (finding that the contamination exclusion was

ambiguous because the policy also contained a communicable disease provision, and the

contamination exclusion when read in isolation “would exclude the coverage that is expressly

provided in the” communicable disease provision). Firebirds argues, however, that Zurich’s

policies contain a provision allowing for decontamination costs, and we should use the same

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reasoning in Ross to find an ambiguity where the contamination exclusion “nullif[ies] this

affirmative grant of coverage.”

¶ 32 Unlike Ross, where the policy’s virus exclusion potentially conflicted with a provision

covering communicable diseases, the clear language of the decontamination provision in Zurich’s

policies does not contradict or conflict with the contamination exclusion. The decontamination

provision is part of the “Special Coverages” section and provides:

“If Covered Property is Contaminated from direct physical loss or damage caused

by a Covered Cause of Loss to Covered Property and there is in force at the time of the

loss any law or ordinance regulating Contamination due to the actual not suspected

presence of Contaminant(s), then this Policy covers, as a direct enforcement of such law or

ordinance, the increased cost of decontamination and/or removal of such Contaminated

Covered Property in a manner to satisfy such law or ordinance. This Coverage applies only

to that part of Covered Property so Contaminated *** as a result of direct physical loss or

damage.”

¶ 33 The contamination exclusion provides that contamination is excluded “unless it results

from direct physical loss or damage not excluded by the policy.” (Emphasis added.) The

decontamination provision expressly allows for a specific type of recovery when “Covered

Property is Contaminated from direct physical loss or damage caused by a Covered Cause of Loss

to a Covered Property.” Since the decontamination provision is entirely consistent with the

contamination exclusion, we find no ambiguity in reading together those two provisions. For these

reasons, we find that Cinemark and Ross do not support Firebirds’ argument.

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¶ 34 We also do not find persuasive Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. v. Factory Mutual

Insurance Co., LA CV21-00862, 2022 WL 390712 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2022), a recent California

district court case, which Firebirds asked this court to take judicial notice of in a motion and which

we have taken with the case. There, the court focused on the physical damages issue and found a

question exists as to whether physical damages caused by COVID-19 was “ ‘physical damages not

excluded by this Policy.’ ” Id. at *7-*8. We have already determined that the plain language of the

contamination exclusion precludes recovery of loss or damage due to the COVID-19 virus.

¶ 35 In another attempt to circumvent the contamination exclusion, Firebirds argues that the

exclusion references environmental pollutants and the inclusion of “virus” is out of place with the

list of other hazards. They cite to numerous out-of-state cases where the court found ambiguity in

an exclusion that included “virus” among pollutants traditionally found in an outdoor

environmental or industrial context. Firebirds argues that, in grouping “virus” with such pollutants,

it is unclear whether Zurich intended for the contamination exclusion to apply to “virus” as a

communicable disease.

¶ 36 Again, this court is not bound by the decisions of those courts. More importantly, the facts

and policies in those cases are distinguishable. For example, in Risinger Holdings, LLC v. Sentinel

Insurance Co., No. 1:20-CV-00176, 2021 WL 4520968, at *8 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 30, 2021), the

provision excluded losses caused by “ ‘fungi, wet rot, dry rot, bacteria or virus.’ ” Therein, the

court noted that the same grouping was found in another part of the policy referring to exclusions

involving structural damage or mechanical failure. Id. at *9. Furthermore, “virus” was defined in

yet another part of the policy as causing corruption of electronic data, like a malicious code. Id.

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Thus, the word “virus” was found to be ambiguous because it was “susceptible to at least three

distinct interpretations.” Id. at *11.

¶ 37 In Zurich’s policies, “virus” is not the outlier in a group of only pollutants and

environmental hazards. Rather, the list also includes “pathogen, pathogenic organism, bacteria,

*** [and] disease causing or illness causing agent.” As the trial court found, the COVID-19 virus

can be considered a pathogen or a “disease causing” agent as well as a virus. Also, Firebirds does

not point to any other definitions of “virus” in the policies that contradict its definition as a disease-

causing or illness-causing agent. In fact, unlike the case in Risinger, Zurich’s policies contain a

separate definition for “Computer Virus” that pertains to the “deletion, destruction, degradation,

corruption, malfunction or compromise” of electronic business systems. The policies clearly

differentiate between a virus such as the COVID-19 virus and a computer virus. As such, the term

“virus” is not ambiguous here as it was found to be in Risinger.

¶ 38 As an alternative argument for coverage, Firebirds contends that it was the governmental

closure orders, the pandemic, and the general threat of the virus, not the “actual presence” of the

virus, as required for the contamination exclusion to apply, that caused its losses. However, losses

of this nature are simply not covered by the policies at issue. As Zurich has maintained since its

original denial of coverage, and as it reiterated at oral argument, coverage is triggered in the first

instance only where there is a “direct physical loss of or damage caused by a Covered Cause of

Loss to Covered Property.” The requirement that there be some direct physical loss of or damage

to property to trigger coverage is the reason that, without relying on any virus exclusion, this court

has in several recent decisions found no coverage for losses sustained by businesses during the

COVID-19 pandemic. See Lee v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2022 IL App (1st) 210105,

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¶¶ 21-23 (relying on a virus exclusion only as a secondary reason that the declaratory action was

properly dismissed); ABW Development, LLC v. Continental Casualty Co., 2022 IL App (1st)

210930, ¶ 36; Sweet Berry Cafe, Inc. v. Society Insurance, Inc., 2022 IL App (2d) 210088, ¶¶ 44-

47 (noting that the fact that the policy did not contain a virus exclusion was “of no import” since

the policy did not provide coverage). Zurich’s motion to cite these decisions as additional

authority, which we took with the case, is granted.

¶ 39 The Zurich policies at issue have this same requirement. The policies provide coverage

only where there is a “direct physical loss” or “damage *** to Covered Property.” This requirement

is reiterated in section IV of the policy, which addresses the “Time Element Loss” of an insured

due to the necessary suspension of business activities. The policies make it clear that any

suspension resulting in such losses must itself be “due to direct physical loss of or damage to

Property.”

¶ 40 As this court recognized recently in Lee, the failure of most insurance policies to cover

losses resulting from intangible causes that are not tied to actual physical damage to property is

not a new concept. 2022 IL App (1st) 210105, ¶ 19. In Travelers Insurance Co. v. Eljer

Manufacturing, Inc., 197 Ill. 2d 278, 312 (2001), our supreme court made clear that “diminution

in value of a whole, resulting from the failure of a component to perform as promised, does not

constitute a physical injury,” and thus falls outside of coverage for physical loss of or damage to

property. (Emphasis in original.) Zurich’s refusal to cover Firebirds’ substantial business losses

due to the pandemic is in keeping with how our courts have long interpreted similar policy

language.

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¶ 41 Lastly, Firebirds argues that the trial court erred in dismissing their complaint with

prejudice, giving them no opportunity to amend their complaint for a second time. Firebirds did

not file a motion to amend its first-amended complaint but instead requested an opportunity to

amend during oral argument before the trial court. The court considered Firebirds’ request, “even

though the request was oral and made without any proposed pleading for the Court to consider.”

The trial court found that the “ ‘Contamination’ exclusion excludes any coverage for Firebirds’

losses.” Although the court expressed “great empathy for Firebirds,” it concluded that “it is clearly

apparent that no set of facts can be proven that would entitle Firebirds to recover under either of

the Zurich policies.” Therefore, it granted Zurich’s motion to dismiss with prejudice. The trial

court’s denial of a motion to amend a complaint is a matter of discretion and a reviewing court

will not reverse that determination absent an abuse of discretion. In re Estate of Hoover, 155 Ill.

2d 402, 416 (1993).

¶ 42 In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, we consider the following

factors: (1) whether the proposed amendment will cure the defective pleading, (2) whether the

proposed amendment would surprise or prejudice the opposing party, (3) whether the proposed

amendment was timely filed, and (4) whether the movant had previous opportunities to amend.

Loyola Academy v. S&S Roof Maintenance, Inc., 146 Ill. 2d 263, 273 (1992). Firebirds, however,

did not tender a proposed amendment to the trial court and there is no proposed amendment in the

record on appeal. Instead, Firebirds requests additional discovery to resolve the ambiguities in the

policies. They argue that “[a]t the conclusion of fact and expert discovery, it is likely that case

developments would leave Firebirds in position to amend its complaint.”

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¶ 43 A party’s failure to tender a proposed amended complaint with supporting facts to the trial

court significantly diminishes this court’s ability to determine whether the proposed amendment

would have stated a viable cause of action. Illinois Non-Profit Risk Management Ass’n v. Human

Service Center of Southern Metro-East, 378 Ill. App. 3d 713, 726 (2008). As a result, failure to

tender the proposed amendment forfeits the party’s right to review of the trial court’s denial of a

request for leave to amend. Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center, 117 Ill. 2d 507, 521

(1987); see Ignarski v. Norbut, 271 Ill. App. 3d 522, 532-33 (1995) (finding no abuse of discretion

in denying leave to amend, where the plaintiff did not submit a proposed complaint but instead

requested further discovery and an opportunity “to file an amended complaint based upon facts

that may or may not be obtained”).

¶ 44 IV. CONCLUSION

¶ 45 In their amended complaint, Firebirds alleged property damage and business losses due to

the presence of the COVID-19 virus in its properties. According to the plain language of Zurich’s

policies, the COVID-19 virus is not a covered cause of loss. Each of the provisions under which

Firebirds sought recovery—time element, civil authority, and protection and preservation—

requires physical loss or damage caused by a covered cause of loss. We, like the trial court, greatly

empathize with Firebirds as they struggle through the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is clear

that no set of facts can be proven that would entitle Firebirds to recover for their claims under the

Zurich policies. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Firebirds’ complaint and its

denial of their motion to amend their complaint.

¶ 46 Affirmed.

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No. 1-21-0558

No. 1-21-0558

Cite as: Firebirds International, LLC v. Zurich American Insurance Co.,
2022 IL App (1st) 210558

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 2020-CH-
05360; the Hon. Michael T. Mullen, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Adam J. Levitt, Amy E. Keller, Daniel R. Ferri, Mark Hamill, and
for Laura E. Reasons, of DiCello Levitt Gutzler LLC, of Chicago, and
Appellant: Mark Lanier (pro hac vice), Alex Brown, and Skip McBride, of
Lanier Law Firm PC, and Douglas Daniels (pro hac vice), of
Daniels & Tredennick, both of Houston, Texas, Kenneth P.
Abbarno, Mark A. DiCello, and Mark Abramowitz (pro hac vice),
of DiCello Levitt Gutzler LLC, of Mentor, Ohio, Timothy W.
Burns, of Burns Bowen Bair LLP, of Madison, Wisconsin, and
Jeffrey P. Goodman (pro hac vice) and Marni S. Berger (pro hac
vice), of Saltz Mongeluzzi & Bendesky P.C., of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, for appellant.

Attorneys Eileen King Bower and Jared K. Clapper, of Clyde & Co LLP, and
for Michael A. Scodro, of Mayer Brown LLP, both of Chicago, for
Appellee: appellee.

Amicus Curiae: Laura Foggan (pro hac vice) and Rachel A. Jankowski, of Crowell
& Moring LLP, of Washington D.C., for amici curiae American
Property Casualty Insurance Association et al.

John H. Mathias Jr., David M. Kroeger, Megan B. Poetzel, Gabriel
K. Gillett, and Sara M. Stappert, of Jenner & Block LLP, of
Chicago, for amici curiae Restaurant Law Center et al.

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