People v. Currie

2022 IL App (4th) 210598
FILED
May 23, 2022
Carla Bender
NO. 4-21-0598
4th District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Macon County
WILLIE A. CURRIE, ) No. 21CF518
Defendant-Appellee. )
) Honorable
) Rodney S. Forbes,
) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Cavanagh and Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In May 2021, the State charged defendant, Willie A. Currie, with one count of

aggravated domestic battery (count I) (720 ILCS 5/12-3.3(a-5) (West 2020)) and two counts of

domestic battery (with two prior domestic battery convictions) (counts II and III) (id.

§ 12-3.2(a)(1)). The charges alleged generally that, in April 2021, defendant grabbed Ivie

Copeland by the neck and strangled and kicked her. Counts II and III further alleged that defendant

was previously convicted in 2010 of aggravated domestic battery in Macon County case No.

10-CF-893 and in 2016 of domestic battery in Macon County case No. 16-CM-1163. The State

subsequently amended counts II and III to allege a third prior conviction for domestic battery in

Macon County case No. 17-CF-616.

¶2 In September 2021, the State filed a motion in limine pursuant to section 115-7.4

of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2020)), seeking
admission of certified copies of conviction for defendant’s three prior domestic battery offenses.

¶3 The trial court denied the State’s motion, concluding that, without additional

evidence, such as live testimony, to provide “relevant purpose and context,” admission of the

certified convictions alone would be more prejudicial to defendant than probative.

¶4 The State appeals, arguing the trial court erred by denying its motion in limine

because certified copies of conviction alone are an acceptable method of introducing propensity

evidence under section 115-7.4.

¶5 Because we agree with the State’s arguments, we reverse the judgment of the trial

court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶6 I. BACKGROUND

¶7 A. The Charges

¶8 In May 2021, the State charged defendant with one count of aggravated domestic

battery (count I) (720 ILCS 5/12-3.3(a-5) (West 2020)), and two counts of domestic battery (with

two prior domestic battery convictions) (counts II and III) (id. § 12-3.2(a)(2)). The charges alleged

generally that on April 26, 2021, defendant grabbed Copeland by the neck and strangled and kicked

her. (We note the statute defines “strangle” as “intentionally impeding the normal breathing or

circulation of the blood *** by applying pressure on the throat or neck *** or by blocking the nose

or mouth.” Id. § 12-3.3(a-5).) Counts II and III further alleged that defendant was previously

convicted of aggravated domestic battery in Macon County case No. 10-CF-893 and domestic

battery in Macon County case No. 16-CM-1163. (The State subsequently amended counts II and

III to allege a third prior conviction for domestic battery in Macon County case No. 17-CF-616.)

¶9 B. The State’s First Motion In Limine

¶ 10 In September 2021, the State filed its “First Motion In Limine 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4,”

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seeking to admit evidence of defendant’s three prior convictions for domestic battery. (We note

that, at the time of the motion, the State alleged four prior convictions for domestic battery. Prior

to trial, the State clarified that one of the convictions was for simple battery and did not seek

admission of that conviction.) In its motion, the State recited the current charges against defendant,

noted that Copeland was the alleged victim of those offenses, and referred to the “sworn statement”

by the arresting police officer (which had been filed with the circuit clerk following defendant’s

arrest) for the “basic nature of the circumstances and allegations being made.”

¶ 11 According to the sworn statement, defendant and Copeland were in a dating

relationship and had two children together at the time of the current offenses. Copeland reported

to police that defendant grabbed her by the front of the neck and squeezed for approximately 30

seconds. She also reported that he slapped her and kicked her.

¶ 12 The State asserted its intent to “introduce evidence in its case-in-chief of

[defendant’s] commission of other offenses of domestic violence” and set forth the provisions and

requirements of section 115-7.4 of the Code. 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2020). The State then

enumerated defendant’s prior convictions for domestic battery. Specifically, the State alleged that

defendant was convicted (1) in case No. 17-CF-616 of domestic battery with a prior domestic

battery conviction, (2) in case No. 16-CM-1163 of domestic battery, and (3) in case No. 10-CF-

893 of aggravated domestic battery. The State alleged that the victim of each of these prior offenses

was Randi Moore, an “intimate partner” to defendant. The State attached to its motion the charging

document and police officer’s sworn statement for each case and explained that it was seeking

permission to publish these charging documents and sworn statements to the jury at defendant’s

jury trial.

¶ 13 The State argued that this evidence should be admitted “pursuant to section

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115-7.4” because (1) “the defendant is currently accused of offenses of domestic violence,”

(2) “the evidence sought to be admitted constitutes the commission of other offenses of domestic

violence,” (3) “the probative value of the evidence sought to be admitted is not substantially

outweighed by the danger of undue prejudice to the defendant [because] the prior offenses occurred

within the last decade and involved physical violence [to] female intimate partners,” (4) “there are

factual similarities to the current offenses and the offenses for which the defendant has been

convicted,” and (5) “the defendant’s criminal history indicates that the 2010, 2016, and 2017

convictions are not isolated incidents and if the court excludes time between 2010 and 2021 that

defendant was either incarcerated, on parole, or on probation, these two events are not remote in

time.”

¶ 14 In its prayer for relief, the State requested a hearing “under 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4”

and permission to publish the contents of the charging documents and sworn statements relating

to defendant’s prior convictions for domestic battery.

¶ 15 In defendant’s written response, he asked the trial court to deny the State’s motion

on the grounds that (1) the State did not make a timely disclosure of the evidence it sought to

admit, (2) the offenses were not factually similar because they involved different victims and

different physical acts, and (3) the offenses were not proximate in time.

¶ 16 Later in September 2021, the trial court conducted a hearing on the State’s motion.

In support of its motion, the State argued that, because defendant received a four-year sentence for

his 2010 conviction, that time should be “tolled” when assessing proximity in time between

offenses. The State further argued that all of the offenses involved “intimate partner domestics” as

opposed to a sibling or parent domestic battery. The State argued that evidence of three prior

domestic battery convictions in a 10-year period was more probative than prejudicial.

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¶ 17 Before permitting defendant to respond, the trial court expressed its concern that

the State was requesting that the charging documents underlying defendant’s prior convictions be

published to the jury. The State responded that defendant had been found guilty of the facts alleged

in the charging documents, but it was agreeable to simply informing the jury of the convictions

instead of handing them copies of the charging documents.

¶ 18 Defendant argued that the motion should be denied because it did not satisfy the

statute’s requirements that the prior offenses be proximate in time and factually similar. Defendant

specifically referred to defendant’s 2010 conviction and, although acknowledging that it bore some

factual similarity because it involved a strangulation, argued that it was “too far removed in time.”

¶ 19 In its ruling, the trial court focused on “the nature of the evidence that is sought to

be admitted.” The court stated the following:

“The State is simply asking, at this point, that *** the jury be provided with

informations [(charging documents)]. I don’t find those informations to be

probative. And, I think, that their probative value is outweighed by the prejudicial

effect that that would have on the defendant. I think it’d be very prejudicial for a

jury to read these informations without having any real basis as to what occurred

or what happened.”

¶ 20 On this basis, the trial court denied the State’s first motion in limine. The State

then asked to amend the motion to request “the introduction of the certified convictions for the

three [prior] cases.” The court denied the State’s request but permitted it to submit another

motion if the State so wished.

¶ 21 C. The State’s Third Motion In Limine

¶ 22 After the trial court’s ruling on the State’s first motion in limine, the State filed its

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“Third Motion In Limine 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4.” (We note that the State’s “Second Motion

In Limine” pertained to the admission of jail recordings and is not at issue in this appeal.) This

third motion was nearly identical to the first but requested permission to publish the certified copies

of conviction instead of the charging documents and sworn statements. Specifically, the motion

alleged the following:

“It is the State’s desire that the jury be informed that the Defendant has

previously been convicted of Aggravated Domestic Battery based on

[s]trangulation, and Domestic Battery on two other prior occasions. It is not the

intention to provide the jury with fact specific information about the prior offenses,

unless the Defendant calls the facts of the prior offenses into question.”

The prayer for relief requested a hearing under section 115-7.4 and permission “to enter into

evidence certified records of conviction in Macon County cases 17-CF-616, 16-CM-1163, [and]

10-CF-893” and to “otherwise grant the State permission to inform the jury of the Defendant’s

convictions *** in a manner [that] the Court [believes to be] fair and appropriate.”

¶ 23 The State attached to its motion the same charging documents and affidavits that it

attached to the first motion and alleged that these documents “provide[ ] information that the Court

can use to make the determinations required under 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4.”

¶ 24 In October 2021, the trial court conducted a hearing on the State’s third motion

in limine. The State acknowledged that its prayer for relief in the first motion (seeking to publish

the charging documents and affidavits) “was just simply wrong” but, standing on the same

substantive arguments it previously made, asked for admission of defendant’s prior convictions

through “certified conviction.” The State also remarked that it was “open to other ways which the

[c]ourt may think are more fair to the defendant that still gets the information in.”

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¶ 25 Defendant argued that two of the prior offenses were not factually similar to the

charged offenses. Specifically, defendant remarked that the only factual allegations in case Nos.

17-CF-616 and 16-CM-1163 were that defendant struck Moore. Defendant acknowledged that

case No. 10-CF-893 bore some factual similarity to the charged offense in that it involved

strangulation, but he argued that it was too remote in time, having occurred 11 years earlier.

¶ 26 The trial court began its ruling by acknowledging that section 115-7.4 allows for

the admission of propensity evidence in domestic violence cases and recited the statute’s

requirement that the court weigh the probative value of the evidence against the risk of undue

prejudice to the defendant by considering (1) the proximity in time to the charged offense, (2) the

degree of factual similarity to the charged offense, and (3) any other relevant facts or information.

The court then stated that it was “not certain from the motion *** what the probative purpose of

the evidence would be. Is it to show defendant’s motive, intent, or absence of mistake?” The court

then remarked as follows:

“So the types of evidence that I have seen admissible are typically testimony

of some sort. The act provides that there may be testimony as to reputation or

testimony in the form of expert opinion, and it may be made by specific instances

of conduct. It doesn’t state specifically how that specific instances [sic] of conduct

is to be proven.

At this time, the State is asking to submit copies of certified convictions

along with the sworn statements of officers in the correlating cases in which the

defendant was convicted.

I’m not certain that a jury would be able to determine from the certified

conviction alone what nexus this case has to the case at bar. I don’t know if it would

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 be offered to show the defendant’s motive, intent, or lack of mistake or volatile

nature or a tendency to commit acts of violence against intimate partners. I’m not

certain what it would be offered for, although I think we’re getting close. I believe

there’s probably something there, I just don’t know from the motion specifically.

And then one of the things that I had the most concern of is that the State is

also asking that the affidavit that was attached, the officer’s sworn statement, that

affidavit, also be presented to a jury, and that’s just an affidavit. That wouldn’t be

subject to cross-examination in any way. Is that correct?”

¶ 27 The State then clarified that it sought to submit only copies of the certified

convictions to the jury. The State explained that it referred to the sworn statements (affidavits) in

the motion only because

“the affidavits gives [sic] this Court the opportunity to compare those affidavits

with the affidavit of this case so that [it] can make the findings as to whether it is

similar enough in nature, remote enough in time, gives you the factual—other than

me simply just saying he was convicted of domestic battery in 2017.”

¶ 28 After confirming that the State was seeking only to inform the jury “simply that

[defendant] was convicted,” the trial court questioned how probative the mere fact of conviction

would be. The court then noted that it looked for guidance in the case law regarding whether it

could “just provide a certified conviction of the prior offense” and that it needed more time to

review the case law. Prior to recessing, the court stated, “[C]ertainly, testimony as to these [prior]

offenses would be admissible, so the alleged victim in this, Randi Moore, that certainly would be

admissible, but whether or not the certified convictions alone without that additional testimony,

I’m not sure.”

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¶ 29 The trial court invited the parties to submit any additional authority they wished the

court to consider. Three days after the hearing, the State submitted a brief in support of its motion.

Apparently concerned with the court’s uncertainty regarding the relevant purpose of the certified

convictions, the State clarified that the “primary reason for introducing the priors is to show

propensity, although this evidence will also be used to show motive, intent, and absence of

mistake.”

¶ 30 Defendant did not submit any additional authority or argument.

¶ 31 Later in October 2021, the trial court issued a written order denying the State’s

motion. First, the court found that the State “did not initially, specifically identify what the relevant

purpose of the prior convictions was.” The trial court expressed concern that the State “did not

offer the evidence to establish defendant’s motive, intent, absence of mistake in harming the

victim, or the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged offense.” The court opined that “it

would be improper for the court to determine or guess as to why the State is seeking to introduce

the evidence.”

¶ 32 The trial court then found that “the proximity in time and factual similarities of the

prior offenses weigh in favor of admitting some evidence related to the prior convictions in this

case. For instance, if the victim Randi Moore were to testify regarding the basis for the prior

convictions, that evidence would be probative.” The court concluded, however, that “certified

copies of the defendant’s three prior convictions, without any testimony that would establish the

context or relevant purpose of the propensity evidence” is “not very probative” and “would be

exceptionally prejudicial to the defendant.” Accordingly, the court found that “the probative value

of the certified copies of conviction is substantially outweighed by the undue prejudice to the

defendant, even if that evidence is offered to show Defendant’s motive, intent, or lack of mistake,”

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and denied the State’s motion.

¶ 33 The State filed a certificate of substantial impairment, and this appeal followed. See

Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(a)(1) (eff. July 1, 2017).

¶ 34 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 35 The State appeals, arguing the trial court erred by denying its motion in limine

because the admission of certified copies of conviction alone is an acceptable method of presenting

propensity evidence pursuant to section 115-7.4. 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2020).

¶ 36 Because we agree with the State, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 37 A. Jurisdiction

¶ 38 As an initial matter, defendant argues that the State’s appeal should be dismissed

for lack of jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) (eff. July 1, 2017)

because the trial court’s denial of the State’s motion in limine did not have the substantive effect

of suppressing evidence. Defendant contends that because the court’s order does not prohibit the

State from presenting live testimony, it affects only the manner by which the State may present

evidence of defendant’s prior convictions.

¶ 39 The State responds that because certified copies of conviction for defendant’s prior

offenses constitute evidence different from the victim’s testimony describing the prior offenses,

the court’s order suppresses evidence of defendant’s prior convictions. We agree.

¶ 40 1. The Applicable Law

¶ 41 Rule 604(a)(1) reads as follows: “When State May Appeal. In criminal cases the

State may appeal only from an order or judgment the substantive effect of which results in ***

quashing an arrest or search warrant; or suppressing evidence.” Id. “[T]he substantive effect of a

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trial court’s pretrial order, not the label of the order or its underlying motion, controls appealability

under Rule 604(a)(1).” People v. Drum, 194 Ill. 2d 485, 489, 743 N.E.2d 44, 46 (2000). Evidence

is “suppressed” within the meaning of Rule 604(a)(1) when the trial court’s order “prevents ***

information from being presented to the fact finder.” Id. at 492.

¶ 42 Before the State may obtain review of a suppression order under Rule 604(a), the

State must certify to the trial court that the suppression order substantially impairs its ability to

prosecute the case. People v. Turner, 367 Ill. App. 3d 490, 494, 854 N.E.2d 1139, 1143 (2006).

“A good-faith evaluation by the prosecutor of the impact of a suppression order is sufficient to

meet the State’s burden.” Id. at 495 (citing People v. Keith, 148 Ill. 2d 32, 40, 591 N.E.2d 449,

452 (1992)); see also People v. Young, 82 Ill. 2d 234, 247-48, 412 N.E.2d 501, 507 (1980).

¶ 43 We review de novo whether the State may take an interlocutory appeal under Rule

604(a). Drum, 194 Ill. 2d at 488.

¶ 44 2. This Case

¶ 45 We agree with the State that the trial court’s order has the substantive effect of

suppressing evidence of defendant’s three prior convictions for domestic battery. Although the

court’s order arguably left open the possibility that the victim of the prior offenses could testify

about them, the victim’s testimony about the offenses and the certified copies of conviction for the

offenses are not the same evidence. The victim’s testimony constitutes evidence that the offenses

occurred, but that testimony (1) could be contradicted at trial and (2) need not be believed by the

trier of fact. In contrast, the certified copies of conviction are (1) definitive proof that defendant

committed the offenses in question and (2) cannot be disputed. The court’s order prohibiting the

admission of the certified copies of conviction prevents the fact that defendant was found guilty

of those prior offenses from being presented to the jury. Accordingly, because the court’s order

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prevents the jury from learning of defendant’s convictions, the court’s order is appealable. Id. at

492.

¶ 46 Defendant relies on People v. Truitt, 175 Ill. 2d 148, 676 N.E.2d 665 (1997),

abrogated on other grounds by People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328, 781 N.E.2d 300 (2002), and In re

K.E.F., 235 Ill. 2d 530, 922 N.E.2d 322 (2009), in support of his position, but those cases are

distinguishable.

¶ 47 In Truitt, prior to trial, the State announced its intention to introduce a chemist’s

written laboratory report in lieu of presenting the chemist’s live testimony, pursuant to section

115-15 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-15 (West 1994)). Truitt, 175 Ill. 2d at 149-50. The trial court

found the statute unconstitutional, meaning the State would have to call the chemist to testify at

trial in order to have the results of her analysis admitted into evidence. Id. at 150. The Illinois

Supreme Court held that it lacked jurisdiction over the State’s interlocutory appeal because the

order did “not prevent any facts or opinions from being presented to the jury.” Id. at 152-53. The

court observed, “[The] statute does not alter what the State is required to prove. It merely simplifies

how the State may present its evidence by creating a limited exception to the normal hearsay rules.”

Id. at 149. The court concluded, “Instead of being able to rely on a piece of paper, the State will

have to present testimony from an actual witness.” Id. at 152.

¶ 48 In K.E.F., a juvenile delinquency proceeding involving allegations of sexual

assault, the State sought to have the victim’s recorded statement admitted pursuant to section

115-10 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2006)). K.E.F., 235 Ill. 2d at 532-33. At the section

115-10 hearing, the State offered the testimony of a forensic interviewer and a DVD recording of

the victim’s statement to the interviewer. Id. at 533. The trial court found the recorded statement

admissible “ ‘assuming the other provisions of section 115-10 are satisfied.’ ” Id. At the

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adjudicatory hearing, the State called the victim to testify but asked her only if what she told the

forensic interviewer was true; the State did not ask the victim any questions regarding the alleged

offenses. Id. The trial court denied the State’s motion to admit the victim’s recorded statement

pursuant to section 115-10 because by failing to ask the victim about the offenses, the State made

the victim unavailable for cross-examination. Id. at 533-35. As such, the State did not comply with

the requirement of section 115-10 that the victim either (1) testify at the proceeding or (2) be

unavailable as a witness. Id.; see also 725 ILCS 5/115-10(b)(2)(A), (B) (West 2006).

¶ 49 The State announced its intention to seek an interlocutory appeal, and the parties

presented arguments regarding the suppressive effect of the trial court’s order. K.E.F., 235 Ill. 2d

at 535. The court, seemingly frustrated, stated, “ ‘I don’t know why we’re going through this song

and dance; *** [the witness] is here. Get her up here. Have her say [“]I don’t have a clue what

you’re talking about, admit the tape,[”] or have her say [“]this is what happened, admit the

tape.[”] ’ ” Id.

¶ 50 The Illinois Supreme Court concluded it lacked jurisdiction over the State’s

interlocutory appeal because “[the] situation [before it] falls squarely within the holding of Truitt.

*** As in Truitt, the prosecution had the option of presenting live testimony to secure admission

of the information it sought to introduce, an option that it declined to pursue.” Id. at 540. The court

observed that, like in Truitt, the “sole impact” of the trial court’s order was to affect the means by

which the information could be presented. Id.

¶ 51 These cases are unlike the one before us. In both Truitt and K.E.F., a live witness

was an alternative method of presenting the same information. That is to say, in Truitt, the chemist

could testify to the same facts that were contained in her report. In K.E.F., the victim could testify

regarding the (1) sexual offenses alleged in the petition and (2) her description of them to the

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forensic interviewer.

¶ 52 By contrast, as we noted earlier (supra ¶ 45), in the case before us, the live witness

is not an alternate means of presenting the same information. The State seeks to inform the jury

that defendant was convicted of three prior acts of domestic violence. In Illinois, a prior conviction

is proved by (1) “the certified record of the prior conviction or an authenticated copy of the

conviction, and proof of identity between the name on the record and the defendant on trial” or

(2) by judicial notice. People v. White, 311 Ill. App. 3d 374, 380, 724 N.E.2d 572, 577 (2000).

Although the victim of defendant’s prior offenses can testify that defendant battered her, she

cannot testify that he was found guilty of battering her. The certified record of conviction is the

only means to prove defendant was found guilty of battering her. Because the live witness in the

case before us it not simply an alternate means of presenting the same facts to the jury, we conclude

(1) Truitt and K.E.F. are inapplicable to our analysis and (2) the trial court’s order has the effect

of suppressing evidence. Accordingly, we conclude that we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal.

¶ 53 B. Other-Crimes Evidence

¶ 54 1. The Applicable Law

¶ 55 a. Propensity Evidence Under Section 115-7.4

¶ 56 Ordinarily, evidence of other crimes is admissible if it is relevant for any purpose

other than to show a defendant’s propensity to commit crimes. People v. Dabbs, 239 Ill. 2d 277,

283, 940 N.E.2d 1088, 1093 (2010). Such purposes include motive, intent, identity, and

modus operandi. People v. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d 353, 364-65, 583 N.E.2d 515, 519 (1991).

¶ 57 However, section 115-7.4 of the Code creates a statutory exception to this rule in

domestic battery prosecutions. 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2020). As this court has noted, under

section 115-7.4, when a defendant is charged with domestic battery, evidence of his commission

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of other offenses of domestic violence “ ‘may be considered by the jury for any relevant matter,

including the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged crime.’ ” (Emphasis in original.)

People v. Irons, 2017 IL App (4th) 150295, ¶ 33, 80 N.E.3d 134 (quoting People v. Heller, 2017

IL App (4th) 140658, ¶ 65, 71 N.E.3d 113, abrogated on other grounds by People v. Veach, 2017

IL 120649, 89 N.E.3d 366).

¶ 58 Section 115-7.4 of the Code reads as follows:

“(a) In a criminal prosecution in which the defendant is accused of an

offense of domestic violence *** evidence of the defendant’s commission of

another offense or offenses of domestic violence is admissible, and may be

considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.

(b) In weighing the probative value of the evidence against undue prejudice

to the defendant, the court may consider:

(1) the proximity in time to the charged or predicate offense;

(2) the degree of factual similarity to the charged or predicate

offense; or

(3) other relevant facts and circumstances.

***

(d) In a criminal case in which evidence is offered under this Section, proof

may be made by specific instances of conduct, testimony as to reputation, or

testimony in the form of an expert opinion, except that the prosecution may offer

reputation testimony only after the opposing party has offered that testimony.” 725

ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2020).

¶ 59 In affirming the constitutionality of the statute in Dabbs, the Illinois Supreme

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Court wrote the following:

“We hold *** that the plain meaning of section 115-7.4 *** is that evidence

of a defendant’s commission of other acts of domestic violence may be admitted in

a prosecution for one of the offenses enumerated in the statute, so long as the

evidence is relevant and its probative value is not substantially outweighed by the

risk of undue prejudice.” Dabbs, 239 Ill. 2d at 291.

¶ 60 b. Standard of Review

¶ 61 We ordinarily review a trial court’s judgment regarding the admissibility of

other-crimes evidence for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 284. However, when the question before

the reviewing court is purely a question of law, our review is de novo. People v. Palen, 2016 IL

App (4th) 140228, ¶ 36, 64 N.E.3d 181 (“ ‘[W]here *** neither the facts nor the credibility of

witnesses is at issue, we address a purely legal question, and our standard of review is de novo.’ ”).

¶ 62 Whether certified copies of conviction alone are an acceptable method of

introducing other-crimes evidence under section 115-7.4 is a question of law that we review

de novo.

¶ 63 2. This Case

¶ 64 The State argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion in limine because

certified copies of conviction alone are an acceptable method for introducing evidence under

section 115-7.4. Defendant responds that the trial court correctly ruled that copies of certified

convictions, “without any testimony or evidence to prove their context or relevant purpose,” were

so prejudicial that their probative value was substantially outweighed by the undue prejudice to

defendant.

¶ 65 We conclude that the trial court’s oral ruling and written order demonstrate that the

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court’s findings were based on apparent misapprehensions of law. The trial court’s ultimate

finding—that the probative value of the certified copies of conviction was substantially

outweighed by the undue prejudice to defendant—is rooted in the trial court’s erroneous belief that

evidence in addition to the certified convictions was necessary to provide “context or relevant

purpose” to the convictions so that the jury can adequately assess what weight to give the other-

crimes evidence. We address “relevant purpose” and “context” in turn, and then we address the

trial court’s misapplication of existing case law.

¶ 66 a. Relevant Purpose

¶ 67 At the hearing on the State’s third motion, the trial court correctly observed,

“[Section] 115-7.4 allows for evidence in domestic violence cases. It allows for propensity

evidence.” However, the court continued as follows:

“I’m not certain from the motion *** as to what the probative purpose of

the evidence would be. Is it to show defendant’s motive, intent, or absence of

mistake? I’m not certain exactly what the State is attempting to prove, so I have

that question.

***

I’m not certain that a jury would be able to determine from the certified

conviction alone what nexus this case has to the case at bar. I don’t know if it would

be offered to show the defendant’s motive, intent, or lack of mistake or volatile

nature or a tendency to commit acts of violence against intimate partners. I’m not

certain what it would be offered for, although I think we’re getting close. I believe

there’s probably something there, I just don’t know from the motion specifically.”

¶ 68 The trial court subsequently issued its written ruling in which the court again

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correctly noted that, “The State seeks to introduce propensity evidence related to defendant’s three

prior convictions for domestic battery ***.” In the next paragraph, however, the court wrote the

following:

“Although propensity evidence may be offered for any purpose that is

relevant (725 ILCS 5/115-7.4(a)), the State did not initially, specifically identify

what the relevant purpose of the prior convictions was. Instead, the State merely

argued in general terms that all three convictions constitute domestic violence

offenses and therefore should be admitted. For example, the State did not offer the

evidence to establish defendant’s motive, intent, absence of mistake in harming the

victim, or the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged offense. It was not

offered to show defendant’s volatile personality or that defendant has a propensity

to commit acts of violence toward intimate partners.”

¶ 69 The trial court continued as follows:

“Certainly there may be a relevant purpose that would justify the admission

of some type of evidence related to defendant’s prior convictions. However, it was

not initially, specifically identified, and it would be improper for the court to

determine, or guess as to why the State is seeking to introduce the evidence.”

¶ 70 The trial court’s findings are perplexing. No one needed to guess the purpose of the

other-crimes evidence; it is eminently clear from the record in this case that the State offered the

evidence to demonstrate the defendant’s propensity to commit acts of domestic violence.

¶ 71 For example, at the hearing on the first motion in limine, the State argued, “The

legislature determined that in these situations a propensity to commit this type of offense is relevant

and should be considered by *** the jury. And *** three domestic battery convictions in the course

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of [the] last ten years and the domestic battery prosecution is absolutely probative.” (Emphasis

added.) The trial court expressed its apparent understanding that the evidence was being offered

for propensity when it clarified with the State, “So, in this case you’re offering *** specific

instances of conduct that you’d like the Court to present to the jury for their consideration as

evidence, propensity evidence[?]” And the State responded affirmatively.

¶ 72 At the hearing on the third motion in limine, the State incorporated by reference all

of its “substantive arguments” from the hearing on the first motion and focused its argument on

the “methodology” of admitting the evidence. Defense counsel appeared to understand that the

purpose of the evidence was to demonstrate defendant’s propensity to commit domestic battery

when she acknowledged at the beginning of her argument that “the purpose of 115-7[.]4, the statute

under which we are functioning today, *** is to allow for propensity evidence.”

¶ 73 The trial court’s oral and written comments demonstrate confusion about the

application of section 115-7.4. The statute partially abrogates the common law rule disallowing

evidence of a defendant’s propensity to commit crimes to specifically allow in a domestic violence

prosecution evidence of a defendant’s propensity to commit domestic violence offenses. The

statute thus serves as an expansion of the common law rule permitting other-crimes evidence for

the purposes of intent, motive, absence of mistake, and modus operandi. Put another way, the

statute adds “propensity” in domestic violence cases to the common law list of purposes for which

certain other-crimes evidence may be admitted, such as “intent,” “motive,” “absence of mistake,”

and “modus operandi.” And we wish to emphasize that if evidence at a defendant’s trial on a

charge of domestic violence shows the defendant’s propensity to commit domestic violence, that

evidence need not also constitute evidence admissible for other purposes, such as motive or

modus operandi, to be admissible under section 115-7.4.

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¶ 74 To the extent (as shown by its written order) that the trial court required the State

to identify a relevant purpose beyond or in addition to defendant’s propensity to commit acts of

domestic violence as a prerequisite to admission of defendant’s convictions of domestic violence,

the trial court applied the law incorrectly. See Dabbs, 239 Ill. 2d at 295 (“[S]ection 115-7.4 ***

permits the trial court to allow admission of evidence of other crimes of domestic violence to

establish the propensity of a defendant to commit a crime of domestic violence ***.”).

¶ 75 Moreover, in finding that the State “did not offer the evidence to establish

defendant’s *** propensity to commit the charged offense,” the trial court was simply wrong. The

record establishes with clarity that (1) propensity was the intended purpose of the evidence and

(2) both the trial court and defendant were aware of this purpose as early as the court’s hearing on

the State’s first motion in limine.

¶ 76 b. Context

¶ 77 Another reason for the trial court’s finding that admission of the certified

convictions alone would be unduly prejudicial to the defendant was that the convictions, on their

own, did not provide sufficient “context” for the jury to determine what weight to give to the

convictions. In this manner, too, the trial court misapprehended the purpose and application of

section 115-7.4.

¶ 78 The trial court’s statement that the jury needs additional “context” surrounding the

convictions confuses the role of the jury at trial with the role of the trial court at the section 115-7.4

hearing. This court confronted this issue in Heller, 2017 IL App (4th) 140658, ¶¶ 60-66, when we

considered an improper jury instruction given to a jury that had received propensity evidence

pursuant to section 115-7.4.

¶ 79 In Heller, the jury was instructed that the other-crimes evidence could be

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considered only “ ‘on the issues of the factual similarity and proximity in time.’ ” Id. ¶ 66. This

court concluded that instruction was incorrect and explained why as follows:

“The issues of factual similarity and proximity in time are to be considered by the

trial court when determining whether the other-crimes evidence should be

admitted. Once admitted, the evidence may be used by the jury for ‘any relevant

matter.’ To say that the evidence may be used by the jury only on the issues of

factual similarity and proximity in time confuses the role of the jury with that of

the trial court.” (Emphasis in original.) Id.

¶ 80 Here, the trial court’s judgment demonstrates the same confusion. It is the trial court

that should consider the “context” surrounding the prior convictions in order to serve its

gatekeeping function at the section 115-7.4 hearing. The “context” is required for the trial court to

conduct the balancing test to determine admissibility. Once admitted, the evidence may be

considered “for any relevant purpose.”

¶ 81 Additionally, by enacting section 115-7.4, the legislature has determined that a

defendant’s status as a person who has been previously convicted of domestic battery is something

the jury should hear. And a copy of a certified conviction is the best method of proving that status.

As discussed earlier (supra ¶¶ 45, 52), a certified copy of conviction for domestic battery is

different in kind from live testimony about the circumstances of that offense. A certified conviction

proves the defendant’s status as having been convicted of the offense and cannot be disputed. By

contrast, testimony that defendant committed the offense of domestic violence (1) could be

contradicted at trial and (2) need not be believed by the trier of fact.

¶ 82 In the absence of a conviction, the jury must necessarily make credibility

determinations in order to decide whether a defendant did or did not commit the offense. In such

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a case, the jury may need additional context to make those credibility determinations. Under those

circumstances, the trial court is tasked with determining how much information about the offense

the jury should receive and should take care to admit only as much evidence as is necessary to

establish propensity, thereby avoiding a “mini-trial” on the prior offense. People v. Smith, 406 Ill.

App. 3d 747, 755-56, 941 N.E.2d 419, 426-27 (2010).

¶ 83 However, in a case in which the issue is the admissibility of a certified copy of

conviction—such as the one before us—no such credibility determinations need to be made or are

even appropriate. The conviction is incontrovertible proof that the defendant committed the crime.

Accordingly, the jury does not need any “context” to somehow further describe the domestic

violence offense of which the defendant was convicted.

¶ 84 We agree with the State that presenting additional “context” surrounding the

convictions increases the risk of prejudice to a defendant. For example, hearing two women

describe how it felt when a defendant choked them, or hit, punched, or kicked them, is much more

prejudicial than hearing those details from just one victim. The admission of a certified copy of

conviction alone both (1) reduces that risk of prejudice and (2) serves the legislative purpose of

addressing “the difficulties of proof unique to the prosecution of domestic violence crimes by

strengthening the evidence in such cases and promoting the prosecution of such cases.” People v.

Dabbs, 396 Ill. App. 3d 622, 627, 919 N.E.2d 501, 505 (2009), aff’d, 239 Ill. 2d 277 (2010).

¶ 85 c. The Trial Court’s Misapprehension of Other Authority

¶ 86 Finally, the trial court found that there was no “direct authority” or “persuasive

authority to suggest that a certified copy of conviction, without more, is proper propensity evidence

under [section 115-7.4].” Instead, the court discussed the two most instructive cases it could locate,

People v. Sundling, 2012 IL App (2d) 070455-B, 965 N.E.2d 563, and People v. Fields, 2013 IL

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App (3d) 080829-B, 99 N.E.2d 1 (Fields I). (We note that Fields I was vacated by supervisory

order (People v. Fields, No. 117121 (Ill. Mar. 26, 2014) (supervisory order)) and on remand the

Third District reversed the judgment of the trial court on separate but related grounds (People v.

Fields, 2015 IL App (3d) 080829-C, 27 N.E.3d 704 (Fields II)). The reasoning of Fields I

discussed herein remains unaffected.) Both cases applied section 115-7.3 (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3

(West 2012)), a statute nearly identical to 115-7.4 that permits the introduction of propensity

evidence regarding certain sex offenses.

¶ 87 i. People v. Sundling

¶ 88 In Sundling, in a prosecution for aggravated criminal sexual abuse, the trial court

allowed the State’s motion to admit under section 115-7.3 the following evidence of the

defendant’s prior commission of sex offenses: (1) a certified copy of conviction and docketing

statement for a 1984 Cook County conviction of two counts of indecent liberties with a child;

(2) the charging document and sentencing order for a 1997 Michigan conviction of attempted

criminal sexual conduct; and (3) the docket sheets, court order, information, and probable cause

affidavit for a 1997 Indiana conviction for child molestation. Sundling, 2012 IL App (2d)

070455-B, ¶ 74. The defendant was convicted following a bench trial and argued on appeal that

the trial court erred by admitting this evidence. Id. ¶¶ 1, 74.

¶ 89 The appellate court concluded that the trial court erred by admitting all three

categories of evidence. Id. ¶¶ 79, 85. Specifically, the certified copy of conviction and docketing

statement for the 1984 Cook County conviction and the 1997 Michigan conviction “provided no

set of facts for the trial court to determine if there were any similarities between that offense and

the present case.” Id. ¶ 79. The 1997 Indiana probable cause affidavit provided factual detail but

was inadmissible hearsay. Id. ¶ 82. (We note the Sundling court did not discuss any of the other

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court documents associated with the Indiana offense.)

¶ 90 The trial court in the present case found “the facts and issues in Sundling to be

similar to this case.” We disagree. In Sundling, by offering only the certified copies of conviction,

the State did not provide the trial court with any facts surrounding the Cook County and Michigan

convictions. Consequently, the court was unable to conduct the balancing test required by section

115-7.3 to make a threshold determination of admissibility. Here, by attaching the probable cause

affidavits to its motion, the State provided sufficient facts for the trial court to conduct the

balancing test required under section 115-7.4. Indeed, in this very case, the trial court found that

“the proximity in time and factual similarities of the prior offenses weigh in favor of admitting

some evidence related to the prior convictions in this case.”

¶ 91 Additionally, in Sundling, the trial court admitted the probable cause affidavit

related to the Indiana conviction instead of a certified copy of conviction. Here, the State seeks

admission of only the certified copies of conviction and acknowledges that admission of affidavits

would be improper.

¶ 92 Accordingly, the problems underlying the trial court’s admission of propensity

evidence in Sundling simply do not exist in the case before us.

¶ 93 ii. People v. Fields

¶ 94 The trial court also discussed Fields I, a procedurally complicated case in which a

certified copy of conviction and live testimony from the victim of that offense were admitted at

the defendant’s jury trial under section 115-7.3. Fields I, 2013 IL App (3d) 080829-B, ¶¶ 6-8.

Following the defendant’s conviction, the appellate court rejected the defendant’s argument that a

certified copy of conviction is not “evidence” within the meaning of section 115-7.3. Id. ¶ 21. The

appellate court concluded that a plain reading of section 115-7.3 did not limit admissible evidence

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to testimony, and wrote the following:

“Sometimes the only evidence of such crimes is the testimony of the victim and

other appropriate witnesses or evidence of the defendant’s admission that he

committed the act(s). Where, as here, [the] defendant has actually been convicted

of the ‘other crime,’ a certified copy of the conviction is certainly evidence of its

commission. We note section 115-7.3(b) expressly references ‘commission of

another offense.’ [Citation.] A certified conviction constitutes some fact that shows

defendant has been proven to the satisfaction of a jury to have committed ‘another

offense.’ Thus, we believe section 115-7.3 contemplates and authorizes admission

of certified convictions as ‘evidence.’ ” Id. ¶ 23.

¶ 95 The appellate court went on to affirm the trial court’s admission of the certified

copy of conviction.

¶ 96 The trial court in the present case found that, although Fields I held that certified

copies of conviction were admissible under section 115-7.3, the appellate court in Fields I “did not

offer an opinion as [to] whether the certified conviction without additional testimony or some other

evidence to put it in context was permissible.”

¶ 97 However, we believe that the language in Fields I is both correct and instructive. In

Fields I, the Third District observed that sometimes the only evidence that a defendant has

committed an offense is the testimony of the victim. A logical corollary to this observation is that

sometimes the only evidence that a defendant has committed an offense is the certified copy of his

conviction. This would be the situation when the victim of the prior offense is unavailable, unable

to be located, or deceased. Disallowing admission of a certified copy of conviction in such

instances because it could not be accompanied by live testimony would defeat the purpose of the

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statute and be illogical. See Dabbs, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 627, where the court stated the following:

“[D]omestic violence is generally a repetitive and secretive crime that is highly

unreported and typically becomes a credibility contest between the alleged abuser

and victim. [Citation.] Section 115-7.4 attempts to address the difficulties of proof

unique to the prosecution of domestic violence crimes by strengthening the

evidence in such cases and promoting the prosecution of such cases.”

¶ 98 As the Fields I court noted, “ ‘Evidence’ includes all of the means by which alleged

facts are proved or disproved. [Citation.] It can be real or documentary. [Citation.] It encompasses

testimony delivered by witnesses and records, documents, objects, stipulations, and facts judicially

noticed.” Fields I, 2013 IL App (3d) 080829-B, ¶ 22. The Fields I court continued, “We find

nothing in the definition of ‘evidence’ or the language of the statute to support defendant’s

restrictive interpretation of the term ‘evidence’ as used in section 115-7.3.” Id. ¶ 24.

¶ 99 As the State points out, section 115-7.4(d) explicitly provides that “proof [of a

defendant’s propensity to commit acts of domestic violence] may be made by specific instances of

conduct.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4(d) (West 2020). We agree with the State that a

certified copy of conviction is the best evidence that a defendant has committed a previous act of

domestic violence. See also Fields II, 2015 IL App (3d) 080829-C, ¶ 25 (“At trial, the State

correctly argued that the admission of the conviction was extremely probative to show defendant’s

propensity to commit the charged offense” and “[the prior victim’s] testimony standing alone is

much less compelling than an actual conviction of the same alleged conduct.”).

¶ 100 Indeed, the Fields I court found the defendant’s suggested reading of section

115-7.3—to permit only testimonial evidence—improperly added the limiting term “testimonial”

into the plain language of section 115-7.3. Fields I, 2013 IL App (3d) 080829-B, ¶ 21. Similarly,

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to read section 115-7.4 to require the admission of live testimony as a prerequisite to the admission

of a certified copy of conviction also reads terms into the plain language of the statute that simply

are not there. See People v. Gorss, 2022 IL 126464, ¶ 10 (“[W]here the language used [in a statute]

is plain and unambiguous, [a reviewing court] may not ‘depart from its terms’ or read into the rule

exceptions, limitations, or conditions that conflict with the drafters’ intent.”).

¶ 101 Accordingly, based upon the explanation the trial court provided for its denial of

the State’s third motion in limine, we conclude that the trial court erred by denying that motion.

The State established that the relevant purpose of the certified copies of conviction was to prove

defendant’s propensity to commit acts of domestic violence. The State provided sufficient factual

details underlying the convictions to enable the court to conduct the balancing test required by

section 115-7.4. After considering these factual details, the trial court found that “the proximity in

time and factual similarities of the prior offenses weigh in favor of admitting some evidence related

to the prior convictions in this case.” The trial court’s ultimate conclusion, however, that undue

prejudice resulting from the admission of the certified copies of conviction alone would outweigh

their probative value was rooted in misapprehension of the applicable law.

¶ 102 We conclude that the certified copies of conviction alone are admissible evidence

of defendant’s propensity to commit acts of domestic violence. On remand, the trial court should

admit the certified copies of conviction as the State has requested.

¶ 103 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 104 For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for

further proceedings.

¶ 105 Reversed and remanded.

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 2022 IL App (4th) 210598

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Macon County, No. 21-CF-518;
the Hon. Rodney S. Forbes, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Scott Rueter, State’s Attorney, of Decatur (Patrick Delfino, David
for J. Robinson, and James Ryan Williams, of State’s Attorneys Ap-
Appellant: pellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Catherine K. Hart, and Sarah G. Lucey, of State
for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.
Appellee:

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