Goldstein v. Denner

EFiled: May 26 2022 09:51AM EDT
Transaction ID 67662682
Case No. 2020-1061-JTL
IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

STEWART N. GOLDSTEIN, individually and )
on behalf of all others similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2020-1061-JTL
)
ALEXANDER J. DENNER, JOHN G. COX, )
ANNA PROTOPAPAS, BRIAN S. POSNER, )
LOUIS J. PAGLIA, GENO J. GERMANO, )
JOHN T. GREENE, ANDREA DIFABIO, )
SARISSA CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, L.P., )
SARISSA CAPITAL DOMESTIC FUND LP, )
SARISSA CAPITAL OFFSHORE MASTER )
FUND LP, and SARISSA CAPITAL )
MANAGEMENT GP LLC, )
)
Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION ADDRESSING
MOTIONS TO DISMISS COUNTS I AND II

Date Submitted: March 4, 2022
Date Decided: May 26, 2022

Kevin H. Davenport, John G. Day, PRICKETT, JONES & ELLIOTT P.A., Wilmington,
Delaware; R. Bruce McNew, COOCH & TAYLOR P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Randall
J. Baron, David T. Wissbroecker, ROBBINS GELLER RUDMAN & DOWD LLP, San
Diego, California; Christopher H. Lyons, ROBBINS GELLER RUDMAN & DOWD LLP,
Nashville, Tennessee; Brett Middleton, JOHNSON FISTEL, LLP, New York, New York;
Attorneys for Plaintiff.

Matthew D. Stachel, PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; Daniel J. Kramer, Geoffrey R. Chepiga, Daniel J. Juceam, PAUL,
WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys
for Defendants John G. Cox, Anna Protopapas, Brian S. Posner, Louis J. Paglia, Geno J.
Germano, John T. Greene, and Andrea DiFabio.

Stephen E. Jenkins, Richard D. Heins, ASHBY & GEDDES, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware;
Tariq Mundiya, Sameer Advani, Richard Li, M. Annie Houghton-Larsen, WILLKIE
FARR & GALLAGHER LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys for Defendants Alexander
J. Denner, Sarissa Capital Management LP, Sarissa Capital Domestic Fund LP, Sarissa
Capital Offshore Master Fund LP, and Sarissa Capital Management GP LLC.

LASTER, V.C.
 Bioverativ, Inc. (the “Company”) commenced its existence as a publicly traded

Delaware corporation in February 2017, when it was spun off from Biogen, Inc. In May

2017, Sanofi S.A. approached two of the Company’s directors—defendants Alexander J.

Denner and Brian S. Posner—and expressed interest in buying the Company for around

$90 per share. At that time, the Company’s stock was trading in the mid-$50s.

The two directors demurred. Neither of them disclosed Sanofi’s approach to the

Company’s board of directors (the “Board”). Instead, Denner caused a hedge fund that he

controls to buy more than a million shares of Company common stock, octupling his

holdings. The purchases violated the Company’s insider trading policy. Denner did not

disclose the purchases to the Board.

Denner stood to make massive profits if the Company was sold at a price in the

range of Sanofi’s bid. One impediment was Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act

of 1934, which requires that an insider disgorge short-swing profits from any sale that takes

place less than six months after the purchase. The solution was to delay any engagement

with Sanofi so that the sale would take place after the short-swing period closed.

That is exactly what Denner and Posner did. In June and again in September 2017,

Sanofi followed up with Denner and Posner. Each time, Denner and Posner told Sanofi that

the Company was not for sale.

In October 2017, however, the short-swing period was about to expire. This time

when Sanofi came calling, Denner proposed invited Sanofi to bid as part of a pre-emptive,
single-bidder process. Denner acted unilaterally to put the Company in play. The Board

knew nothing about Sanofi’s inquiries.

Several weeks later, in late November 2017, Sanofi offered to acquire the Company

for $98.50 per share. This was the first time that the Board learned about Sanofi’s interest.

The Company’s management team and its financial advisors had valued the

Company at more than $150 per share using the projections in the Company’s long-range

plan. After receiving Sanofi’s offer, the Board asked for a higher bid, and Sanofi increased

its offer to $101.50. At that point, the Board countered at $105 per share, almost one-third

below the Company’s standalone valuation under its long-range plan. Sanofi accepted the

Board’s counter.

The Board then had to confront the disconnect between the Company’s long-range

plan and the deal price. The solution was to slash the Company’s projections, and Company

management proceeded to do just that. Yet nothing had changed about the Company’s

long-term prospects or business outlook since the arrival of Sanofi’s bid.

With the benefit of a fairness opinion supported by the slashed projections, the

Board approved an agreement and plan of merger with Sanofi (the “Merger Agreement”)

that contemplated a medium-form merger (the “Transaction”). In the first-step tender offer,

holders of 65.2% of the Company’s common stock tendered their shares. The Transaction

closed promptly thereafter.

In this lawsuit, the plaintiff asserts that the members of the Board and three of the

Company’s officers breached their fiduciary duties during the sale process (the “Sale

Process Claims”). The Sale Process Claims state non-exculpated claims for breach of

2
fiduciary duty against Denner, Posner, and defendant John G. Cox, the lone inside director.

It is reasonably conceivable that Denner favored a sale disloyally and in bad faith to capture

the profits on the shares he secretly purchased based on inside information about Sanofi’s

interest. It is reasonably conceivable that Posner acted in bad faith by concealing Sanofi’s

approach from the Board. It is reasonably conceivable that Cox had a differential interest

in receiving $72.3 million in severance payments.

The Sale Process Claims also state non-exculpated claims for breach of fiduciary

duty against defendants Anna Protopapas and Geno J. Germano based on their relationships

with Denner. Denner is an activist investor who follows a business strategy of effecting

significant change at target companies, including by putting them into play. Implementing

that strategy depends on obtaining representation on the boards of target companies.

Carrying out the strategy thus generates a steady stream of opportunities to put individuals

on the boards of target companies. Scholars have confirmed the intuitive reality that

directorships are valuable and sought after. Delaware law has long recognized that a

director may be compromised by sense of gratitude for past benefits. Recent scholarship

demonstrates that directors may be compromised by the promise of future rewards. The

receipt of past directorships and access to a steady flow of future opportunities can be a

strong motivator. Although a director’s nomination to a board standing alone is not enough

to call into question the director’s independence from the nominating party, a pattern of

facts surrounding the director’s service can do the trick.

The complaint pleads a constellation of facts about Protopapas which makes it

reasonably conceivable that she supported a fast sale to Sanofi because she had benefitted

3
from and wanted to keep participating in Denner’s activist campaigns. Just weeks before

joining the Board, Protopapas received a lucrative payout for helping Denner complete the

sale of another company. She also had other professional relationships with Denner.

According to the complaint, Protopapas supported a fast sale to Sanofi at a price far below

Company management’s assessment of the Company’s standalone value. Taken together,

these pled facts support a reasonable inference that Protopapas approved the Transaction

because she and Denner had established a symbiotic relationship that Protopapas wanted

to see continue, rather than because the Transaction was in the best interests of the

stockholders.

The complaint pleads a constellation of facts about Germano that leads to a similar

inference. Although Germano had not previously helped Denner with an activist campaign,

he was unemployed when he joined the Board, which gave him an opportunity to restart

his career. He joined the Board shortly after the spinoff. Six months later, after inviting

Sanofi to bid, Denner secured a seat for Germano on the board of another company.

Germano then supported the sale to Sanofi at a price far below Company management’s

assessment of the Company’s standalone value. Taken together, these pled facts support a

reasonable inference that Germano approved the Transaction because of his relationship

with Denner, rather than because the Transaction was in the best interests of the

stockholders.

In granting the plaintiff a pleading-stage inference sufficient to keep Protopapas and

Germano in the case, this decision has taken into account that the defendants moved to

dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), which imposes a lower pleading standard

4
than a motion to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 23.1, where particularized pleading

is required. The court also has considered that the claims implicate enhanced scrutiny,

rather than the business judgment rule. If the business judgment rule governed, then to

rebut its presumption of loyalty, the plaintiff would have to plead facts sufficient to support

an inference that the decision could not rationally be explained other than on the basis of

bad faith. By contrast, when a case is governed by a standard more onerous than the

business judgment rule, that same pleading obligation does not apply. Instead, the

Delaware Supreme Court has held that a plaintiff need only “plead[] facts that support a

rational inference of bad faith.” Kahn v. Stern, 183 A.3d 715, 2018 WL 1341719, at *1

(Del. 2018) (TABLE).

Viewed through these lenses, the complaint pleads a combination of facts which

supports a rational inference that Protopapas and Germano supported a sale because they

wanted to be on Team Denner. That is only a pleading-stage inference, but it prevents

Protopapas and Germano from obtaining a pleading-stage dismissal.

The complaint does not plead a similar combination of facts against defendant Louis

J. Paglia. He already was serving on the Board when the spinoff took place. The complaint

does not allege that Denner helped Paglia join the Board, and the complaint does not

identify any other prior ties to Denner. The complaint does allege that Denner subsequently

selected Paglia to serve as a director for a blank-check special purpose acquisition vehicle

that Denner’s hedge fund sponsored, but the complaint does not say when that appointment

took place. It seems more temporally remote, and the complaint does little more than

identify it in passing. Whether a complaint has pled sufficient facts to state a non-

5
exculpated claim is a matter of degree. At present, the plaintiff has not pled sufficient facts

to support an inference that Paglia acted in bad faith in connection with the Transaction.

The Sale Process Claims also state claims for breach of fiduciary duty against Cox

(in his capacity as an officer) and the other two officer defendants. As officers of the

Company, those defendants are not entitled to exculpation.

The plaintiff separately asserts that the members of the Board and the officer

defendants breached their fiduciary duty of disclosure by issuing a Schedule 14D-9 in

connection with the Transaction that contained false and misleading statements and

material omissions (the “Disclosure Claims”). The Disclosure Claims state non-exculpated

claims for breach of fiduciary duty against all of the director and officer defendants.

The plaintiff separately asserts a claim against Denner for breach of fiduciary duty

under Brophy v. Cities Service Co., 70 A.2d 5 (Del. Ch. 1949), and a claim against the

hedge fund Denner controlled for aiding and abetting Denner’s breaches of fiduciary duty.

The court will address those claims in a separate opinion.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The facts are drawn from the complaint, the documents it incorporates by reference,

and pertinent public documents that are subject to judicial notice.1 At this procedural stage,

1
Citations in the form “Ex. __” refer to exhibits attached to the Transmittal
Declaration of Matthew D. Stachel (the “Stachel Affidavit”). Dkt. 25. Two key disclosure
documents are the Offer to Purchase filed with the SEC in connection with the Transaction
(the “Schedule TO”) and the Schedule 14D-9 that the Company filed in response. Citations
in the form “14D-9 at __” refer to the Schedule 14D-9, found at Exhibit 1 to the Stachel
6
the complaint’s allegations are assumed to be true, and the plaintiff receives the benefit of

all reasonable inferences.

Both sides rely on public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the

“SEC”) that are outside the four corners of the complaint. The court takes judicial notice

of the filings to establish the information that was disclosed to stockholders, and “to

establish formal, uncontested matters.”2 The defendants attempt to go further by relying on

the public filings as accurate descriptions of what occurred, and they ask the court to draw

defense-friendly inferences from those documents. Those efforts go beyond what Rule

12(b)(6) permits.3

Before filing suit, the plaintiff obtained books and records from the Company using

Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “Section 220 Action”). The

Affidavit. Citations in the form “Schedule TO at __” refer to the excerpts of the Schedule
TO, found at Exhibit 4 to the Stachel Affidavit.
2
In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 70 (Del. 1995); see In re
Solera Hldgs., Inc. S’holder Litig., 2017 WL 57839, at *8 n.39 (Del. Ch. Jan. 5, 2017)
(“[T]he Court may properly consider relevant portions of a proxy statement when
analyzing disclosure issues, not to establish the truth of the matters asserted, but to examine
what was disclosed to the stockholders.”); Abbey v. E.W. Scripps Co., 1995 WL 478957,
at *1 n.1 (Del. Ch. Aug. 9, 1995) (Allen, C.) (“In deciding a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6), the court may judiciously rely on proxy statements not to resolve disputed facts
but at least to establish what was disclosed to shareholders.”).
3
White v. Panic, 783 A.2d 543, 547 n.5 (Del. 2001) (“[T]he court may not employ
assertions in documents outside the complaint to decide issues of fact against the plaintiff
without the benefit of an appropriate factual record.”); Vanderbilt Income & Growth
Assocs., L.L.C. v. Arvida/JMB Managers, Inc., 691 A.2d 609, 613 (Del. 1996) (explaining
that the court may consider documents outside of the pleadings “when the document is not
being relied upon to prove the truth of its contents”).

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Company offered to pay the plaintiff $50,000 to dismiss the Section 220 Action with

prejudice. The plaintiff declined, and the Company produced 628 documents, including

minutes, presentations, and certain emails (collectively, the “Section 220 Documents”).

The parties stipulated that “[i]n the event Plaintiff . . . decides to use, or refer to, any

information or documents provided by [the Company] in any complaint, petition, or other

court filing, then all documents and information provided by [the Company] to Plaintiff

shall be deemed incorporated by reference into the filing.” Goldstein v. Bioverativ, Inc.,

C.A. No. 2018-0156-JTL, Dkt. 20 ¶ 11 (Del. Ch. Mar. 25, 2020).

In connection with the motions to dismiss, the defendants submitted forty-one

exhibits. Nineteen were Section 220 Documents. Based on the stipulation in the Section

220 Action, the defendants can refer to these documents to ensure that the plaintiff has not

misrepresented their contents. The defendants go further, however, by asking the court to

rely on the documents to draw inferences in the defendants’ favor. A defendant may not

use Section 220 documents “to rewrite an otherwise well-pled complaint.” In re Clovis

Oncology, Inc. Deriv. Litig., 2019 WL 4850188, at *14 n.216 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2019). A

stipulation incorporating Section 220 documents by reference “does not enable a court to

weigh evidence on a motion to dismiss. It permits a court to review the actual documents

to ensure that the plaintiff has not misrepresented their contents and that any inference the

plaintiff seeks to have drawn is a reasonable one.” Voigt v. Metcalf, 2020 WL 614999, at

*9 (Del. Ch. Feb. 10, 2020).

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 This decision describes the factual background based on these principles. It is

necessarily a plaintiff-friendly account because the defendants chose to fight on that

battlefield.

A. The Company’s Origins

The Company started life as a business unit inside Biogen, a biotechnology and

pharmaceutical company. After a proxy fight, activist investor Carl Icahn succeeded in

placing directors on the Biogen board. Posner joined as an Icahn nominee in 2008, having

previously helped Icahn with a proxy contest at Yahoo! Inc. Compl. ¶ 30. Denner worked

for Icahn and helped develop his biotechnology strategy. He joined the Biogen board as an

Icahn nominee in 2009. Id. ¶ 15. Icahn and his nominees pressured Biogen to sell itself or

spinoff business units. Id. ¶ 53.

In 2012, Denner left Icahn to found a hedge fund. The keystone entity is defendant

Sarissa Capital Management, L.P. (“Sarissa Capital”), a Delaware limited partnership. The

general partner of Sarissa Capital is defendant Sarissa Capital Management GP LLC

(“Sarissa GP”). Sarissa Capital serves as the investment advisor to two funds, defendants

Sarissa Capital Domestic Fund LP and Sarissa Capital Offshore Fund LP (the “Sarissa

Funds”). Denner controls the Sarissa entities through his position as the managing member

of Sarissa GP and his role as Chief Investment Officer of Sarissa Capital. This decision

refers to Sarissa Capital, Sarissa GP, and the Sarissa Funds collectively as “Sarissa.”

Denner and Sarissa are activist investors. Denner identifies a target company.

Sarissa purchases shares of the target company. Denner then seeks to cause the target

9
company to make changes that will increase stockholder value, often through a sale or

breakup of the target company.

B. The Post-Spinoff Business

Effective February 1, 2017, Biogen spun off the Company as a new, standalone

public entity (the “Spinoff”). At the time of the Spinoff, the Company generated

approximately $888 million in annual revenue. It had two successful products, both

treatments for hemophilia. Eloctate was a treatment for hemophilia A. Alprolix was a

treatment for hemophilia B. Both were unique because they were prophylactic treatments.

Id. ¶¶ 56–57. The Company also had a pipeline of promising products. Some of the

Company’s products involved collaborations with other biotechnology companies.

After the Spinoff, the Company had two primary goals: “increase sustainability of

revenue generated from Eloctate and Alprolix,” and “build a pipeline to enable long term

growth.” Id. ¶ 59 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Company had $325 million in

cash after the Spinoff, giving it the ability to fund strategic acquisitions.

C. The Directors And Officers Of The Company

When the Spinoff took place, the Board had four members. Posner served as Chair,

which gave him control over the Board’s agenda. Denner served as the Chair of the

Corporate Governance Committee, which put him in charge of nominating new directors.

Posner and Denner also continued to serve on the Biogen board. Id. ¶¶ 14–15, 29–30.

The other two directors were Cox and Paglia. Cox served as the Company’s CEO,

having been an executive of Biogen since 2003. Paglia was an outside director who had

served with Posner on the board of Arch Capital Group Ltd., since 2014. See id. ¶¶ 21, 35.

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 Defendant John T. Greene was the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. Defendant

Andrea DiFabio was the Company’s Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, and

Corporate Secretary. This decision refers to Greene, DiFabio, and Cox (in his capacity as

an officer) as the “Officer Defendants.”

On February 28, 2017, the Board voted to expand to five directors. The Board

appointed Protopapas to fill the newly created directorship. Id. ¶ 25.

Denner and Protopapas had a history. Denner had nominated Protopapas to serve

on the board of Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as part of a Sarissa-led proxy contest. After

Protopapas joined the Ariad board in April 2015, Denner and Protopapas shepherded Ariad

into a sale to Protopapas’ former employer, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Limited.

Denner and Protopapas served on the three-person Coordination Committee that led the

sale process. Denner and Protopapas retained Lazard Frères & Co. LLC (“Lazard”) as the

financial advisor to the Coordination Committee. The sale of Ariad closed on February 15,

2017. For less than two years of service as a director, Protopapas netted $2.2 million for

her shares and options. Sarissa purchased its stake in Ariad for $49 million in 2013. Just

over three years later, Sarissa netted a profit of $260 million. Id. ¶ 26.

Denner and Protopapas also knew each other from Mersana Therapeutics, Inc.,

where Protopapas had served as President and CEO since 2015. Sarissa is one of Mersana’s

three largest stockholders, owning approximately 8% of the outstanding shares. Id. ¶ 27.

Protopapas joined the Board less than two weeks after the sale of Ariad. As the chair

of the Corporate Governance Committee on a board with just four members, Denner played

11
a major role in securing the appointment of Protopapas. After her appointment, Protopapas

joined Denner on the Corporate Governance Committee.

D. The 2017 Annual Plan

In the ordinary course of business, the Company prepared an Annual Operating Plan

(the “Annual Plan”). Executive compensation was tied to the Annual Plan.

During a meeting of the Board on February 28, 2017, Company management

presented the Annual Plan for that year. The 2017 Annual Plan projected $1.061 billion in

revenue, $272 million in net income, and $242 million in adjusted free cash flow for 2017.

Id. ¶ 71.

Company management also presented a plan for the Company’s product pipeline.

Company management identified potential collaborations and strategic acquisitions,

including the creation of a “Sickle Cell Disease Franchise” through two key acquisitions.

The presentation noted the Company’s strong cash position and observed that “early stage

deals are affordable.” Id. ¶¶ 61–62 (internal quotation marks omitted).

In April 2017, Company management presented an update to the Board that

identified three immediate acquisitions. The presentation noted that after making the

acquisitions, the Company would have substantial cash and additional financing capacity

for other strategic acquisitions. Id. ¶ 63.

On May 1, 2017, Company management presented the Board with the potential

acquisition of True North Therapeutics, a company that had developed a treatment for a

blood disorder known as cold agglutinin disease. The United States Food and Drug

Administration (the “FDA”) had given True North’s treatment a Breakthrough Therapy

12
designation, and the treatment had shown promise in early trials. Id. ¶ 64. Using Company

management’s projections, True North was valued at $1.6 billion for the base case, $3.5

billion for the upside case, and $525 million for the downside case. Id.

On May 4, 2017, the Company announced its results for the first quarter of 2017,

its first as a public company. The Company reported revenue of $259 million, a 35% year-

over-year increase. Id. ¶ 72. But the Company’s stock did not react positively and actually

traded down by 1%. Id. ¶ 108 n.5.

E. Sanofi Expresses Interest.

On May 8, 2017, Lazard contacted Denner and told him that Sanofi was interested

in making an offer to acquire the Company. Denner and Lazard had worked together on

the sale of Ariad, which closed only a few months earlier. Three days after his call with

Lazard, Denner attended meetings of the Board and the Corporate Governance Committee.

Denner did not disclose the information he received from Lazard. Id. ¶¶ 87–88.

During the May 11 meeting of the Board, Company management increased its

revenue projection for 2017 by $17 million, reflecting growth of 22%. Id. ¶ 73. Company

management also reported on discussions with True North and a second potential

acquisition candidate. Id. ¶ 65.

Also during the meeting, the Board voted to expand to six directors and filled the

newly created directorship with Germano. Before his appointment, Germano was

unemployed after a nine-month stint as President of Intrexon Corporation. Germano had

joined Intrexon with the goal of becoming CEO, but once it became clear that Intrexon’s

founder and CEO did not plan to retire, Germano resigned. Id. ¶ 39. Germano saw his

13
position with the Company as an opportunity to revitalize his career. This decision refers

to Germano, Denner, Paglia, Posner, Protopapas, and Cox (in his capacity as a director) as

the “Director Defendants.”

On May 12, 2017, the day after the Board meeting, Sanofi made contact again. Serge

Weinberg, the chairman of Sanofi’s board of directors, contacted Posner about a

transaction. According to the Schedule 14D-9, Posner responded that the Company was

not for sale. 14D-9 at 18. Weinberg and Posner spoke again by phone on May 15, and they

scheduled an in-person meeting for May 19. Compl. ¶ 89.

On May 19, 2017, Posner and Denner met with Weinberg and Olivier Brandicourt,

Sanofi’s CEO. Weinberg and Brandicourt said that Sanofi was interested in buying the

Company at a price “in the range of $90 per share in cash.” Id. ¶ 90. On the same day, the

Company’s stock closed at $54.86 per share. Id. Sanofi’s proposed price represented a

premium of 64.1% over market.

During the meeting, Weinberg and Brandicourt said that Sanofi only would consider

a friendly transaction. Sanofi had been burned in 2016 when it made a hostile bid for

Medivation, Inc. Sanofi offered to pay more than 40% over market, yet Medivation

declined. Sanofi made its offer public, and Pfizer emerged as the successful acquirer. Id. ¶

91.

According to the Schedule 14D-9, Posner and Denner responded that the Company

was “focused on executing its current business plan and growing its operations as a

standalone business.” 14D-9 at 18. According to the Schedule 14D-9, Posner said he would

report on Sanofi’s interest to the Board. See id.

14
 The complaint alleges that Denner and Posner did not inform the Board about their

meeting with Weinberg and Brandicourt. See Compl. ¶ 92. The Schedule 14D-9 states that

Posner “updated each member of [the] Board of Directors regarding the substance of the

May 19, 2017 meeting.” 14D-9 at 18. The plaintiff alleges that this allegation is false.

Compl. ¶ 92. The Company did not produce any Section 220 Documents that would

validate that statement. The minutes that the Company produced do not contain any

reference to an update, and the Section 220 Documents did not contain any emails or other

materials that reflect an update. At this procedural stage, the court must accept the

complaint’s allegation as true.

Posner and Weinberg spoke again on May 23, 2017. According to the Schedule

14D-9, Posner reiterated that the Company was not for sale. 14D-9 at 18.

On May 23, 2017, the Company announced that it had signed a definitive agreement

to acquire True North. Compl. ¶ 65. The acquisition expanded the Company’s pipeline of

blood disorder treatments to include True North’s treatment for cold agglutinin disease.

F. Denner Covertly Buys Over One Million Shares Of Stock.

Before Denner’s meeting with Sanofi, Denner and Sarissa did not have large

holdings of Company common stock. Denner owned 3,945 shares. Sarissa owned 155,000

shares. Id. ¶ 18.

Just days after the meeting, Denner caused Sarissa to begin purchasing Company

common stock.

• On May 24, 2017, Sarissa purchased 340,000 shares of Company stock.

• On May 25, 2017, Sarissa purchased 130,000 shares of Company stock.
15
• On May 26, 2017, Sarissa purchased 450,000 shares of Company stock.

• On May 30, 2017, Sarissa purchased 90,000 shares of Company stock.

Id. ¶ 94.

In total, during the week after his meeting with Sanofi, Denner caused Sarissa to

pay $56.3 million to purchase 1,010,000 shares of Company stock at prices between $54.16

and $57.21 per share. Id. At Sanofi’s proposed transaction price of $90 per share, Sarissa

would make a profit of nearly $35 million.

Denner did not tell the Board about the stock purchases. The purchases did not

trigger a Schedule 13D filing because Denner kept Sarissa’s holdings below 5% of the

Company’s outstanding voting power.4

It is reasonably conceivable that Denner’s purchases violated the Board’s insider

trading policy, which stated:

We will not use information concerning [the Company] or information from
our business partners for personal benefit. To help ensure that you do not
engage in prohibited insider trading and avoid even the appearance of an
improper transaction, [the Company] has adopted an Insider Trading Policy,
which is available on our intranet site or from Legal. Our Insider Trading
Policy prohibits all of our directors, officers, employees, and temporary staff
worldwide, as well as their immediate family members, from trading
securities, or disclosing or passing along information to others who then trade
on the basis of material nonpublic information. You may only purchase or
sell a company’s securities if you are not in possession of material non-public
information about such company. Certain individuals are subject to
additional trading restrictions, which limit those individuals to trading in the
Company’s securities only during certain open trading windows.

A person who acquires “beneficial ownership” of more than 5% of a class of voting
4

stock must file a Schedule 13D with the SEC within ten days of acquiring the stock. See
17 C.F.R § 240.13d-1(a).

16
 Material information is information that a reasonable investor would
consider important in deciding whether to buy, sell, or hold a security.
Information is generally considered “public” after it has been publicly
available for at least one business day after disclosure. Violations of the
insider trading laws are severe, and include civil and criminal fines and
penalties. It is your responsibility to ensure that you do not violate the insider
trading laws or our Insider Trading Policy.

Compl. ¶ 95.

The complaint supports an inference that Denner caused Sarissa to buy the shares

based on inside information about Sanofi’s interest in acquiring the Company. The

complaint supports an inference that Denner caused Sarissa to buy the shares with the

intention of making a quick profit on the sale of the Company.

Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act stood as a potential impediment to

Denner’s ability to make a profit. Under Section 16, an insider and his affiliates must

disgorge short-swing profits from purchases and sales of shares within a six-month period.

See 15 U.S.C. § 78p(a)(1), (b). To avoid liability for a short-swing profit, a transaction with

Sanofi could not close until after November 30, 2017.

G. Denner Continues His Discussions With Sanofi.

On June 13, 2017, Denner met with a representative of Lazard. According to the

Schedule TO that Sanofi later filed in connection with the Transaction, Denner and Lazard

discussed “a potential transaction involving Parent and the Company” and “[n]either party

discussed the potential terms of any such transaction.” Schedule TO at 15. The Schedule

14D-9 did not disclose this meeting, and there is no mention of the meeting in any of the

minutes that the Company produced in the Section 220 Documents.

17
 Meanwhile, the Company began evaluating a potential acquisition of Novimmune,

a company that had developed a treatment for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. The

FDA had given Novimmune’s treatment a “Breakthrough Therapy” designation, and the

European Medicines Agency had given it a “Priority Medicine” designation. Compl. ¶ 66.

That same month, the Company engaged in discussions with an entity named Bellicum

about a collaboration on a treatment for genetic blood disorders. Id. ¶ 67. On June 28, 2017,

the Company completed its acquisition of True North. Id. ¶ 65.

On June 30, the Board held a regularly scheduled meeting. Denner and Posner did

not disclose their discussions with Lazard and Sanofi. Id. ¶ 100.

H. The Company Continues To Outperform.

On August 3, 2017, the Company reported its positive results for the second quarter

of 2017, including year-over-year revenue growth of 37%. In the first half of 2017, the

Company already had exceeded the full-year estimate of adjusted free cash flows projected

in the 2017 Annual Plan. The Company also reported a strong balance sheet, with $465

million in current assets, $137 million in cash, and $235 million in net working capital. Id.

¶ 75.

In its earnings report, the Company updated its annual outlook to account for its

acquisition of True North. After that acquisition, the Company projected revenue growth

of 23–25%, representing a 1–3% increase over the Company’s projections from the first

quarter of 2017. Id. ¶ 76.

On the Company’s earnings call, Cox emphasized the value of the True North

acquisition. He also announced that the FDA had granted the Company’s Investigational

18
Drug Application for an experimental treatment that promised to provide longer-lasting

treatments for hemophilia A. And Cox touted the Company’s positive reception at the

International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress in Berlin, Germany. Id. ¶

74.

Despite this good news, the Company’s stock did not react positively. The one-day

stock price reaction to the second quarter results was 0.0%. Id. ¶ 108 n.5.

On August 24, 2017, Company management reported to the Board that revenue for

the second quarter of 2017 exceeded the projections in the 2017 Annual Plan by $49

million. As of that date, the Company was on track to exceed its 2016 revenue by 25%,

which was “at the upper bound of updated guidance.” Id. ¶ 77 (cleaned up). The Company

also announced a collaboration with Invicro, a company that provides imaging services and

analysis for pharmaceutical research and development. Id. ¶ 68.

In September 2017, the Company entered into other collaborations. The Company

signed an agreement with Bicycle Therapeutics for a “game changer” treatment for

hemophilia A. The Company also obtained a license for Catabasis’ research into sickle cell

disease. Id. ¶¶ 65, 69.

I. Sanofi Continues To Express Interest.

On September 12, 2017, Weinberg contacted Posner to reiterate Sanofi’s interest in

the Company. The next day, the Board met. The minutes of the meeting do not provide any

indication that Posner disclosed his discussion with Weinberg to the Board. There was no

indication in the Section 220 Documents that Posner disclosed his discussion to the Board.

19
 Weinberg and Posner spoke again on September 15. According to the Schedule

14D-9,

Mr. Weinberg expressed Sanofi’s interest in pursuing an acquisition of the
Company and Mr. Posner stated that our Board of Directors remained
confident in the future of the Company as a standalone business and was not
interested in pursuing such a transaction at that time. Following the phone
call with Mr. Weinberg, Mr. Posner provided a further update to our Board
of Directors regarding the substance of the conversation.

14D-9 at 18. Once again, there was no indication in the Section 220 Documents to support

the assertion that any update was provided to the Board.

During a meeting of the Board on September 13, Company management provided

a presentation titled “Investor Engagement Strategy H2 2017.” Compl. ¶ 103. The

presentation included a slide titled “Overview of Current Investor Base” that identified the

Company’s top twenty-five stockholders. To compile the information, the Company used

Schedule 13F filings as of March 31, 2017, and one investor’s more recent filing on

Schedule 13D. Id.

Sarissa’s stock purchases were substantial enough to appear on the list, but because

the purchases occurred after March 31 and had not triggered the filing of a Schedule 13D,

Sarissa did not show up on the slide. Denner did not disclose the position. Neither Denner

nor Posner informed the Board about their discussions with Sanofi. Id. ¶ 101.

During the same meeting, Company management presented a set of long-range

projections in a document titled “5 Year Forecast & 2018 Financial Targets” (the

“September LRP”). Id. ¶ 78. The September LRP projected “double-digit revenue growth”

and a 20% increase in net income by 2022. Id. Company management adjusted its revenue

20
projections for 2017 upward from $1.061 billion to $1.142 billion, an increase of 7.63%.

Id. ¶ 80; see id. ¶ 109 (comparison of Q1 and Q2 results to analyst consensus). The

presentation included a sum-of-the-parts valuation which estimated the value of the

Company’s common stock to be $83.24 per share. Id. ¶ 80.

J. Denner Invites Sanofi To Bid.

On October 20, 2017, Lazard contacted Denner to reiterate Sanofi’s interest in

buying the Company. With the short-swing deadline expiring soon, the time was ripe for

Denner to act. Without informing the Board or obtaining Board approval, Denner told

Lazard that the Board would “consider entering into discussions with Sanofi regarding a

potential transaction, but that Sanofi must offer a ‘preemptive’ price, i.e., a price that is

sufficiently high that it would obviate the need for a pre-signing market check.” Id. ¶ 104

(cleaned up).

By expressing a desire to obviate the need for a pre-signing market check, Denner

signaled his support for a single-bidder process. The complaint alleges that after causing

Sarissa to purchase a substantial block of Company stock based on the prospect of a sale,

it was more important for Denner to ensure that the Company was sold, rather than to push

for the best possible price. Denner’s goals meshed with Sanofi’s objective of avoiding a

competitive process. See id. ¶ 105.

Other than Sarissa’s purchases of the Company’s stock and the looming expiration

of the short-swing disgorgement period, nothing made October 2017 a more advantageous

time for a sale—at least from the Company’s perspective—than May 2017, when Sanofi

first approached Denner and Posner. If anything, the Company’s standalone prospects had

21
improved. The Company had consistently outperformed its own internal projections and

analysts’ estimates. The Company had completed its acquisition of True North and engaged

in new collaborations. The Company also possessed extensive, non-public information

about the value of its pipeline. Id. ¶¶ 107–14.

From Denner and Sarissa’s perspective, however, October 2017 was an

advantageous time for a sale, because the Section 16 disgorgement period was about to

expire. That meant Sarissa could profit from a quick deal.

On October 30, 2017, Company management learned about Sarissa’s stock

purchases. Guggenheim Capital LLC (“Guggenheim”), a financial advisor who worked

with Company management, sent Cox and Greene a presentation that identified the top

buyers of the Company’s stock in the second quarter of 2017. Sarissa was the seventh

largest buyer. Greene and Cox did not disclose Sarissa’s position to the Board. Id. ¶ 106.

K. Sanofi’s Bid

On November 3, 2017, Sanofi made a non-binding offer to acquire the Company

for $98.50 per share. Id. ¶ 107. The offer fell in the range that Weinberg and Brandicourt

had suggested in May 2017.

In the non-binding offer letter, Sanofi wrote

As discussed in our meeting back in May and our subsequent calls, we have
been following the developments at Bioverativ . . . very closely and have
great respect for the success that has been achieved to date, including the
launches of ELOCTATE® and ALPROLIX®, the execution of the spinoff
from Biogen, and recent business development initiatives such as the
acquisition of True North Therapeutics.

22
Ex. 7 at 1 (emphasis added). Sanofi’s letter thus indicated that Sanofi and Posner had

engaged in discussions about a potential transaction throughout 2017. Yet according to the

Schedule 14D-9, Posner had told Weinberg in May 2017 that the Company “was not for

sale” and Weinberg acknowledged “that the matter was now closed.” 14D-9 at 18. Sanofi’s

letter calls into question the Company’s claims that the May meetings between Posner and

Weinberg did not include any discussion about a transaction.

The Company’s stock closed on November 3, 2017, at $54.01 per share, roughly

equal to its price on May 23, 2017. Compl. ¶ 107. The Company’s stock price had not

reacted favorably to any of the positive news in the interim. Internally, Company

management projected that the Company would continue to exceed analysts’ expectations

“into 2018 and [b]eyond.” Id. ¶ 110.

After receiving Sanofi’s bid, the Board retained Guggenheim and J.P. Morgan

Securities LLC (“JP Morgan”) as its financial advisors. The Board retained Paul, Weiss,

Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP (“Paul Weiss”) as its legal counsel.

L. The November LRP

To help the financial advisors value the Company as a standalone entity, the Board

directed Company management to update the September LRP. See id. ¶ 115. Company

management responded by creating projections that covered a longer period. In the

September LRP, the projection period ended in 2022. In the November version (the

“November LRP”), the projection period extended to 2035. Company management also

revised the projections to reflect third quarter results, which beat analyst expectations.

23
 The November LRP also modified certain assumptions for the Company’s products.

Company management increased the projected market share for Eloctate from 19.5% to

28% in 2022, resulting in projected 2021 revenue increasing from $1.388 billion to $1.701

billion. Company management also increased the estimated probability of success for

BIVV-009 from 67% to 85%. That change boosted projected revenue by approximately

$635 million through 2027. Id. ¶ 83.

Not all of the changes were more bullish. Company management made a substantial

downward revision to the projected revenue from BIVV-001, which caused revenue in

2027 to decrease from $1.5 billion in the September LRP to $850 million in the November

LRP. Id. The November LRP also did not project uninterrupted revenue growth. Instead,

it forecasted that overall revenue would peak at $5.445 billion in 2029 and decline

thereafter, reaching a steady state in the range of $4.8 to $4.9 billion by 2033. See id. ¶ 145.

M. A Value Of $150.21 Per Share

Company management presented the November LRP to the Board on November

21, 2017. During the meeting, Guggenheim presented a valuation of the Company based

on the November LRP. A sum-of-the-parts analysis resulted in a valuation of $150.21 per

share. See Compl. ¶ 82.

Company management, the Board, and the Company’s financial advisors engaged

in a detailed discussion regarding the financial modeling that underscored the November

LRP. They also discussed the Company’s performance. Guggenheim noted that the

Company had “outperformed the broader indices and its peer groups.” Id. ¶ 111.

24
Guggenheim also noted that analysts were assigning significant value to the Company’s

products and had begun to recognize the value of its pipeline.

Guggenheim’s presentation included an analysis of Sanofi’s failed attempt to

acquire Medivation. Guggenheim noted that after a competitive process, Pfizer paid 55.2%

more than Sanofi’s initial offer. Id. ¶ 116 n.6. Guggenheim’s presentation suggested that

the Company similarly could obtain a much higher price if it engaged in a competitive sale

process.

Guggenheim noted, however, that the Company could not engage with any parties

who had approached Biogen about a transaction involving the Company before the Spinoff.

The Spinoff was structured as a tax-free distribution of common stock. Under the relevant

provisions of the tax code, any change in control of the Company would result in the

Spinoff becoming taxable to Biogen and its stockholders if (i) the change in control

occurred within two years of the date of the Spinoff and (ii) before the Spinoff, Biogen had

engaged in “substantial negotiations” with the acquirer regarding a sale of the Company.

26 C.F.R. § 1.355-7(b); see 26 U.S.C. §§ 355(a), 368(a)(1)(D). As part of the Spinoff, the

Company entered into a Tax Matters Agreement with Biogen in which the Company agreed

not to engage in any change-in-control transaction without first providing Biogen with an

unqualified opinion from the Company’s tax counsel attesting that the transaction would

not jeopardize the tax-free status of the Spinoff. See 14D-9 at 20; Ex. 2 § 7.01(c). Under

the Tax Matters Agreement, the Company bound itself to indemnify Biogen for any taxes

resulting from a change in control at the Company. See Ex. 2 §§ 2.01(b), 7.04(a)(i).

25
 The two-year restricted period would not end until February 1, 2019, over a year in

the future (the “Restricted Period”). See id. § 1. During the meeting of the Board on

November 21, 2017, Paul Weiss told the directors that until the Restricted Period ended,

the Company could not engage credibly with any companies that had engaged with Biogen

before the Spinoff. Those buyers would know that any transaction with them would trigger

a massive liability for the Company under the Tax Matters Agreement. They would not

believe the Company was seriously interested in that prospect. See Compl. ¶ 153.

Guggenheim advised that when identifying potential buyers other than Sanofi, it had

considered whether the companies had engaged with Biogen before the Spinoff. Those

buyers were off limits. Guggenheim’s analysis and Paul Weiss’ advice implied that the

Company could generate a more competitive process and unlock more value if it waited

until 2019, when it could engage with a broader field of potential acquirers.

The Board met again on November 25, 2017. At the meeting, the Board agreed that

Sanofi’s offer undervalued the Company. The Board decided not to contact potential

competing bidders, in part because of the Spinoff-related restrictions. Instead, the Board

directed Company management to attempt to convince Sanofi to increase its offer by

providing a management presentation to discuss the November LRP. Id. ¶ 118. The Board

authorized Company management to enter into a confidentiality agreement with Sanofi

that included a standstill provision and provided for exclusivity.

26
N. The Management Presentation

On November 27, 2017, Posner called Weinberg to deliver the message that

Sanofi’s offer undervalued the Company. He also told Weinberg that the Company was

willing to schedule a management presentation for Sanofi.

On December 14, 2017, the Board received a preview of the management

presentation. Company management also discussed the November LRP with the Board.

The Board did not ask Company management to make any revisions to the November LRP.

See id. ¶ 121.

On December 18, 2017, Company management met with Sanofi and presented a

version of the November LRP that projected the Company’s performance through 2022.

That version included slight upward revisions to the projections from the original

November LRP. The presentation highlighted the Company’s impressive growth in its

short history as a public company. Id. ¶ 122.

After the meeting, Sanofi sent the Company a list of follow-up questions. Id. ¶ 123.

In its responses, management gave answers consistent with the November LRP and

represented that it had “been conservative in [its] assumptions.” Id.

On December 19, 2017, Company management presented the 2018 Annual Plan to

the Board. The 2018 Annual Plan adopted the November LRP’s projections of a 20%

increase in revenue and a 3% increase in operating margin for 2018. The 2018 Annual Plan

projected a slight increase over the November LRP in operating expense growth and a

slight decrease compared to the November LRP in the Company’s effective tax rate. The

27
2018 Annual Plan also increased the estimate of the Company’s share of the global

hemophilia A treatment market from 40% to 50% over the next ten years. Id. ¶¶ 84–85.

The plaintiff is entitled to the inference that by incorporating the November LRP in

the 2018 Annual Plan, Company management demonstrated confidence in the November

LRP and showed that it was not a selling document intended to induce Sanofi to pay more.

It was a set of numbers that Company management was prepared to use to run the

Company.

Later that day, Lazard contacted JP Morgan and Guggenheim to schedule an in-

person meeting on January 3, 2018. Id. ¶ 125. On December 29, 2017, Lazard contacted

Denner about Sanofi’s expectations for the meeting. Lazard told Denner that Sanofi

expected “to have a serious discussion on price.” Id. ¶ 126 (cleaned up).

O. The Company And Sanofi Reach An Agreement On Price.

During the meeting on January 3, 2018, Sanofi offered to acquire the Company for

$101.50 per share. Id. ¶ 127. That offer represented a 3% increase from its previous offer

of $98.50 per share.

That same day, the Board convened telephonically to consider the offer. The Board

discussed the updated November LRP and directed Company management to obtain an

updated valuation from its financial advisors. The Board did not make a decision but agreed

to reconvene the next morning.

On the night of January 3, an analyst at JP Morgan sent an email to Guggenheim

and other JP Morgan employees that stated, “As per request from Management, please find

attached preliminary illustrative valuation and sensitivities. The materials are based off

28
latest Management working model which reflect higher share count, lower tax rate and

changes in assumptions to BIVV001 (pricing and share).” Id. ¶ 129 (internal quotation

marks omitted). The model contained an updated sum-of-the-parts analysis that valued the

Company at $158.16 per share. Id. Guggenheim forwarded the model to the Board. Id. ¶

130.

On January 4, 2018, the Board reconvened at 8:00 a.m. What followed is difficult

to pin down. The Section 220 Documents contained a set of minutes for the meeting (the

“January 4 Minutes”) that depicts what the plaintiff views as an embellished account. The

Schedule 14D-9 tracks the January 4 Minutes.

The well-pled allegations of the complaint support the following account: After

receiving input from Company management and its advisors, the Board decided to counter

Sanofi’s offer at $105 per share, a mere 3.4% increase over Sanofi’s offer of $101.50 per

share. The Board selected that price even though the only valuation analysis it had showed

that the Company was worth $158.16 per share, almost 50% more than the counteroffer

that the Board made.

The Board authorized Denner to convey the counteroffer to Lazard. Before Denner

had the opportunity to set up the call, Lazard contacted Denner. To take the call, Denner

left the meeting. He passed along the counteroffer, and Lazard conveyed it to Sanofi.

Before Denner returned to the meeting, Lazard called back and reported that Sanofi

had accepted the offer, conditioned on the Company granting exclusivity through January

26, 2018. Denner then rejoined the meeting and conveyed Sanofi’s conditional

29
acceptance. The Board voted to authorize the grant of exclusivity, and Denner informed

Lazard. See id. ¶ 132.

P. The Fairness Projections

The agreed-upon price of $105 per share created a problem for the Board and its

financial advisors. The November LRP supported a far greater standalone valuation. On

November 21, 2017, the Board received an analysis that valued the Company at $150.21

per share. On January 3, 2018, just before agreeing to a counteroffer of $105 per share, the

Board received an analysis that valued the Company at $158.16 per share. And Company

management had used the November LRP to generate and present the 2018 Annual Plan.

Everyone knew that the financial advisors would have difficulty providing fairness

opinions based on the November LRP. The solution was to create a lower set of projections

for the bankers to use (the “Fairness Projections”).

Cox and Greene assisted Guggenheim in creating the Fairness Projections. On

January 17, 2018, while the Company and Sanofi were exchanging drafts of the Merger

Agreement, Guggenheim forwarded Greene a comparison of the November LRP with a

much lower model. Copying Cox, Greene replied:

We also need macro assumptions that provide context as to why we have
taken a less optimistic view than what was previously shared with the board.
. . . [W]hat are the competitive dynamics preventing the growth that was in
the December model? It should address [cold agglutinin disease] and the . . .
[hemophilia] products.

This should be a singular page which precedes the detailed assumptions
change. It should make the detail slide simply detail in case there is a high
level of curiosity.

Id. ¶ 138 (omissions in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).

30
 On January 19, 2018, the Board met for an update on the process. Greene presented

the Fairness Projections in a slide deck titled “Project Supercar Financial Model: Updated

Assumptions.” Id. ¶ 139. The Board had not seen the Fairness Projections before that

meeting. Greene noted that the Fairness Projections had been “revised from management’s

previous presentation on November 21, 2017,” and the presentation stated euphemistically

that Company management had made “refinements to the financial model.” Id. Those

“refinements” reduced the Company’s valuation by approximately three billion dollars.

The presentation included the following slides that attempted to explain the changes.

31
Id. In total, the Fairness Projections reduced the Company’s projected revenue by $23.7

billion compared to the November LRP. Id. ¶¶ 145–46. The valuation was “adjusted from

$14B; $150 / share to $11B; $99 / share.” Id. ¶ 139.

To achieve this dramatic reduction in value, Company management changed a

number of key assumptions. The Fairness Projections

• Reduced projected market and patient share for hemophilia A in the US by 6%;

• Reduced market expansion for hemophilia A from more than eleven markets to only
seven markets;

• Reduced projected direct markets revenue and patient count for hemophilia A;

• Reduced projected cold agglutinin disease worldwide prevalence from 16 per
million to 15 per million;

32
• Reduced projected probability of the successful commercialization of cold
agglutinin disease by 9% and pushed ex-U.S. launch back one year; and

• Reduced projected cold agglutinin disease revenues from $1.5 billion to $800
million.

Id. ¶ 142. There was no new information to support the changes. See id. at Ex. A. The only

significant event that took place between November 21, 2017, and January 18, 2018, was

the Board’s need to justify a price of $105 per share.

Q. The Parties Sign The Merger Agreement.

Between January 19, 2018, and January 21, 2018, the parties exchanged multiple

drafts of the Merger Agreement. On January 21, 2018, the Board met to consider what

would become the final draft of the agreement.

During the January 21 meeting, Guggenheim and JP Morgan delivered their fairness

opinions. Both firms relied on the Fairness Projections. Their presentations did not discuss

the downward revisions that resulted in the Fairness Projections. The Board did not discuss

the downward revisions or the higher valuation analyses that the Board had considered less

than three weeks before. Id. ¶ 141.

At the meeting, the Board voted to approve the Merger Agreement. See Ex. 22. At

the price of $105 per share, the Transaction valued the Company at approximately $11.6

billion. Ex. 23 at 2.

The Merger Agreement contemplated a two-step merger transaction under Section

251(h) of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). In the first step, an

indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi would commence a tender offer to purchase

all of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company for $105 per share in cash

33
(the “Tender Offer”). If holders of a majority of the Company’s outstanding common stock

tendered shares, then the subsidiary would close the Tender Offer. In the second step, the

subsidiary would merge into the Company, with all outstanding shares of the Company

being converted into the right to receive the Transaction price. After the Transaction, the

Company would continue as an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi.

In the Merger Agreement, the Board agreed to recommend that stockholders of the

Company tender their shares in the Tender Offer. MA § 4.03(b). The Company also agreed

that between signing and closing, the Company would not solicit competing offers to

acquire the Company. Id. § 6.02(a). The Merger Agreement permitted the Board to change

its recommendation if the Company received a “Superior Proposal,” defined as “a bona

fide written Acquisition Proposal . . . that the Company Board determines in its good faith

judgment . . . would, if consummated, result in a transaction that is more favorable to the

Company’s stockholders . . . from a financial point of view than the Transaction[].” Id. §

1.01. If the Company elected to terminate the Merger Agreement in response to a Superior

Proposal, then the Company would be obligated to pay a termination fee of $326 million,

equal to 2.81% of the Transaction price. Id. § 9.04.

After the meeting on January 21, 2018, the Company and Sanofi executed the

Merger Agreement. Simultaneously with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Paul

Weiss delivered the tax opinion contemplated in the Tax Matters Agreement.

Sanofi commenced its Tender Offer and issued a Schedule TO on February 7, 2018.

That same day, the Company issued its recommendation statement on Schedule 14D-9. As

34
discussed below, the complaint alleges that the Schedule 14D-9 misstated or omitted

material information.

R. The Transaction Closes.

On March 7, 2018, the Tender Offer closed. Stockholders tendered shares equal to

approximately 65.2% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. On March 8, 2018,

the second step of the Transaction closed. Compl. ¶ 38.

Denner and Sarissa received $155.6 million for their shares, representing a profit of

$49.7 million. Denner received $2.2 million for his unvested options and restricted stock

units (“RSUs”). Id. ¶¶ 18–19.

Cox received $72.3 million in severance benefits. Under his employment

agreement, Cox received $69 million in single-trigger benefits when the Transaction

closed. The remaining $3.3 million were double-trigger benefits that Cox only would

receive if he was terminated without cause. Sanofi, however, agreed that Cox would be

deemed to have been terminated without cause on October 1, 2018, so Cox received those

amounts as well. Cox also received $7 million for his shares in the Company. As a result,

Cox made a total of $79.3 million in connection with the Transaction. That amount dwarfed

Cox’s average compensation of $11.6 million per year in 2016 and 2017. Id. ¶¶ 22–24.

Posner received $2.5 million for his unvested options and RSUs that were

accelerated as a result of the Transaction. He also received $702,765 for his shares of stock

in the Company. His compensation as a director of the Company in 2017 was $640,022.

Id. ¶¶ 31–32.

35
 Protopapas received $1.8 million for her unvested options and RSUs that were

accelerated as a result of the Transaction. She also received $110,880 for her shares of

stock in the Company. Her compensation as a director of the Company in 2017 was

$513,849. Id. ¶ 28.

Germano received $1.7 million for his unvested options and RSUs that were

accelerated as a result of the Transaction. Germano did not own stock in the Company at

the time of the Transaction. The complaint does not identify Germano’s compensation as

a director in 2017. Id. ¶ 40.

Paglia received $2.2 million for his unvested options and RSUs that accelerated as

a result of the Transaction. He also received $530,880 for his shares of stock in the

Company. His compensation as a director of the Company in 2017 was $549,018. Id. ¶ 36.

Greene received over $17 million for his unvested options and RSUs that were

accelerated as a result of the Transaction. Greene also received over $1.4 million in

severance payments. Greene received $52,500 for his shares of stock in the Company. By

contrast, Greene’s total compensation in 2017 was $5.1 million. Id. ¶¶ 44–46.

DiFabio received over $13 million for her unvested options and RSUs that were

accelerated as a result of the Transaction. DiFabio also received $1.4 million for her shares

of stock in the Company. By contrast, DiFabio’s total compensation in 2017 was $3.4

million. Id. ¶¶ 49–51.

On the day after the Transaction closed, the Company amended its Form 10-K filing

to disclose that Germano served as a director of The Medicines Company. Denner secured

that position for Germano.

36
S. This Litigation

On March 7, 2018, the plaintiff filed the Section 220 Action. As noted, the Company

offered to pay the plaintiff $50,000 to dismiss the Section 220 Action with prejudice. The

plaintiff declined. The plaintiff and the Company eventually reached an agreement on the

production of the Section 220 Documents.

Two months after the dismissal of the Section 220 Action, the plaintiff filed this

lawsuit. The complaint asserts four counts:

• Count I asserts that the Director Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by
approving the false, incomplete, and materially misleading Schedule 14D-9. Count
I also asserts that the Director Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by failing
to obtain the highest value reasonably available for the Company’s stockholders in
the Transaction, including by favoring their own interests instead of those of the
Company’s stockholders. Id. ¶¶ 162–66.

• Count II asserts that the Officer Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by
preparing the false, incomplete, and materially misleading Schedule 14D-9. Count
II also asserts that the Officer Defendants breached their fiduciary duties through
their participation in the sale process, including by “deliberately craft[ing] a false
record of the [Transaction] process both in the 14D-9 and in Board meeting
minutes.” Id. ¶¶ 167–72.

• Count III asserts that Denner breached his fiduciary duties by engaging in insider
trading. Id. ¶¶ 173–80.

• Count IV asserts that Sarissa aided and abetted Denner’s breaches of his fiduciary
duties by knowingly participating in the breaches. Id. ¶¶ 181–83.

On March 17, 2021, the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Rule

12(b)(6). Dkts. 23, 26. This decision addresses the motions to dismiss Counts I and II. The

court will issue a separate decision addressing the motions to dismiss Counts III and IV.

37
 II. THE MOTION TO DISMISS STANDARD

The defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure

to state a claim on which relief can be granted. When considering a motion under Rule

12(b)(6), the court (i) accepts as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint,

(ii) credits vague allegations if they give the opposing party notice of the claim, and (iii)

draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley

Mortg. Cap. Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535 (Del. 2011). The court need not “accept

conclusory allegations unsupported by specific facts or . . . draw unreasonable inferences

in favor of the non-moving party.” Price v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 26 A.3d

162, 166 (Del. 2011), overruled on other grounds by Ramsey v. Ga. S. Univ. Advanced

Dev. Ctr., 189 A.3d 1255, 1277 (Del. 2018).

“[T]he governing pleading standard in Delaware to survive a motion to dismiss is

reasonable ‘conceivability.’” Cent. Mortg., 27 A.3d at 537. “Our governing

‘conceivability’ standard is more akin to ‘possibility,’ while the federal ‘plausibility’

standard falls somewhere beyond mere ‘possibility’ but short of ‘probability.’” Id. at 537

n.13. Dismissal is inappropriate “unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under

any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.” Id. at 535.

III. THE SALE PROCESS CLAIMS

In the Sale Process Claims, the plaintiff asserts that enhanced scrutiny applies to the

Transaction and that the sale process was not reasonable. The plaintiff contends that the

Director Defendants sold the Company too quickly after the Spinoff, at a price far below

38
its standalone value, and at a time when the Company could not approach any potential

acquirers who had contacted Biogen about a transaction before the Spinoff.

In the plaintiff’s eyes, Denner was the ringleader. The plaintiff depicts Denner as an

Icahn disciple who profits by putting companies into play. According to the plaintiff,

Denner uses his hedge fund to target a public company, then pressures the company into

adding him to its board of directors. Once on the board, Denner brings on additional

friendly directors who will support his aims, then engineers a sale and pockets the profits.

In this case, Denner sought to supercharge his gains by causing Sarissa to buy shares based

on inside information that Sanofi was interested in buying the Company at a substantial

premium. To avoid having to disgorge those gains as short-swing profits, Denner initially

held off Sanofi and failed to disclose Sanofi’s overtures to the Board. Then, as the end of

six-month disgorgement period neared, Denner changed direction and pushed for a quick

sale. So as to not waive a red flag that might spook the Board, Denner concealed Sarissa’s

purchases of stock, but that did not change the general willingness of his boardroom allies

to support his push for a near-term sale. The plaintiff alleges that this constellation of facts

supports a reasonable inference that the Board employed a sale process that fell outside the

range of reasonableness for purposes of enhanced scrutiny.

Viewed against this backdrop, the plaintiff asserts that the pled facts support a

reasonable inference that the Director Defendants breached their duty of loyalty. The

plaintiff contends that it is relatively easy to infer that Denner acted in bad faith throughout

the sale process, including by violating the Company’s insider trading policy, concealing

39
Sarissa’s purchases of Company stock, withholding material information from the Board

about his interactions with Sanofi, and steering the Company into a near-term sale.

The plaintiff maintains that the pled facts support reasonable inferences that other

Director Defendants also acted disloyally. The plaintiff argues that Cox’s substantial

severance package rendered him interested in the Transaction and happy to go along with

a near-term sale. The plaintiff depicts the other directors as Denner’s confederates. Posner

is a fellow Icahn disciple who acted in bad faith by hiding his early interactions with Sanofi

from the Board. Protopapas, Germano and Paglia lacked independence from Denner

because they want to be repeat players in his company-flipping business model.

The plaintiff asserts claims against Cox in his capacity as CEO and against the other

Officer Defendants. The plaintiff asserts that the Officer Defendants breached their

fiduciary duties by assisting the Director Defendants in achieving the quick sale to Sanofi

as part of a defective sale process. The plaintiff alleges that Cox and Greene breached their

fiduciary duties as officers by preparing the Fairness Projections to justify a sale price that

they knew undervalued the Company. The plaintiff contends that DiFabio breached her

fiduciary duties by embellishing the minutes of the January 4 Board Meeting to depict an

idealized process rather than what actually occurred. They assert that DiFabio also

breached her fiduciary duties by participating in the drafting of an inaccurate Schedule

14D-9.

The defendants argue that the plaintiff’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty must be

dismissed under Corwin v. KKR Financial Holdings LLC, 125 A.3d 304 (Del. 2015),

because holders of a majority of disinterested shares approved the Transaction by tendering

40
a majority of their shares in a fully informed, uncoerced expression of approval. The

Director Defendants argue that even if Corwin does not apply, then the claims against them

must be dismissed because the Company’s certificate of incorporation contains an

exculpatory provision and the plaintiff has failed to plead non-exculpated claims against

them. The Officer Defendants argue that the plaintiff has failed to plead cognizable claims

against them of any sort.

This decision starts by analyzing whether Corwin applies to cleanse the Transaction

and defeat the plaintiff’s claims. Because the complaint pleads facts which make it

reasonably conceivable that the stockholders’ expression of approval was not fully

informed, the Corwin doctrine does not cleanse the transaction.

This decision next evaluates the sale process under enhanced scrutiny. Tellingly, the

defendants do not dispute that enhanced scrutiny applies, and they do not argue that the

sale process was reasonable. They thus concede for purposes of the motions to dismiss that

the sale process fell outside the range of reasonableness. It is nevertheless useful to parse

the plaintiff’s core claim because it provides the backdrop to the next issue, which is

whether the complaint pleads non-exculpated claims against the Director Defendants and

viable claims against the Officer Defendants.

A. Corwin Cleansing

As part of a multi-pronged response to an explosion of non-meritorious challenges

to third-party transactions, the Delaware Supreme Court held in Corwin that “when a

transaction not subject to the entire fairness standard is approved by a fully informed,

uncoerced vote of the disinterested stockholders, the business judgment rule applies.” Id.

41
at 309. Moreover, the version of the business judgment rule that applies post-Corwin

cannot be rebutted based on director-level conflicts that were disclosed to stockholders. Id.

at 312–13; see In re USG Corp. S’holder Litig., 2020 WL 5126671, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug.

31, 2020) (positing that “[a] hypothetical bribe, if fully disclosed to the stockholders in way

of a non-coercive vote, and in the (unlikely) scenario that the stockholders nonetheless

approved the transaction, theoretically would result in dismissal under Corwin despite

adequate pleading of a clear breach of loyalty on the part of the directors”), aff’d sub nom.

Anderson v. Leer, 265 A.2d 995 (Del. 2021) (TABLE).

Theoretically, a stockholder plaintiff might still assert a claim for waste. However,

as the Delaware Supreme Court has explained, “the vestigial waste exception has long had

little real-world relevance, because it has been understood that stockholders would be

unlikely to approve a transaction that is wasteful.” Singh v. Attenborough, 137 A.3d 151,

152 (Del. 2016). The practical effect of Corwin cleansing is that when the doctrine applies,

a lawsuit that challenges a transaction as a breach of fiduciary duty is subject to dismissal

at the pleading stage. USG, 2020 WL 5126671, at *1.

The Delaware Supreme Court explained the concept of Corwin cleansing in a

decision that involved a formal vote on a merger. Corwin, 125 A.3d at 306. Cases

subsequently extended the doctrine to the expression of approval that results from holders

of a majority of shares tendering their stock in a non-coercive tender offer that serves as

the first step of either a traditional two-step transaction or, more recently, a medium-form

merger under Section 251(h) of the DGCL. See, e.g., In re Volcano Corp. S’holder Litig.,

143 A.3d 727, 738 (Del. Ch. 2016) (concluding “that stockholder approval of a merger

42
under Section 251(h) by accepting a tender offer has the same cleansing effect as a vote in

favor of that merger”), aff’d, 156 A.3d 697 (Del. 2017) (TABLE); Larkin v. Shah, 2016

WL 4485447, at *20 (Del. Ch. Aug. 25, 2016) (applying Corwin to completed first-step

tender offer).

Among other limitations, Corwin cleansing applies only when the approval by

disinterested stockholders is “fully informed.” Corwin, 125 A.3d at 308–09. “[I]f troubling

facts regarding director behavior were not disclosed that would have been material to a

voting stockholder, then the business judgment rule is not invoked.” Id. at 312. Stockholder

approval is fully informed when the corporation’s disclosures “apprised stockholders of all

material information and did not materially mislead them.” Morrison v. Berry, 191 A.3d

268, 282 (Del. 2018). A fact is material “if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable

shareholder would consider it important” when deciding whether to express approval.

Rosenblatt v. Getty Oil Co., 493 A.2d 929, 944 (Del. 1985) (quoting TSC Indus., Inc. v.

Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976)). The test does not require “a substantial

likelihood that [the] disclosure . . . would have caused the reasonable investor to change

his vote,” id. (cleaned up), or not tender the investor’s shares. Rather, the question is

whether there is “a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have

been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the ‘total mix’ of

information made available.” Id. (cleaned up).

To defeat Corwin cleansing, a plaintiff only needs to plead the existence of one

disclosure violation. In re Mindbody, Inc., 2020 WL 5870084, at *26 (Del. Ch. Oct. 2,

2020) (“One sufficiently alleged disclosure deficiency will defeat a motion to dismiss

43
under Corwin.”). The defendants ultimately bear “the burden of demonstrating that the

stockholders were fully informed when relying on stockholder approval to cleanse a

challenged transaction.” Volcano, 143 A.3d at 748. At the pleading stage, however, it is

“sensible that a plaintiff challenging the decision . . . first identify a deficiency in the

operative disclosure document.” Solera, 2017 WL 57839, at *8. At that point, “the burden

[falls] to defendants to establish that the alleged deficiency fails as a matter of law in order

to secure the cleansing effect of the vote.” Id.

At the pleading stage, the operative question is whether the complaint “supports a

rational inference that material facts were not disclosed or that the disclosed information

was otherwise materially misleading.” Morrison, 191 A.3d at 282. The resulting inquiry

necessarily is “fact-intensive, and the Court should deny a motion to dismiss when

developing the factual record may be necessary to make a materiality determination as a

matter of law.” Chester Cnty. Empls.’ Ret. Fund v. KCG Hldgs., Inc., 2019 WL 2564093,

at *10 (Del. Ch. June 21, 2019).

1. Denner’s And Posner’s Interactions With Sanofi And Lazard

The plaintiff argues that the description of Denner’s and Posner’s interactions with

Sanofi and Lazard is inaccurate, misleading, or at the very least incomplete. Under the Rule

12(b)(6) standard, the plaintiff has pointed to sufficient flaws in the disclosures about

Denner’s and Posner’s interactions with Sanofi and Lazard to prevent Corwin cleansing

from protecting the Transaction.

First, the plaintiff argues that the Schedule 14D-9 was deficient because it did not

disclose the date of Denner’s initial meeting with Lazard, which took place on May 8,

44
2017. The Schedule 14D-9 stated vaguely that Lazard first reached out to Denner “[i]n

May 2017.” 14D-9 at 18. While the omission of a single date might seem innocent, its

absence here is conspicuous because the Schedule 14D-9 included a specific date when

describing every other interaction between the Company and Sanofi. The omission of the

date is made more suspicious because the Schedule 14D-9 did not disclose that the Board

held a meeting three days later, on May 11. The complaint adequately alleges that by

omitting the precise date of Lazard’s initial outreach, as well as any mention of the May

11 Board meeting, the Schedule 14D-9 obscures the fact that Denner did not inform the

Board of Lazard’s outreach. If this date was the only fact omitted about Denner’s

communications with the Lazard, it might be immaterial. But based on the allegations of

the complaint, this omission appears to be the first of a series of incomplete or inaccurate

disclosures about Denner’s discussions with Sanofi.

Second, the plaintiff alleges that the Schedule 14D-9 inaccurately described the

meeting on May 19, 2017, between Sanofi, Posner and Denner because it did not mention

that Sanofi made an offer to acquire Company at a price “in the range of $90 per share.” It

is reasonably conceivable that the price that Sanofi offered at this meeting was material

information that the Schedule 14D-9 omitted. See In re PLX Tech. Inc. S’holders Litig.,

2018 WL 5018535, at *33–34 (Del. Ch. Oct. 16, 2018) (finding the failure to disclose a

price discussed at a dinner during the sale process was a material omission), aff’d, 211 A.3d

137 (Del. 2019) (TABLE).

Even if Sanofi’s price was not material in its own right, the Schedule 14D-9

provided a partial description of the meeting that gives rise to a disclosure problem.

45
Directors have an obligation to provide an accurate, full, and fair description of significant

meetings or other interactions between target management and a bidder. 5 The Schedule

14D-9 disclosed the existence of the meeting and described Sanofi’s statement that it was

only interested in a “friendly transaction.” 14D-9 at 18. Having gone that far down the road

of partial disclosure, the defendants had a duty to identify the price that Sanofi indicated

that it would pay.

The defendants argue that Sanofi’s Schedule TO mentioned the price offered at the

May 19 meeting, making it irrelevant that the Company’s Schedule 14D-9 did not.

5
See, e.g., Arnold v. Soc’y for Sav. Bancorp, Inc., 650 A.2d 1270, 1280–82 (Del.
1994) (reversing a grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants on disclosure claim
where proxy failed to disclose the existence of a bid because “once defendants traveled
down the road of partial disclosure of the history leading up to the Merger and used the
vague language described, they had an obligation to provide the stockholders with an
accurate, full, and fair characterization of those historic events,” including the existence of
the bid); Firefighters’ Pension Sys. of Kan. City v. Presidio, Inc., 251 A.3d 251, 261 (Del.
Ch. 2021) (“It is reasonably conceivable that the existence of the tip was material
information that should have been disclosed to the stockholders. The Proxy made no
mention of LionTree’s tip to BCP.”); In re Xura, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2018 WL 6498677,
at *13 (Del. Ch. Dec. 10, 2018) (holding that plaintiff adequately pled a claim for breach
of the duty of disclosure where stockholders appeared to lack information about private
communications between CEO and bidders); In re OM Gp., Inc. S’holders Litig., 2016 WL
5929951, at *12 (Del. Ch. Oct. 12, 2016) (“[O]ur Supreme Court recognized that a partial
and incomplete disclosure of arguably immaterial information regarding the history of
negotiations leading to a merger might result in a materially misleading disclosure if not
supplemented with information that would allow the stockholders to draw the complete
picture.”); Alessi v. Beracha, 849 A.2d 939, 946 (Del. Ch. 2004) (holding that negotiations
between buyer’s and target’s CEO were material when the parties discussed “significant
terms” including “valuation”); see also PLX, 2018 WL 5018535, at *33–34 (finding after
trial that recommendation statement omitted material information where it failed to
disclose a communication between a director and a potential bidder about the bidder’s
interest in acquiring the company and the likely timeframe for a bid).

46
Depending on the circumstances, Delaware courts may agree that material information has

been adequately disclosed as part of the total mix of information.6 But for purposes of

Corwin cleansing, when the issue is something as important as a meeting where the target

and the bidder discussed the transaction price, a stockholder should be able to rely on the

company’s disclosures for an accurate, full, and fair characterization of the meeting. It is

reasonably conceivable that the Schedule 14D-9’s failure to identify the price was a

material omission.

Third, the plaintiff argues that the Schedule 14D-9 inaccurately asserted that Posner

“updated each member of our Board of Directors regarding the substance” of the May 19

meeting. Compl. ¶ 92; 14D-9 at 18. There is no mention of the May 19 meeting with Sanofi

in any minutes or other documents produced in the Section 220 Action. A lack of disclosure

to the Board is also consistent with Denner’s successful efforts to keep secret Sarissa’s

illicit purchases of Company common stock. At this stage, the plaintiff is entitled to the

inference that Posner did not tell the Board anything about the May 19 meeting.

Fourth, the plaintiff alleges that the Schedule 14D-9 provided an inaccurate

description of Posner’s call with Weinberg on May 23, 2017. The Schedule 14D-9 stated:

On May 23, 2017, Mr. Posner called Mr. Weinberg, confirming that the
Company was focused on executing its current business objectives and

6
See Zalmanoff v. Hardy, 2018 WL 5994762, at *5–6 (Del. Ch. Nov. 13, 2018)
(dismissing disclosure claims where information was provided in a Form 10-K along with
the proxy), aff’d, 211 A.3d 137 (Del. 2019) (TABLE); Wolf v. Assaf, 1998 WL 326662, at
*1 (Del. Ch. June 16, 1998) (finding disclosure in “the proxy mailing rather than in the
proxy statement itself adequately inform[ed] the shareholder of the material information as
a matter of law”).

47
 growing its operations as a standalone business and was not for sale. During
that call, Mr. Weinberg acknowledged that he understood and, that from
Sanofi’s perspective, the matter was now closed. Following the May 23,
2017 call, Mr. Posner sent an email to each member of our Board of Directors
with an update on the substance of the May 23, 2017 call, and confirming
that Mr. Weinberg informed him that the matter was now closed.

14D-9 at 18. The plaintiff argues that by framing the initial discussions as ending in May

2017, the Schedule 14D-9 attempted to cover up Denner’s insider trading. The plaintiff

also argues that, contrary to the disclosure, it is reasonable to infer that Sanofi did not

believe the matter was closed, because Sanofi continued to pursue the Company through

outreach in June, September, and October, and Sanofi’s offer letter in November 2017

indicated that during those discussions, Sanofi and Posner talked about a potential deal.

Denner’s decision to cause Sarissa to buy more than a million shares further supports the

inference that the negotiations were far from over in May 2017. The plaintiff also points

out that the Section 220 Documents did not contain an email or any other document

suggesting that Posner updated the Board about the substance of the May 23 call, including

the alleged fact that Sanofi believed the matter was closed after the call. At this stage of

the proceedings, the plaintiff is entitled to the inference that such a communication does

not exist.7 Taken as a whole, the plaintiff’s allegations support an inference that the

description of the meeting on May 23 was inaccurate and incomplete.

7
To avoid the inference that emails about the May 23 meeting do not exist, the
defendants protest that they only produced Cox’s emails as part of a negotiated resolution
of the Section 220 Action. They also say that they did not yet know what the plaintiff’s
complaint would assert. Dkt. 33 at 10 n.4. Those arguments are unpersuasive. According
to the Schedule 14D-9, Posner sent an email to every director. Cox is a director. If the email
existed, then Cox should have had it, and it should have been produced as part of the
48
 Fifth, the plaintiff argues that the Schedule 14D-9 failed to disclose Denner’s

discussion with Lazard regarding a potential transaction on June 13, 2017. A reasonable

stockholder would have found this meeting important, particularly since the Schedule 14D-

9 represented that Sanofi considered the negotiations closed as of May 23, 2017. The

defendants again rely on Sanofi’s disclosures in the Schedule TO to fulfill their own

disclosure obligations in the Schedule 14D-9. The defendants must fulfill their own

disclosure duties. They cannot rely on the bidder to do it for them. Moreover, the Schedule

TO only disclosed that “a representative of the Company” met with Lazard. It did not

identify Denner. Relatedly, the plaintiff notes that the Schedule 14D-9 did not disclose that

the Board held a meeting two weeks later on June 30. Based on the minutes from that

meeting, the plaintiff argues that Denner again failed to disclose his interactions with

Sanofi to the Board. Based on this combination of allegations, it is reasonable to infer that

Denner’s June 13 discussion with Lazard was material and that the Schedule 14D-9 should

have described the interaction.

Sixth, the plaintiff alleges that the Schedule 14D-9 gave an inaccurate description

of Posner’s conversation with the Board on September 13, 2017. Compl. ¶¶ 101–02.

Section 220 Documents. It is also not credible that the defendants did not anticipate that
the plaintiff would try to call into question the disclosures in the Schedule 14D-9. The
defendants are represented by qualified and experienced counsel. It does not require the
divination skills of Professor Trelawney to foresee that a stockholder plaintiff would check
a Section 220 production to see if it contained a document referenced in the Schedule 14D-
9. Finally, this is not an issue that needs to be fought out at the pleading stage. If the email
exists, then the defendants can produce it, and the debate over whether Posner reported to
the Board should drop out of the case.

49
According to the Schedule 14D-9, Posner reported a call from Sanofi on September 12

during a regularly scheduled meeting of the Board on September 13. 14D-9 at 18.

According to the Schedule 14D-9, the Board discussed that “the Company was not for sale”

and “authorized Mr. Posner to schedule a telephonic discussion with Mr. Weinberg and to

report back to [the] Board.” Id. The meeting minutes do not reflect any of this. See Compl.

¶ 101; Ex. 28. It is also strange that the Board would have decided that the Company was

not for sale on September 13, only to reverse course six weeks later. At the pleading stage,

it is reasonable to infer that the disclosure in the Schedule 14D-9 was inaccurate. At a later

stage of the case, the record may show that the Schedule 14D-9 described matters

accurately, but on a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff is entitled to a favorable inference.

Finally, the plaintiff argues that according to the Schedule 14D-9, Posner spoke to

Weinberg on September 15 and informed him the Company was not for sale and was not

interested in pursuing a transaction. The description of that conversation does not square

with the fact that Sanofi made an offer to buy the Company just a few weeks later. At the

pleading stage, the plaintiff is entitled to the inference that this disclosure was inaccurate.

The Schedule 14D-9 further stated that Posner “provided a further update to [the Board]

regarding the substance of the conversation” on September 15. 14D-9 at 18. Once again,

however, there were no minutes or other documents produced in the Section 220 Action

that would corroborate an update. Compl. ¶ 102. At the pleading stage, the plaintiff is

entitled to the inference that the disclosures were inaccurate.

In response to these omissions and inaccuracies, the defendants argue that as a

general matter, the Company was not required to disclose the early contacts with Sanofi

50
and Lazard or Posner’s discussions with the Board because there is no obligation to

disclose a cumulative “play-by-play” description of events leading to the Transaction. Dkt.

24 at 27–29; Dkt. 33 at 12. It is true that Delaware law does not require a play-by-play,

blow-by-blow description, but that general rule must be applied in context. The cases that

the defendants cite did not involve failures to disclose meetings with the eventual acquirer

where a potential transaction was discussed, failures to disclose price discussions, or

inferably inaccurate descriptions of board-level discussions about a potential transaction.8

The cases also did not involve partial disclosures. Here, the early meetings were material

in their own right. In any event, “once the defendants traveled down the road of partial

disclosure of the history leading up to the Merger …, they had an obligation to provide the

stockholders with an accurate, full, and fair characterization of those historic events.”

Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1280; accord Zirn v. VLI Corp., 681 A.2d 1050, 1056 (Del. 1996).

Taken together, the complaint’s allegations reflect a pattern of omissions and

inaccuracies designed to obscure the fact that Denner and Posner were engaging in

discussions with Sanofi and Lazard without the Board’s knowledge or approval. At the

pleading stage, those allegations support an inference that the Schedule 14D-9 did not

provide the Company’s stockholders with all material information reasonably available,

rendering Corwin inapplicable.

8
See Dent v. Ramtron Int’l Corp., 2014 WL 2931180, at *15 (Del. Ch. June 30,
2014); Globis P’rs, L.P. v. Plumtree Software, Inc., 2007 WL 4292024, at *14 (Del. Ch.
Nov. 30, 2007).

51
 2. Sarissa’s Stock Purchases

The plaintiff separately argues that the Schedule 14D-9 was materially misleading

because it failed to disclose that Denner caused Sarissa to purchase over one million shares

of stock immediately after Sanofi approached him with an offer in the range of $90 per

share. Under Delaware law, stockholders are “entitled to know that certain of their

fiduciaries have a self-interest that is arguably in conflict with their own.” Eisenberg v.

Chi. Milwaukee Corp., 537 A.2d 1051, 1061 (Del. Ch. 1987). “Facts that shed light on the

depth of a lead negotiator’s commitment to the acquirer and personal economic incentives

are generally deemed material to a reasonable stockholder.” Mindbody, 2020 WL 5870084,

at *27. While serving on this court, Chief Justice Strine explained that

a reasonable stockholder would want to know an important economic
motivation of the negotiator singularly employed by a board to obtain the
best price for the stockholders, when that motivation could rationally lead
that negotiator to favor a deal at a less than optimal price, because the
procession of a deal was more important to him, given his overall economic
interest, than only doing a deal at the right price.

In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 926 A.2d 94, 114 (Del. Ch. 2007). Other precedents

support the materiality of information that sheds light on the financial incentives and

motivations of directors who are involved in negotiating the deal. See, e.g., In re Columbia

Pipeline Gp., Inc., 2021 WL 772562, at *34 n.11 (Del. Ch. Mar. 1, 2021) (collecting

authorities).

Here, Denner played a central role in the Transaction. He interacted with Sanofi and

Lazard in May and June 2017. He asked Sanofi to make an offer in October 2017. He

attended the management presentation with Sanofi in December 2017. And he negotiated

52
directly with Lazard and Sanofi over the final price of $105 per share. Information about

Denner’s interests and motivations was plainly material.

The Schedule 14D-9 did not disclose that Denner caused Sarissa to purchase over

one million shares of stock in the Company after Sanofi’s indication of interest. A

reasonable stockholder would have found it material that Denner sought to profit from non-

public information about Sanofi’s interest in a transaction. With that information, Denner

no longer looks like a fiduciary attempting in good faith to obtain the best outcome

possible. He looks like a self-dealing agent engaged in what Tammany Hall philosopher

George Washington Plunkitt called “honest graft.”9 Having caused Sarissa to buy shares

based on inside information, Denner wanted to achieve a quick sale and bank his profits.

The defendants argue that Denner adequately disclosed Sarissa’s stock purchases.

They point to the disclosure of Sarissa’s total stock ownership in the Schedule 14D-9, but

that disclosure does not help the defendants. It is the timing of Sarissa’s purchases that

makes the ownership problematic, and the disclosure of Sarissa’s total stock ownership

does not provide any insight into the timing of the purchases.

9
Plunkitt explained how members of Tammany Hall used their advance knowledge
of city projects to buy land or sell materials. For example, a member of the Tammany
machine might learn that the city was planning to purchase a particular property. Without
disclosing the city’s interest, the member of the machine would buy the property at the
market price, then resell the property to the city at a higher price. William L. Riordon,
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall 3–6 (2015). Plunkitt viewed that transaction as “honest graft.”
As he put it, “I seen my opportunities and I took ’em.” Id. at 3 (cleaned up). Plunkitt
distinguished “honest graft” from dishonest graft, which involved bribery, blackmail, or
other criminal acts. Id. at 6.

53
 The defendants also cite two SEC Form 4s, but they are not enough either. “[O]ur

law does not impose a duty on stockholders to rummage through a company’s prior public

filings to obtain information that might be material to a request for stockholder action.”

Zalmanoff, 2018 WL 5994762, at *5. Rather, stockholders are entitled to receive material

information bearing on conflicts of interest in a “clear and transparent manner.” Vento v.

Curry, 2017 WL 1076725, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 22, 2017). The stock purchases were

sufficiently significant that the Schedule 14D-9 needed to describe them and explain that

they occurred almost immediately after Denner learned about Sanofi’s initial offer. As

already discussed, the Schedule 14D-9 did not even refer to Sanofi’s original price

indication.

The defendants complain that disclosing what Denner did would require them to

engage in self-flagellation. See Stroud v. Grace, 606 A.2d 75, 84 n.1 (Del. 1992). Hardly.

The defendants had an obligation to disclose what Denner and Sarissa did. They needed to

disclose the nature of Sanofi’s outreach, the price indication, and the timing and details of

Sarissa’s purchases. They did not have to characterize the purchases as “illicit,” as “insider

trading,” or even as “honest graft.” Requiring the defendants to put labels of that sort on

Denner’s conduct would constitute self-flagellation. Disclosing the facts does not.

The complaint supports a reasonable inference that the Schedule 14D-9 did not

provide the Company’s stockholders with material information about Sarissa’s stock

purchases. Again, Corwin is inapplicable.

54
 3. The Description Of The Tax Matters Agreement

The plaintiff next argues that the Schedule 14D-9 provided a materially misleading

description of the Tax Matters Agreement and its relationship to the sale process. See 14D-

9 at 16–20. The practical effect of the Tax Matters Agreement was to prevent the Company

from engaging credibly with any potential buyer that had discussed an acquisition of the

Company with Biogen before the Spinoff.

The Schedule 14D-9 discussed the Tax Matters Agreement, but it did not discuss

the implications for the sale process. The Schedule 14D-9 stated that the Company

would potentially be required to indemnify Biogen against taxes incurred by
Biogen that arise as a result of our taking or failing to take, as the case may
be, certain actions that result in the distribution failing to meet the
requirements of a tax-free distribution under Section 355 of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (including as a result of the
[Transaction]).

14D-9 at 16. That description referred vaguely to “certain actions.” It did not identify a sale

of the Company or explain the limitations on the Company’s ability to engage with a subset

of the universe of potential acquirers.

To piece together the effects of the Tax Matters Agreement, a stockholder would

have needed to track down the agreement itself, which was not attached to the Schedule

14D-9. See 14D-9 at 16. Next, the stockholder would have had to locate Treasury

Regulation 1.355-7(b), which the Schedule 14D-9 and the Tax Matters Agreement did not

cite. Then, the stockholder would have needed to parse Treasury Regulation 1.355-7(b) to

learn that the Company’s obligations under the Tax Matters Agreement would be triggered

if the Company was acquired by an entity that Biogen had engaged in “substantial

55
negotiations” with regarding a sale of the Company before the Spinoff. 26 C.F.R. § 1.355-

7(b).

Disclosures are not supposed to send stockholders on a scavenger hunt.10 To assume

that a stockholder could assemble this information “would create a ‘super’ shareholder

standard and create almost limitless opportunities for deception of the ‘reasonable’

shareholder.” Marshall, 832 A.2d at 1262.

The plaintiff also complains that the Schedule 14D-9 did not list the potential

acquirers with whom the Company believed it could not credibly engage. For years, Denner

and Posner had been pushing, in their capacity as Biogen directors, for Biogen either to

sell the Company outright to a large pharmaceutical company or to spin it off as an

independent entity. See Compl. ¶¶ 2, 15. It is reasonably conceivable that before the

Spinoff, Biogen would have discussed a sale of the Company with the most likely buyers

of the Company. It is reasonably conceivable that Denner and Posner would have known

about those buyers.

10
Ark. Tchr. Ret. Sys. v. Alon USA Energy, Inc., 2019 WL 2714331, at *24 (Del.
Ch. June 28, 2019); see ODS Techs., L.P. v. Marshall, 832 A.2d 1254, 1262 (Del. Ch.
2003) (holding plaintiff showed reasonable probability of success on disclosure claim
because “the portions of [the undisclosed agreements] relevant to a reasonable shareholder
are neither highlighted nor mentioned directly” and noting that “it is incredible to suggest
that a reasonable shareholder would identify” the relevant provisions as important when
the disclosure did not mention them); cf. In re Ebix, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2014 WL 3696655,
at *10 (Del. Ch. July 24, 2014) (“Discovering the alleged harm would have required a
careful and close reading of multiple SEC filings and incorporated exhibits by a
stockholder strongly suspicious of the Board’s disclosures. The Court cannot say, at the
pleading stage, that such effort is required of a reasonably diligent stockholder for laches
purposes.”).

56
 Ordinarily, a disclosure document does not identify the parties that a company does

not contact. A disclosure document, however, usually does provide some indication of the

scope of the company’s efforts. Delaware law also requires that a company identify

material restrictions on bidders, such as the existence of don’t-ask-don’t-waive standstills.

See Columbia Pipeline, 2021 WL 772562, at *33 (holding failure to disclose that multiple

potential acquirers were precluded from bidding by “don’t ask, don’t waive” provisions in

standstill agreements was material, and collecting authorities). At the pleading stage, and

under the facts alleged, it is reasonable to infer that the Schedule 14D-9 needed to provide

some discussion of acquirers with whom the Company could not engage because of the

Tax Matters Agreement.

It is also reasonable to infer that a stockholder would want to know that the Board

negotiated the Transaction under suboptimal conditions and that those conditions would

expire just one year after the Board voted to approve the Transaction. A stockholder would

view it as important that the Board decided not to wait until the restrictions lifted and

instead elected to move forward with Sanofi at a time when it is reasonable to infer that at

least some other bidders could not compete.

The discussion of the Tax Matters Agreement in the Schedule 14D-9 was materially

misleading. Once again, Corwin does not apply.

4. Disclosures Regarding The November LRP And The Fairness
Projections

The plaintiff next contends that the Schedule 14D-9 should have disclosed (i) the

projections in the November LRP, (ii) the changes to the November LRP projections that

57
the defendants made to create the Fairness Projections, and (iii) the valuations presented to

the Board based on the November LRP. The defendants respond that the Schedule 14D-9

disclosed (i) the existence of the November LRP, (ii) the existence of a valuation based on

the November LRP, and (iii) a summary of the Fairness Projections. They say no more was

required.

Delaware law regarding the disclosure of projections starts from the proposition that

“[i]n the context of a cash-out merger, reliable management projections of the company’s

future prospects are of obvious materiality to the electorate.” In re PNB Hldg. Co. S’holders

Litig., 2006 WL 2403999, at *15 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2006). Projections must be “reliable”

to merit disclosure. Id. at *16. That standard does not mean that directors need to disclose

the single set of projections that they deem most reliable. The standard also does not mean

that the directors only need to disclose the final projections that the financial advisors rely

on in their fairness opinions or that the board elects to use when approving the transaction.

To the contrary, circumstances may dictate that other sets of projections, including interim

projections, are sufficiently reliable to require disclosure.11 There is also no rule that

11
See KCG, 2019 WL 2564093, at *14 (“Thus, under PNB, if the circumstances
surrounding the preparation of interim projections reveal them to be reliable enough to aid
stockholders in making an informed judgment, they should be disclosed, regardless of
whether they were the final projections relied upon by the Board.”); see also See Chen v.
Howard-Anderson, 87 A.3d 648, 687–89 (Del. Ch. 2014) (declining to hold at the summary
judgment stage that defendants’ failure to disclose a set of projections, which were not the
final projections relied on by the board and its financial advisor, was immaterial as a matter
of law where the facts supported an inference of reliability); City of Warren Gen. Empls.’
Ret. Sys. v. Roche, 2020 WL 7023896, at *21 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2020) (finding omitted
set of projections that included a substantial acquisition plan was material and reliable at
the pleading stage where “the Company historically engaged in a consistent practice of
58
interim projections are only reliable if they were prepared in the ordinary course of business

or explicitly adopted as reliable by a board. Instead, for projections to be material, the

circumstances surrounding their preparation must “support the conclusion that they are

reliable enough to aid the stockholders in making an informed judgment.” PNB, 2006 WL

2403999, at *16.

The plaintiff has pled facts making it reasonably conceivable that the earlier, more

optimistic November LRP was “in fact reliable and thus material.” KCG, 2019 WL

2564093, at *14. According to the complaint, the November LRP contained “detailed,

carefully prepared bottoms-up projections developed by management and presented to the

Board” that “were the only projections the Board had when it purportedly made the $105

per share counteroffer.” Compl. ¶ 145. Company management made certain upward

modifications to the November LRP after discussions with the Board. Id. ¶¶ 122, 129.

Guggenheim used the November LRP to create a valuation of the Company at $150.21 per

share, which was presented to the Board on November 21, 2017. Id. ¶ 116. JP Morgan used

the November LRP to generate a valuation of the Company at $158.16 per share, which

was shared with the Board on January 3, 2018. Id. ¶ 129. Accepting those allegations as

growth through acquisitions,” the board “considered whether to pursue its acquisition
strategy as a standalone entity” during the sale process, and the omitted projections were
“presented to the Board during the [sale] process”). See generally Blake Rohrbacher &
John Mark Zeberkiewicz, Fair Summary: Delaware’s Framework for Disclosing Fairness
Opinions, 63 Bus. Law. 881, 889 (2008) (explaining that “otherwise-reliable management
projections completed shortly before a merger or other transaction will generally be
regarded as material”).

59
true, it is reasonably conceivable that the projections in the November LRP were material

and should have been disclosed. See KCG, 2019 WL 2564093, at *14.12

It is also reasonable to infer that the Schedule 14D-9 should have disclosed the

changes to the November LRP that resulted in the Fairness Projections. “[I]f the

circumstances surrounding the preparation of final projections relied upon by the Board

and disclosed to stockholder[s] cast doubt on their reliability, then those circumstances

should be disclosed.” KCG, 2019 WL 2564093, at *14. The plaintiff alleges Company

management created the Fairness Projections at the last-minute: two weeks after the Board

countered at and Sanofi agreed to a price of $105 per share, and just four days before the

Board formally approved the Transaction. See Compl. ¶¶ 131, 138–41. The plaintiff further

alleges that the Fairness Projections were significantly more pessimistic than the November

LRP and reduced the Company’s internal estimate of standalone value by one third,

bringing the valuation just below the Transaction price. Based on these allegations, it is

reasonable to infer that the Schedule 14D-9 should have provided a description of both sets

of projections so that a “stockholder could readily track the changes and reasonably infer

the rationale that went into the changes from one scenario to another.” In re Saba Software,

Inc. S’holder Litig., 2017 WL 1201108, at *9 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 2017).

12
To cast doubt on the November LRP’s reliability, the defendants assert that the
November LRP “departed sharply from the September LRP used to operate the business.”
Dkt. 24 at 31. The difference between the two projections may ultimately undercut the
reliability of the November LRP. At the pleading stage, however, the plaintiff is entitled to
the inference that the projections in the November LRP were reliable.

60
 This decision is not holding that directors always have to a duty disclose every set

of projections and describe the changes that mark each iteration. The duty of disclosure

depends on the facts and circumstances. That is true under federal law, which provides

significant guidance through a rules-based regime, yet where the assessment of materiality

nevertheless “requires delicate assessments of the information a ‘reasonable shareholder’

would draw from a given set of facts.” TSC Indus., 426 U.S. at 450. That is all the more

true under Delaware law, which uses the same standard of materiality, and where courts

make case-by-case determinations about what information is material on the facts

presented. The plaintiff has alleged facts that provide (i) reason to think the November LRP

was reliable, (ii) reason to doubt the reliability of the Fairness Projections, and (iii) reason

to believe that the changes made to the November LRP to generate the Fairness Projections

would be “material[ ] to the electorate” when deciding “whether accepting the

[Transaction] price [was] a good deal in comparison with remaining a shareholder and

receiving the future expected returns of the company.” PNB, 2006 WL 2403999, at *15–

16.

The pled facts also make it reasonably conceivable that the valuation presented to

the Board at the November 21 meeting based on the November LRP was material and

should have been disclosed. The allegations of the complaint resemble the facts of PLX, a

post-trial decision which analyzed whether a valuation that was mentioned in the proxy,

but not disclosed, constituted a misleading partial disclosure. The court explained that

[e]ven if the information was not independently material, once the
Recommendation Statement discussed the May 24 valuation, stockholders
were entitled to know the range it produced, particularly when it was one of

61
 only two valuations that the directors possessed when they negotiated the
price of the deal and when both the counteroffer and the final deal price fell
below the valuation range.

PLX, 2018 WL 5018535, at *38. As in PLX, the Schedule 14D-9 referred generally to the

November valuation,13 which was one of only two valuations that the Board possessed

when they negotiated the price of the Transaction. See PLX, 2018 WL 5018535, at *38.

And in PLX, the counteroffer and final deal price of $105 per share fell far below

Guggenheim’s valuation of $150.21 per share.

In PLX, the plaintiffs proved at trial that the omitted valuation was material. The

current case is still at the pleading stage. The evidence at a later stage may show that the

November valuation was not material. On the pleadings, however, the plaintiff is entitled

to an inference that the Schedule 14D-9 made a materially misleading partial disclosure by

omitting it.

Corwin cleansing is again unavailable.

B. The Applicable Standard Of Review

In the absence of Corwin cleansing, the court must evaluate whether the complaint’s

allegations state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. The starting point is to determine the

correct standard of review. See Chen, 87 A.3d at 666. Delaware corporate law has three

13
14D-9 at 20 (“During [the November 21] meeting, representatives of J.P. Morgan
and Guggenheim Securities made a joint presentation with respect to Sanofi’s non-binding
November 3 Proposal and discussed with [the] Board of Directors certain financial and
market information, including a preliminary illustrative valuation analysis regarding the
Company.” (emphasis added)).

62
tiers of review: the business judgment rule, enhanced scrutiny, and entire fairness. Reis v.

Hazelett Strip-Casting Corp., 28 A.3d 442, 457 (Del. Ch. 2011).

Delaware’s default standard of review is the business judgment rule, a principle of

non-review that “reflects and promotes the role of the board of directors as the proper body

to manage the business and affairs of the corporation.” In re Trados Inc. S’holder Litig.

(Trados I), 2009 WL 2225958, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 24, 2009). The business judgment rule

presumes that “in making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an

informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best

interests of the company.” Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984), overruled on

other grounds by Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 2000). Unless one of its elements is

rebutted, “the court merely looks to see whether the business decision made was rational

in the sense of being one logical approach to advancing the corporation’s objectives.” In

re Dollar Thrifty S’holder Litig., 14 A.3d 573, 598 (Del. Ch. 2010). “Only when a decision

lacks any rationally conceivable basis will a court infer bad faith and a breach of duty.” In

re Orchard Enters., Inc. S’holder Litig., 88 A.3d 1, 34 (Del. Ch. 2014).

“Entire fairness, Delaware’s most onerous standard, applies when the board labors

under actual conflicts of interest.” In re Trados Inc. S’holder Litig. (Trados II), 73 A.3d

17, 44 (Del. Ch. 2013). Once entire fairness applies, the defendants must establish “to the

court’s satisfaction that the transaction was the product of both fair dealing and fair price.”

Cinerama, Inc. v. Technicolor, Inc. (Technicolor Plenary III), 663 A.2d 1156, 1163 (Del.

1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Not even an honest belief that the transaction

was entirely fair will be sufficient to establish entire fairness. Rather, the transaction itself

63
must be objectively fair, independent of the board’s beliefs.” Gesoff v. IIC Indus., Inc., 902

A.2d 1130, 1145 (Del. Ch. 2006).

In between lies enhanced scrutiny, which is Delaware’s “intermediate standard of

review.” Trados II, 73 A.3d at 43. It governs “specific, recurring, and readily identifiable

situations involving potential conflicts of interest where the realities of the decisionmaking

context can subtly undermine the decisions of even independent and disinterested

directors.” Id. Framed generally, enhanced scrutiny requires that defendants “bear the

burden of persuasion to show that their motivations were proper and not selfish” and that

“their actions were reasonable in relation to their legitimate objective.” Mercier v. Inter-

Tel (Del.), Inc., 929 A.2d 786, 810 (Del. Ch. 2007).

In Revlon, the Delaware Supreme Court applied the intermediate standard of review

to the sale of a corporation. See Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Hldgs., Inc., 506

A.2d 173, 179–82 (Del. 1986). Enhanced scrutiny applies in this setting because “the

potential sale of a corporation has enormous implications for corporate managers and

advisors, and a range of human motivations, including but by no means limited to greed,

can inspire fiduciaries and their advisors to be less than faithful.” In re El Paso Corp.

S’holder Litig., 41 A.3d 432, 439 (Del. Ch. 2012). Put differently,

[t]he heightened scrutiny that applies in the Revlon (and Unocal) contexts
are, in large measure, rooted in a concern that the board might harbor
personal motivations in the sale context that differ from what is best for the
corporation and its stockholders. Most traditionally, there is the danger that
top corporate managers will resist a sale that might cost them their
managerial posts, or prefer a sale to one industry rival rather than another for
reasons having more to do with personal ego than with what is best for
stockholders.

64
Dollar Thrifty, 14 A.3d at 597 (footnote omitted). Consequently, “the predicate question”

of the fiduciary’s “true motivation” comes into play, and “[t]he court must take a nuanced

and realistic look at the possibility that personal interests short of pure self-dealing have

influenced” the fiduciary’s decision. Id. at 598.

To satisfy enhanced scrutiny in an M & A setting, directors must establish both (i)

the reasonableness of “the decisionmaking process employed by the directors, including

the information on which the directors based their decision” and (ii) “the reasonableness

of the directors’ action in light of the circumstances then existing.” Paramount Commc’ns,

Inc. v. QVC Network, Inc., 637 A.2d 34, 45 (Del. 1994). “Through this examination, the

court seeks to assure itself that the board acted reasonably, in the sense of taking a logical

and reasoned approach for the purpose of advancing a proper objective, and to thereby

smoke out mere pretextual justifications for improperly motivated decisions.” Dollar

Thrifty, 14 A.3d at 598.

“The reasonableness standard permits a reviewing court to address inequitable

action even when directors may have subjectively believed that they were acting properly.”

In re Del Monte Foods Co. S’holders Litig., 25 A.3d 813, 830–31 (Del. Ch. 2011). The

reasonableness standard, however, does not permit a reviewing court to freely substitute

its own judgment for the directors’ judgment.

There are many business and financial considerations implicated in
investigating and selecting the best value reasonably available. The board of
directors is the corporate decisionmaking body best equipped to make these
judgments. Accordingly, a court applying enhanced judicial scrutiny should
be deciding whether the directors made a reasonable decision, not a perfect
decision. If a board selected one of several reasonable alternatives, a court
should not second-guess that choice even though it might have decided

65
 otherwise or subsequent events may have cast doubt on the board’s
determination. Thus, courts will not substitute their business judgment for
that of the directors, but will determine if the directors’ decision was, on
balance, within a range of reasonableness.

QVC, 637 A.2d at 45 (emphasis omitted). Enhanced scrutiny “is not a license for law-

trained courts to second-guess reasonable, but debatable, tactical choices that directors

have made in good faith.” In re Toys “R” Us, Inc. S’holder Litig., 877 A.2d 975, 1000

(Del. Ch. 2005). “[A]t bottom Revlon is a test of reasonableness; directors are generally

free to select the path to value maximization, so long as they choose a reasonable route to

get there.” Dollar Thrifty, 14 A.3d at 595–96.

The Transaction involved a sale of the Company for cash. Accordingly, enhanced

scrutiny applies. See QVC, 637 A.2d at 45. The plaintiff thus can state a claim for breach

of duty by pleading facts supporting a reasonable inference that the Transaction and the

process that led to it fell outside the range of reasonableness. Id.

The plaintiff argues that the Transaction is also subject to entire fairness review

because a majority of the six-person Board was interested or lacked independence. Because

this decision holds that the plaintiff has stated a claim under enhanced scrutiny, the court

need not decide if the Transaction is subject to entire fairness review at this stage.

C. The Claim For Breach Of Fiduciary Duty Under The Enhanced Scrutiny
Standard

A court applying enhanced scrutiny asks whether the directors’ conduct fell within

a range of reasonableness. What typically drives a finding of breach “is evidence of self-

interest, undue favoritism or disdain towards a particular bidder, or a similar non-

stockholder-motivated influence that calls into question the integrity of the process.” Del

66
Monte, 25 A.3d at 831. “[W]hen there is a reason to conclude that debatable tactical

decisions were motivated not by a principled evaluation of the risks and benefits to the

company’s stockholders, but by a fiduciary’s consideration of his own financial or other

personal self-interests, then the core animating principle of Revlon is implicated.” El Paso,

41 A.3d at 439.

“The sins of just one fiduciary can support a viable Revlon claim.” Mindbody, 2020

WL 5870084, at *14. While serving as a member of this court, Chief Justice Strine wrote

that “the paradigmatic context for a good Revlon claim . . . is when a supine board under

the sway of an overweening CEO bent on a certain direction[ ] tilts the sales process for

reasons inimical to the stockholders’ desire for the best price.” Toys “R” Us, 877 A.2d at

1002. Chancellor McCormick has reframed this observation more aptly to state that “the

paradigmatic Revlon claim involves a conflicted fiduciary who is insufficiently checked by

the board and who tilts the sale process toward his own personal interests in ways

inconsistent with maximizing stockholder value.” Mindbody, 2020 WL 5870084, at *13.

(emphasis added). Even a non-fiduciary can taint a board process by shaping the

informational environment on which the board acts through various types of misconduct

that falls under the heading of “fraud on the board.”14

14
See, e.g., RBC Cap. Mkts., LLC v. Jervis, 129 A.3d 816, 865 (Del. 2015)
(explaining that trial court’s award of money damages against financial advisor “was
premised on [the financial advisor]’s ‘fraud on the Board’”); Mills Acq. Co. v. Macmillan,
Inc., 559 A.2d 1261, 1283 (Del. 1989) (describing knowing silence of financial advisor
and management about a tip as “a fraud upon the Board”); Del Monte, 25 A.3d at 836
(holding that investment bank’s knowing silence about its buy-side intentions, its
involvement with the successful bidder, and its violation of a no-teaming provision misled
67
 When viewing the Company’s sale process under enhanced scrutiny, it is reasonably

conceivable that Denner’s conflicts tainted the sale process from the jump and that he

steered the Company toward a quick sale to Sanofi to serve his own interests in maximizing

his short-term profits from insider trading at the expense of generating greater value

through a competitive bidding process or by having the Company remain independent. The

complaint supports a reasonable inference that because of Denner’s actions, the sale

process did not achieve “the best value reasonably available to the stockholders.” QVC,

637 A.2d at 43.

1. Denner’s Conflicts

The allegations of the complaint support a reasonable inference that Denner had

self-interested reasons to secure a transaction with Sanofi. The plaintiff alleges that Denner

faced a conflict because (i) he wanted to achieve a near-term sale as part of his activist

playbook and (ii) he sought to lock in quick and massive profits on the shares he caused

Sarissa to acquire based on inside information. Compl. ¶¶ 2–3, 165.15

the board); Hollinger Int’l, Inc. v. Black, 844 A.2d 1022, 1069 (Del. Ch. 2004) (holding
that if directors were “purposely duped,” then there “was fraud on the board” and the
directors’ actions were subject to equitable challenge), aff’d, 872 A.2d 559 (Del. 2005).
See generally Joel Edan Friedlander, Confronting the Problem of Fraud on the Board, 75
Bus. Law. 1441 (2020).
15
The plaintiff points out that Denner owned unvested options and RSUs that
accelerated in connection with the Transaction, giving him an additional interest that
differed from the stockholders as a whole. Id. ¶ 165. It seems likely that, for Denner, the
acceleration of unvested equity that he otherwise might lose was a secondary consideration.
This decision addresses this argument when evaluating the interests of other directors,
where it is more salient.

68
 a. An Interest In A Near Term Sale

The plaintiff alleges that Denner had a divergent interest in a near-term sale that

undermined his ability to act as a disinterested and independent fiduciary. As Sarissa’s

agent and managing member, Denner faced the dual fiduciary problem identified in

Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701 (Del. 1983). There, the Delaware Supreme Court

held that there was “no dilution” of the duty of loyalty when a director “holds dual or

multiple” fiduciary obligations and “no ‘safe harbor’ for such divided loyalties in

Delaware.” Id. at 710. “If the interests of the beneficiaries to whom the dual fiduciary owes

duties diverge, the fiduciary faces an inherent conflict of interest.”16 “If the interests of the

beneficiaries are aligned, then there is no conflict.” Chen, 87 A.3d at 670.

16
Chen, 87 A.3d at 670; see, e.g., Krasner v. Moffett, 826 A.2d 277, 283 (Del. 2003)
(“[T]hree of the FSC directors . . . were interested in the MEC transaction because they
served on the boards . . . of both MOXY and FSC.”); McMullin v. Beran, 765 A.2d 910,
923 (Del. 2000) (“The ARCO officers and designees on Chemical’s board owed
Chemical’s minority shareholders ‘an uncompromising duty of loyalty.’ There is no
dilution of that obligation in a parent subsidiary context for the individuals who acted in a
dual capacity as officers or designees of ARCO and as directors of Chemical.” (footnote
omitted)); Rabkin v. Philip A. Hunt Chem. Corp., 498 A.2d 1099, 1106 (Del. 1985)
(holding that parent corporation’s directors on subsidiary board faced conflicts of interest);
Weinberger, 457 A.2d at 710 (holding that officers of parent corporation faced conflict of
interest when acting as subsidiary directors regarding transaction with parent); see also
Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 933 (Del. 1993) (explaining for purposes of demand
futility that “[d]irectorial interest exists whenever divided loyalties are present” (cleaned
up)); Goldman v. Pogo.com Inc., 2002 WL 1358760, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 14, 2002)
(“Because Khosla and Wu were the representatives of shareholders which, in their
institutional capacities, [were] both alleged to have had a direct financial interest in this
transaction, a reasonable doubt is raised as to Khosla and Wu’s disinterestedness in having
voted to approve the . . . [l]oan.”).

69
 Ordinarily, Sarissa’s significant holdings of Company common stock would help

undermine any concern about a divergent interest. “Delaware law presumes that investors

act to maximize the value of their own investments.” Katell v. Morgan Stanley Gp., Inc.,

1995 WL 376952, at *12 (Del. Ch. June 15, 1995). “When a large stockholder supports a

sales process and receives the same per share consideration as every other stockholder, that

is ordinarily evidence of fairness, not of the opposite . . . .” Iroquois Master Fund Ltd. v.

Answers Corp., 105 A.3d 989, 2014 WL 7010777, at *1 n.1 (Del. 2014) (TABLE). When

directors or their affiliates own “material amounts” of common stock, it generally aligns

their interests with other stockholders by giving them a “motivation to seek the highest

price” and the “personal incentive as stockholders to think about the trade off between

selling now and the risks of not doing so.” PLX, 2018 WL 5018535, at *41 (cleaned up).

Like any general rule, there are exceptions. Circumstances may cause the interests

of a stockholding director to diverge from the interests of other stockholders. For example,

“liquidity is one benefit that may lead directors to breach their fiduciary duties, and

stockholder directors may be found to have breached their duty of loyalty if a desire to gain

liquidity caused them to manipulate the sales process and subordinate the best interests of

the corporation and the stockholders as a whole.” Id. (cleaned up). “For similar reasons,

particular types of investors may espouse short-term investment strategies and structure

their affairs to benefit economically from those strategies, thereby creating a divergent

interest in pursuing short-term performance at the expense of long-term wealth.” Id. This

is particularly true for activist hedge funds, which are “the archetypal short-term investor.”

Marcel Kahan & Edward B. Rock, Hedge Funds in Corporate Governance and Corporate

70
Control, 155 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1021, 1083 (2007). Activist hedge funds “are impatient

shareholders, who look for value and want it realized in the near or intermediate term. They

tell managers how to realize the value and challenge publicly those who resist the advice,

using the proxy contest as a threat.” PLX, 2018 WL 5018535, at *41 (cleaned up). Put

simply, hedge funds strive “to generate short-term results.” Leo E. Strine, Jr., Toward

Common Sense and Common Ground? Reflections on the Shared Interests of Managers

and Labor in a More Rational System of Corporate Governance, 33 J. Corp. L. 1, 5

(2007).17

Denner correctly observes that it is not enough “for a plaintiff simply to argue in the

abstract that a particular director has a conflict of interest because she is affiliated with a

particular type of institution.” Chen, 87 A.3d at 671. In other words, it is not enough for

the plaintiff to merely plead that Denner is the principal of a hedge fund and claim that he

therefore faced a conflict. A director’s affiliation with a hedge fund is an important

contextual fact, but the question is whether the complaint’s allegations make it reasonably

conceivable that the director faced a disabling conflict in the specific case.

Here, it is reasonably conceivable that Denner had a disabling conflict. The

complaint details the playbook that Denner has followed on multiple occasions. Through

17
See generally Leo E. Strine, Jr., Who Bleeds When the Wolves Bite? A Flesh-And-
Blood Perspective on Hedge Fund Activism and Our Strange Corporate Governance
System, 126 Yale L.J. 1870, 1892–910 (2017); Kahan & Rock, supra, at 1070–72. But see
Lucian A. Bebchuk et al., The Long-Term Effects of Hedge Fund Activism, 115 Colum. L.
Rev. 1085, 1093–96 (2015) (disputing “the myopic-activists claim”).

71
Sarissa, he targets a particular biopharma or healthcare company. He uses a proxy contest

or the threat of one to force his way into the boardroom. Once there, he recruits director

allies in the form of other Sarissa insiders or supportive repeat players. He then pursues an

outcome that facilitates Sarissa’s short-term investment horizons, typically through a near-

term sale. See Compl. ¶ 3; Dkt. 31 at 8–11.

The complaint describes how Denner followed this playbook to achieve a sale of

Ariad in February 2017, just three months before Sanofi first reached out to Denner about

a sale of the Company.

• In 2013, Denner and Sarissa acquired a stake in Ariad. Compl. ¶ 26.

• In 2014, Denner joined Ariad’s board under the terms of a nomination and standstill
agreement. Id.

• In 2015, Sarissa waged an activist campaign that settled in exchange for Protopapas
being added to the Ariad board, and the chairman and CEO agreeing to step down.
Id. ¶¶ 3, 26.

• In 2016, Ariad decided to undertake a sale process. Ariad formed a “Coordination
Committee” to oversee the sale process, and Denner and Protopapas were two of
the three directors selected to serve on the committee. Id. ¶ 26.

• The sale process ended with the sale of Ariad to Takeda, which was announced on
January 9, 2017, and closed on February 15, 2017. Id.

Sarissa made a profit of $260 million on its Ariad investment. Id. ¶¶ 26, 93.

Lazard served as the investment bank that advised Denner and Ariad’s Coordination

Committee. Id. ¶ 26. It is reasonable to infer that when Lazard approached Denner about

Sanofi’s interest in acquiring the Company, just three months after the Ariad sale, Denner

saw an opportunity to call the same play. But unlike at Ariad, Denner and Sarissa did not

yet own a significant amount of Company common stock, so the first thing Denner did was

72
to cause Sarissa to purchase 1,010,000 shares. That purchase violated the Company’s

insider trading policy, and Denner kept his purchase secret from the Board.

It is also reasonable to infer that Denner took steps to populate the Board with

individuals who supported his strategy. When Lazard approached Denner, he already had

one ally on the Board. Denner had managed to add Protopapas as a director on February

28, 2017, just two weeks after the sale of Ariad closed. Id. ¶¶ 4, 25–26. It is reasonable to

infer that after helping Denner obtain a successful sale at Ariad, Protopapas was prepared

to run it back. Denner next succeeded in adding Germano to the Board. Before his

appointment, Germano was unemployed, and it is reasonable to infer that Germano would

support the person who helped him get his next gig.

Denner then took action to achieve a near-term sale. In October 2017, without Board

authorization, Denner invited Sanofi to make an offer as part of a single-bidder process.

He played a major role as the discussions unfolded, and he personally conducted the final

negotiations with Lazard over price. Sarissa made a profit of $49.7 million for its brief

investment in the Company.

When a defendant acts in accordance with a known playbook, the plaintiff gets the

benefit of an inference at the pleading stage that the defendant is following the playbook.

Even at trial, evidence of prior acts is admissible to show “motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” D.R.E.

404(b)(2). The defendants may be able to show at a later stage of the case that the evidence

of prior acts is unpersuasive and any inference is unjustified, but at the pleading stage, the

plaintiff receives the benefit of the inference. In this case, the plaintiff is entitled to a

73
pleading-stage inference that Denner acted in furtherance of a short-term strategy that

served the best interests of his hedge fund, Sarissa, rather than the best interests of the

Company and its stockholders.

b. The Stock Purchases

The plaintiff is also entitled to an inference that Denner had an interest in achieving

a near-term sale to Sanofi to turn a quick profit on illicitly purchased shares. Days after

learning that Sanofi was interested in a potential transaction at a price around $90 per share,

Denner caused Sarissa to purchase 1,010,000 shares of Company stock at an average price

of $55.74 per share. Before these purchases, Sarissa owned only 155,000 shares of the

Company. Compl. ¶¶ 18, 93. At $90 per share, Denner could realize a profit of at least

$34.25 per share, or about $35 million.

To defeat the inference that Denner had an incentive to flip the Company after

making a massive purchase of stock based on inside information, the defendants make the

standard argument that it would have been irrational for Denner to sacrifice value by selling

for less than the best price he could get. Dkt. 24 at 41–42; accord Dkt. 26 at 18–19; Dkt.

33 at 23–24; Dkt. 35 at 12–13. Relying on extreme language drawn from In re Synthes,

Inc. Stockholder Litigation, 50 A.3d 1022 (Del. Ch. 2012), the defendants argue that

Sarissa’s stock purchases could not create any divergent interest because the complaint

fails to plead that Sarissa faced “any liquidity need—much less a crisis, fire sale, or exigent

need [for liquidity]” that would have caused Denner to shortchange himself. Dkt. 24 at 42

(cleaned up). Chancellor McCormick has explained persuasively why the “hyperbolic

language” in Synthes about a “crisis” or “fire sale” and an “exigent need” for “immediate

74
cash” is best understood as reflecting the court’s reaction to a particularly deficient

complaint, which was “strikingly devoid of pled facts to support” a liquidity-driven

conflict. Mindbody, 2020 WL 5870084, at *17 (cleaned up). She noted that by the time of

oral argument, the plaintiffs in Synthes had “conceded that they did not plead facts

supporting” aspects of their liquidity-driven theory. Id. (cleaned up). The extreme language

in Synthes should not be read as establishing a general rule. Id.; accord Presidio, 251 A.3d

at 256. “A complaint instead must allege facts that support a reasonable inference of a

divergent interest, regardless of the source, that rises to the level of a disabling conflict.”

Presidio, 251 A.3d at 256.

Like the defendants in Mindbody, the defendants here take the simplistic view that

an investor will always wait for a higher value later rather than taking a sure thing in the

near term. That is just not true. Investors follow different strategies, have different hurdle

rates, and enjoy different reinvestment options. Near-term cashflows are more beneficial

than outyear cashflows, precisely because they arrive sooner. An investor with attractive

reinvestment options can redeploy those cash flows into other investments. An investor’s

use of leverage also affects the decision. A leveraged financial investor might well seize a

near term opportunity so that the profits can be deployed into an investment with a higher

return. By the same token, an activist hedge fund may favor a near-term sale, followed by

the redeployment of capital into another activist campaign. Yet for the common

stockholders in the firm, the sounder choice may be for the firm to remain independent.

The complaint supports a reasonable inference that Denner caused Sarissa to make

a significant investment in the Company’s common stock based on inside information

75
indicating that the Company soon could be sold. Against that backdrop, the complaint

supports a reasonable inference that Denner wanted the Company to be sold and that by

shepherding the Company through a quick, non-competitive sale process with Sanofi,

Denner could lock-in a sure gain on his illicit stock purchases. It is reasonably conceivable

that by pursuing this strategy, Denner acted disloyally because he served his personal

interests rather than pursuing the best interests of the Company and its stockholders.

2. The Implications Of Denner’s Conflicts For The Sale Process

It is reasonably conceivable that Denner’s conflicts tainted the sale process.

Determining how to obtain the best transaction reasonably available is a complex task.

“The board of directors is the corporate decisionmaking body best equipped to make these

judgments.” QVC, 637 A.2d at 45.

When a director has an undisclosed, material conflict, that fact supports a pleading-

stage inference that the process was tainted. See City of Fort Myers Gen. Emp. Pension

Fund v. Haley, 235 A.3d 702, 719 (Del. 2020); Technicolor Plenary III, 663 A.2d at 1168.

When undisclosed conflicts of interest exist, even otherwise reasonable choices “must be

viewed more skeptically.” El Paso, 41 A.3d at 434; accord RBC, 129 A.3d at 855. “No one

can tell what would have happened” if Denner had disclosed his conflicts. See El Paso, 41

A.3d at 447. But it is reasonable to infer that the “process would have played out

differently.” Del Monte, 25 A.3d at 833.

As alleged in the complaint, Denner orchestrated a single-bidder sale process that

enabled Sarissa to capitalize on its gains from insider trading. When Sanofi approached

Denner and Posner with an offer of around $90 per share in May 2017, they allegedly did

76
not report the contact to the Board. Denner instead promptly violated the Company’s

insider trading policy by causing Sarissa to buy over one million shares of stock based on

inside information about Sanofi’s interest.

The straight-line path for Denner to profit from his insider trading was to push off a

sale until after the six-month period for disgorging short-swing profits had expired, then

engineer a sale to Sanofi. Consistent with that timeline, when Sanofi reapproached Denner

and Posner in June and September 2017, they temporized. The complaint alleges that

neither Denner nor Posner reported these additional overtures to the Board. And in a

meeting on September 12, 2017, when the Board reviewed a list of its largest stockholders

that did not identify Sarissa, Denner remained silent.

Then, just one month before the end of the short-swing disgorgement period, Sanofi

approached Denner again. Now that the time was right, Denner reversed position and

embraced the prospect of a sale. Without authorization from the Board, Denner invited

Sanofi to make a preemptive bid that could result in a single-bidder process.

Nothing about the Company’s trajectory warranted Denner’s volte face. If anything,

the Company’s standalone prospects had continued to improve. At this stage, the plaintiff

is entitled to the inference that Denner invited Sanofi to bid in October 2017 because

Sarissa could profit from a quick deal.

Denner never disclosed his stock purchases or his early contacts with Sanofi.

Keeping the Board in the dark reduced the risk that Denner’s illicit stock purchases would

attract scrutiny. It also allowed Denner to time the sale process to serve his own self-

interests. By not disclosing his actions, Denner prevented the Board from taking steps to

77
neutralize his conflicts. The Board might well have prevented Denner from playing any

further role in the sale process. Instead, Denner became the point person for the Company.

If the Board had known about Denner’s actions, they also might well have

approached the prospect of a near-term sale with greater skepticism. When directors

consider whether to sell a corporation, their fiduciary duties obligate them “to seek the

transaction offering the best value reasonably available to the stockholders.” QVC, 637

A.2d at 43. “The best transaction reasonably available is not always a sale; it may mean

remaining independent and not engaging in a transaction at all.” PLX, 2018 WL 5018535,

at *29.

Here, the Company was executing its business plan successfully and exceeding the

performance goals set in the 2017 Annual Plan. The Company was expanding its markets,

growing its pipeline of drugs, making value-enhancing acquisitions, and entering and

exploring significant collaborations with other companies. Compl. ¶¶56–60. The market

had not yet figured out how to price the Company, and the stock price did not reflect the

Company’s true value. Indeed, according to the Schedule 14D-9, no one pursued Sanofi’s

earlier approaches because the directors were “confident in the future of the Company as a

standalone business.” 14D-9 at 18–20. Nothing about the Company had changed for the

worse since those earlier approaches. If anything, the Company’s value had increased, and

the projections that the Board approved as part of the 2018 Annual Plan, when extended as

part of the November LRP, supported a value in excess of $150 per share. Without Denner

leading the charge for a sale, the Board might well have decided not to engage.

78
 The Board also might well have rejected the possibility of a near-term sale because

the legal consequences of the Spinoff meant that the Company could not pursue a

transaction with a number of logical acquirers. Until February 2019, the Company risked

making the tax-free distribution of shares in the Spinoff taxable if the Company was sold

to a buyer that had discussed a potential transaction with Biogen before the Spinoff. Under

the Tax Matters Agreement, the Company agreed to indemnify Biogen and its stockholders

for that massive liability. The Company therefore could not engage credibly with those

bidders, either for purposes of a sale or to create competition for Sanofi. Without Denner

pushing for a near-term sale, the Board could have concluded that the best course was to

wait for another year before exploring strategic alternatives, so that a transaction could

close after the Restricted Period had expired.

The plaintiff also contends that the Board’s single-bidder process with Sanofi was

unreasonable. Conducting a single-bidder process is not unreasonable per se under

Delaware law. To the contrary, the Delaware Supreme Court has held that a challenge to a

transaction that involved no pre-signing outreach and only a passive, post-signing market

check could not support a reasonable likelihood of a breach of duty, explaining that a board

may “pursue the transaction it reasonably views as most valuable to stockholders, so long

as the transaction is subject to an effective market check under circumstances in which any

bidder interested in paying more has a reasonable opportunity to do so.” C & J Energy

Servs., Inc. v. City of Miami Gen. Empls.’ & Sanitation Empls.’ Ret. Tr., 107 A.3d 1049,

1067 (Del. 2014). The high court emphasized that “[s]uch a market check does not have to

involve an active solicitation, so long as interested bidders have a fair opportunity to

79
present a higher-value alternative, and the board has the flexibility to eschew the original

transaction and accept the higher-value deal.” Id. at 1067–68.

That authority does not help the defendants at the pleading stage, because where

undisclosed conflicts of interest exist, a decision to pursue a single-bidder process must be

viewed more skeptically, and the decision to initiate a single-bidder sale process can fall

outside the range of reasonableness. See, e.g., In re Rural Metro Corp. S’holders Litig., 88

A.3d 54, 91 (Del. Ch. 2014), aff’d sub nom. RBC, 129 A.3d 816. Here, the implications of

the post-Spinoff Restrictive Period meant that many logical bidders would not have a fair

opportunity to present a higher-value alternative.

The plaintiff is entitled to the inference that it was unreasonable for the Board to

negotiate exclusively with Sanofi, a company that made clear it would only engage in a

friendly transaction, at a price far below the only evidence of the Company’s standalone

value. The plaintiff is entitled to the inference that Denner’s undisclosed conflicts

contributed to the Board following this course and that the sale process would have

unfolded differently if Denner had disclosed his conflicts.

In an effort to defeat these inferences, the defendants ask the court to draw contrary

inferences in their favor at the pleading stage based on documents outside the record. They

ask the court to find credible the reasons that the Director Defendants provided for

supporting the Transaction in the Schedule 14D-9. At most, those reasons create a question

of fact about why the Board acted, and that issue cannot be resolved on a motion to dismiss.

In evaluating the pleading-stage reasonableness of the Board’s decision to pursue a

single-bidder process, it bears remembering that Denner was the one who suggested it to

80
Sanofi. Moreover, Denner did so in October 2017, and he acted without the Board’s

knowledge or authorization. It was not until a month later that the Board allegedly adopted

this strategy at the November 25 meeting. It is reasonable to infer that Denner favored the

single-bidder process and that his commitment to Sanofi affected the Board’s ability to

pursue a different course.

It is also reasonably conceivable that Denner’s conflicts affected the price

negotiations with Sanofi. After Sanofi increased its offer to $101.50 per share in January

2018, Denner led the Board in making a counteroffer at $105 per share. The plaintiff has

made allegations, reinforced by evidence, which support a pleading-stage inference that

the counteroffer dramatically undervalued the Company:

• On November 21, 2017, Company management provided the November LRP to the
Board. Based on the November LRP, Guggenheim valued the Company at $150.21
per share. Compl. ¶ 116.

• On November 25, 2017, the Board authorized Company management to present the
November LRP to Sanofi. Id. ¶ 118. No downward modifications were made or
discussed at this time.

• On December 14, 2017, the Board met for a mock management presentation, which
included the November LRP. Id. ¶ 121. Again, no downward modifications were
made.

• On December 18, 2017, Company management met with Sanofi and presented the
November LRP. This version of the November LRP included upward modifications.
Following the meeting, Sanofi sent the Company a list of follow up diligence
questions relating to the projections. Id. ¶¶ 122–23.

• On December 27, 2017, the Company responded to Sanofi’s questions with answers
consistent with the November LRP and noted “we have been conservative in [the]
assumptions.” Id. ¶ 123.

• On January 3, 2018, Sanofi offered $101.50 per share. That same day, Company
management sent the financial advisors an updated model, which JP Morgan used

81
 to value the Company at $158.16 per share. Guggenheim sent this model to the
Board. Id. ¶¶ 127, 129–30.

• On January 4, 2018, despite receiving the updated valuation the night before, the
Board decided to counter at $105 per share. Id. ¶ 131.

For six weeks, all of the information that flowed to the Board pointed to a valuation over

$150 per share. Yet, the Board countered at $105 per share, just 3.4% more than Sanofi’s

offer and substantially below all of the prior valuation indications.

Denner was at the center of the negotiation process. The Board met to consider

Sanofi’s offer of $101.50 per share on the same day that Sanofi made it. During a further

meeting on January 4, the Board designated Denner as the person who would convey the

counter of $105 per share to Lazard. Before Denner could set up the call, Lazard contacted

him. Denner stepped out of the meeting and took the call. An exchange ensued in which

Sanofi accepted the price of $105 per share conditioned on exclusivity. Denner then

rejoined the Board meeting and told the Board they had a deal on price, conditioned on

exclusivity. The Board approved the grant of exclusivity, and the deal was struck. It is

reasonable to infer that with a different negotiator, or with Denner screened off from the

pricing discussions, the negotiations would have gone differently.

In response to the plaintiff’s allegations and evidence regarding price, the

defendants point out that Sanofi increased its offer twice and that the price of $105 per

share reflected a 64% premium over the market price. “Revlon requires us to examine

whether a board’s overall course of action was reasonable,” not just the end product. RBC,

129 A.3d at 854 (cleaned up). A headline premium is a good starting point, but “the fact of

a premium alone” does not mean that a transaction was the best value reasonably

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available.18 The complaint contains well-pled allegations to the effect that the market was

not yet fully valuing the Company—and that the defendants themselves believed that. The

November LRP and the valuations that supported higher values rested on information about

the Company’s products and pipeline that had not been disclosed. It is reasonable to infer

that the market was undervaluing the Company. Sanofi’s willingness to pay so much more

than the market price provides some evidence of that fact.

The defendants also make the standard argument that if the Company was worth

more, then certainly a topping bidder would have emerged during the post-signing period.

See Dkt. 24 at 52–53. If the market knew and believed that the Company was worth $150

per share, then that argument could have force, but in that alternative state of the world,

the Company’s common stock already would trade closer to $150 per share, and the deal

would have been a massive take under. At the pleading stage, the plaintiff has advanced

several credible reasons why the absence of an overbidder is not convincing evidence that

the price of $105 per share represented the best value reasonably available. For one thing,

some bidders could not participate because of the Restricted Period following the Spinoff.

18
Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 858, 875 (Del. 1985) (subsequent history
omitted). See, e.g., Mindbody, 2020 WL 5870084, at *1, *9 (finding plaintiffs adequately
pled a paradigmatic Revlon claim despite 68% premium); El Paso, 41 A.3d at 434–35
(finding reasonable probability of success on the merits of breach of fiduciary duty claim
despite nominal 47.8% premium over pre-announcement market price); Del Monte, 25
A.3d at 817–19 (same despite nominal 40% premium); In re Tele–Commc’ns, Inc.
S’holders Litig., 2005 WL 3642727, at *1–2 (Del. Ch. Dec. 21, 2005) (finding at the
summary judgment stage that defendants had not demonstrated entire fairness despite 37%
premium); Gholl v. eMachines, Inc., 2004 WL 2847865, at *15 (Del. Ch. Nov. 24, 2004)
(giving “little weight” to the “control premium argument” despite 96% premium).

83
For another, the complaint contains well-pled allegations to the effect that the market was

not yet fully valuing the Company, and a competing bidder would not have had access to

the November LRP to inform its bid. It is not possible to say at the pleading stage that the

post-signing market check cleansed the sale process of its flaws.

Relying on documents outside of the complaint, the defendants argue that the Board

had questioned the assumptions and risks of the November LRP, as well as the competitive

dynamics facing the Company. Id. at 13 (citing Exs. 12–18). The defendants cannot use

documents outside the complaint, even minutes produced as part of the Section 220

Documents, to contest its well-pled allegations. At most, the defendants’ documents create

a dispute of fact, which the court cannot resolve at the pleading stage. Even if the

Company’s risk-adjusted value as a standalone entity was less than $150 per share, it is

reasonably conceivable that the Board made a counteroffer that undervalued the Company

and did so in part because of Denner’s eagerness for a sale.

3. The Fairness Projections

The plaintiff separately alleges that the Board acted outside the range of

reasonableness by working with Company management to make a series of last-minute

modifications to the Company’s projections designed to support the agreed-upon price of

$105 per share. The complaint alleges facts, drawn from the Section 220 Documents, which

support an inference that the Board acted unreasonably.

The complaint alleges that Company management prepared the November LRP

based on management’s detailed, nuanced projections about the Company’s current and

future product offerings. After the Board signed on to a deal at $105 per share, however,

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Company management systematically slashed the projections in the November LRP to

justify that lower price. Just four days before the Board approved the Merger Agreement,

Company management was still in the process of driving down the numbers from the

November LRP. On January 17, 2018, Greene sent Guggenheim an email saying “[w]e

also need macro assumptions that provide context as to why we have taken a less optimistic

view than what was previously shared with the board.” Compl. ¶ 138. Because the

Company had not experienced any new developments that would warrant downward

modifications to the November LRP, Greene was looking for “macro assumptions” to

justify the changes.

Two days later, on January 19, Company management presented the Fairness

Projections to the Board for the first time. Conveniently, the Fairness Projections valued

the Company at $99 per share, just below the agreed-upon Transaction price. The Board

approved the Fairness Projections despite not having seen or discussed them before the

meeting. Two days later, JP Morgan and Guggenheim delivered fairness opinions that

relied on the more pessimistic Fairness Projections. Id. ¶ 141.

The rapid turnabout regarding the projections supports a pleading-stage inference

that Company management, including Cox and Greene, acted in bad faith to create a set of

numbers designed to justify the sale price. At this stage, the plaintiff is entitled to the

inference that the changes to the projections were part of an unreasonable process infected

by Denner’s conflicts of interest.

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 4. The Pleading-Stage Conclusion Regarding The Sale Process

Taken together, the well-pled allegations of the complaint support an inference that

the Board’s actions fell outside the range of reasonableness. The collective weight of

Denner’s insider trading, his October 2017 invitation to Sanofi to engage in a single-bidder

process, his role in agreeing to a price of $105, the disconnect between that price and the

valuation data available to the Board, and the creation of the Fairness Projections is more

than the range of reasonableness can accommodate. It is reasonably conceivable that as a

result of a flawed process, the Transaction did not yield “the best value reasonably available

to the stockholders.” QVC, 637 A.2d at 43.

D. Exculpation

Stating a viable claim under the enhanced scrutiny standard is necessary but not

sufficient to survive a pleading-stage motion to dismiss when the plaintiff seeks to impose

personal liability on a director. When a corporation has an exculpatory provision in its

certificate of incorporation, the plaintiff must plead a non-exculpated claim against the

director. The Delaware Supreme Court has instructed that when a plaintiff “seek[s] only

monetary damages” from a director protected by an exculpatory provision, then to survive

a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff “must plead non-exculpated claims against [the] director

. . . , regardless of the underlying standard of review for the board’s conduct.” In re

Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc., S’holder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1175 (Del. 2015).

The Company’s certificate of incorporation contains an exculpatory provision. Ex.

31 at Article XI (the “Exculpatory Provision”). Because of the Exculpatory Provision, the

Director Defendants are entitled to dismissal unless the complaint states a claim for breach

86
of the duty of loyalty. Cornerstone, 115 A.3d at 1179–80. To survive a motion to dismiss,

the plaintiff must allege each director was interested in the Transaction, lacked

independence, or acted in bad faith. Id.

“A director is interested in a transaction if ‘he or she will receive a personal financial

benefit from a transaction that is not shared equally by the stockholders’ or if ‘a corporate

decision will have a materially detrimental impact on a director, but not on the corporation

and the stockholders.” Trados I, 2009 WL 2225958, at *6 (quoting Rales, 634 A.2d at 936).

For a director to be interested in the transaction, “the benefit received by the director and

not shared with stockholders must be of a sufficiently material importance, in the context

of the director’s economic circumstances, as to have made it improbable that the director

could perform her fiduciary duties without being influenced by her overriding personal

interest.” Id. (cleaned up). “Delaware courts apply a subjective ‘actual person’ standard to

determine whether a ‘given’ director was likely to be affected in the same or similar

circumstances.” McMullin, 765 A.2d at 923 (quoting Technicolor Plenary III, 663 A.2d at

1167).

“Independence means that a director’s decision is based on the corporate merits of

the subject before the board rather than extraneous considerations or influences.” Aronson,

473 A.2d at 816. A director lacks independence when the director “act[s] to advance the

self-interest of an interested party from whom they could not be presumed to act

independently.” Cornerstone, 115 A.3d at 1179–80; see also Rales, 634 A.2d at 936;

Trados I, 2009 WL 2225958, at *6.

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 Bad faith encompasses both “an intent to harm [and] also intentional dereliction of

duty.”19 Bad faith also may be shown “where the fiduciary intentionally acts with a purpose

other than that of advancing the best interests of the corporation.”20 “It makes no difference

the reason why the director intentionally fails to pursue the best interests of the

corporation.”21 Bad faith can be the result of “any human emotion [that] may cause a

director to [intentionally] place his own interests, preferences or appetites before the

19
Lyondell Chem. Co. v. Ryan, 970 A.2d 235, 240 (Del. 2009); accord In re Walt
Disney Co. Deriv. Litig. (Disney V), 906 A.2d 27, 64–66 (Del. 2006) (defining “subjective
bad faith” as “conduct motivated by an actual intent to do harm,” which “constitutes
classic, quintessential bad faith,” and “intentional dereliction of duty” as “a conscious
disregard for one’s responsibilities”); see also Stone ex rel. AmSouth Bancorporation v.
Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006) (holding, in the context of an oversight claim, that
“utter[] fail[ure] to implement any reporting or information system or controls” or “having
implemented such a system or controls, conscious[] fail[ure] to monitor or oversee its
operations” demonstrated “a conscious disregard for their responsibilities”).
20
Disney V, 906 A.2d at 67; accord Stone, 911 A.2d at 369; see Gagliardi v.
TriFoods Int’l, Inc., 683 A.2d 1049, 1051 n.2 (Del. Ch. 1996) (defining a “bad faith”
transaction as one “that is authorized for some purpose other than a genuine attempt to
advance corporate welfare or is known to constitute a violation of applicable positive law”);
In re RJR Nabisco, Inc. S’holders Litig., 1989 WL 7036, at *15 (Del. Ch. Jan. 31, 1989)
(explaining that the business judgment rule would not protect “a fiduciary who could be
shown to have caused a transaction to be effectuated (even one in which he had no financial
interest) for a reason unrelated to a pursuit of the corporation’s best interests”).
21
In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig. (Disney IV), 907 A.2d 693, 754 (Del. Ch.
2005), aff’d, 906 A.2d 27 (Del. 2006); see Nagy v. Bistricer, 770 A.2d 43, 48 n.2 (Del. Ch.
2000) (explaining that “regardless of his motive, a director who consciously disregards his
duties to the corporation and its stockholders may suffer a personal judgment for monetary
damages for any harm he causes,” even if for a reason “other than personal pecuniary
interest”).

88
welfare of the corporation,” including greed, “hatred, lust, envy, revenge, . . . shame or

pride.”22

To plead bad faith in a case governed by a standard more onerous than the business

judgment rule, and hence to plead an unexculpated claim for breach of fiduciary duty in

that setting, a plaintiff need only “plead[] facts that support a rational inference of bad

faith.” Kahn, 2018 WL 1341719, at *1 (citing Brinckerhoff v. Enbridge Energy Co., Inc.,

159 A.3d 242, 258–60 (Del. 2017)). A plaintiff need not “plead facts that rule out any

possibility other than bad faith.” Id. Put differently, a plaintiff need not plead that the

director made a decision “so far beyond the bounds of reasonable judgment that it seems

essentially inexplicable on any ground other than bad faith.” Brinckerhoff, 159 A.3d at 259

(rejecting that standard for purposes of interpreting exculpatory provision in limited

partnership agreement). At trial, a plaintiff need not rule out other explanations; the

plaintiff need only show by a preponderance of the evidence that the fiduciary acted for a

purpose other than the best interest of the corporation. See id. 259–60. Likewise, at the

pleading stage, a plaintiff need only plead facts supporting a reasonably conceivable

inference that the fiduciary acted for a purpose other than the best interest of the

corporation. See Kahn, 2018 WL 1341719, at *1 (applying Brinkerhoff test for exculpatory

provision in certificate of incorporation).

22
RJR Nabisco, 1989 WL 7036, at *15; see Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 506
n.34 (Del. Ch. 2003) (“The reason for the disloyalty (the faithlessness) is irrelevant, the
underlying motive (be it venal, familial, collegial, or nihilistic) for conscious action not in
the corporation’s best interest does not make it faithful, as opposed to faithless.”).

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 In this case, the complaint has stated a non-exculpated claim against Denner, Cox,

Posner, Protopapas, and Germano. The complaint has not stated a non-exculpated claim

against Paglia.

1. Denner

The complaint’s allegations easily state a claim against Denner for breach of the

duty of loyalty. The facts alleged in the complaint support an inference that Denner acted

in bad faith at several points in the sale process.

First, the plaintiff adequately alleges that Denner acted in subjective bad faith by

violating the Company’s insider trading policy. The insider trading policy prohibited all

“directors, officers, [and] employees . . . from trading securities, or disclosing or passing

along information to others who then trade on the basis of material nonpublic information.”

Compl. ¶ 95. It is reasonable to infer that Sanofi’s $90 per share initial expression of interest

was material information not known to the public, and it is reasonable to infer that Denner

bought more than a million shares on the basis of this information. That Denner made his

purchases through Sarissa does not help him because the insider trading policy prohibits

“passing along information to others who then trade on that material nonpublic

information.” Id. At the pleading stage, it is reasonably conceivable that Denner knowingly

violated the insider trading policy.

Second, the plaintiff adequately alleges that Denner knowingly acted in bad faith by

concealing his illicit stock purchases and discussions with Sanofi and Lazard from the

Board. As a director, Denner “had an unremitting obligation to deal candidly with [his]

fellow directors. HMG/Courtland Props., Inc. v. Gray, 749 A.2d 94, 119 (Del. Ch. 1999)

90
(cleaned up).23 “To satisfy [Denner’s] duty of loyalty, and its subsidiary requirement that

he act in good faith, he needed to be candid with . . . his fellow board members.”

Crescent/Mach I P’ship, L.P. v. Turner, 2007 WL 1342263, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 2, 2007).

See generally J. Travis Laster & John Mark Zeberkiewicz, The Rights and Duties of

Blockholder Directors, 70 Bus. Law. 33, 45 (2015) (explaining that a director’s failure “to

provide information regarding the corporation to the board . . . may constitute a breach of

fiduciary duty on the part of the . . . director[ ] responsible for the failure”). It is likewise a

basic principle, firmly embedded in our law, that a director must disclose material

information about any potential conflicts. Haley, 235 A.3d at 719.

As this decision has explained, the complaint supports a reasonable inference that

Denner concealed the stock purchases that he caused Sarissa to make, as well as his

discussions with Sanofi and Lazard about a potential transaction. By keeping the Board in

the dark, Denner failed “to be candid . . . with his fellow board members” and acted in bad

faith. Turner, 2007 WL 1342263, at *3.

23
Mills, 559 A.2d at 1283 (“As the duty of candor is one of the elementary principles
of fair dealing, Delaware law imposes this unremitting obligation not only on officers and
directors, but also upon those who are privy to material information obtained in the course
of representing corporate interests.”); Thorpe v. CERBCO, 676 A.2d 436, 441–42 (Del.
1996) (stressing the importance of duty to be candid with fellow directors); Int’l Equity
Cap. Growth Fund, L.P. v. Clegg, 1997 WL 208955, at *7 (Del. Ch. Apr. 22, 1997) (noting
that directors owe a “duty to disclose to other directors”); Am. L. Inst., Principles of
Corporate Governance: Analysis and Recommendations § 5.02(a)(1) cmt. (1994) (“A
director or senior executive owes a duty to the corporation not only to avoid misleading it
by misstatements and omissions, but affirmatively to disclose the material facts known to
the director or senior executive.”).

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 The complaint also adequately alleges that Denner acted in bad faith when he

manipulated the sale process to achieve a quick sale to Sanofi for his own short-term gain.

See PLX, 2018 WL 5018535, at *41. As discussed at length in the enhanced scrutiny

analysis, it is reasonably conceivable that after purchasing significant amounts of stock

based on non-public information, Denner dominated the sale process and used it to serve

his personal ends, including by having unauthorized discussions with Sanofi and Lazard,

unilaterally inviting Sanofi to bid for the Company, and approving an obviously false and

misleading 14D-9. Through his disloyal actions, it is reasonable to infer that Denner

violated “the unyielding principle that corporate fiduciaries shall abjure every temptation

for personal profit at the expense of those they serve.” Mills, 559 A.2d at 1284.

In sum, the allegations of the complaint support a reasonable inference that Denner

acted in bad faith. It is reasonably conceivable that Denner will not be entitled to

exculpation.

2. Cox

The complaint’s allegations state a non-exculpated claim against Cox for the actions

he took in his capacity as a director. At the pleading stage, it is reasonable to infer that Cox

was interested based on the severance payments he received as a result of the Transaction.

This court has held that a plaintiff is entitled to the inference that a severance

payment equivalent to two years of salary would be material to the individual.24 The court

24
JJS, Ltd. v. Steelpoint CP Hldgs., LLC, 2019 WL 5092896, at *13 (Del. Ch. Oct.
11, 2019); see Chen, 87 A.3d at 670 (inferring at pleading stage that director’s receipt of
$840,500 in benefits, including a $272,803 severance package was sufficiently material to
92
also has explained “compensation from one’s full-time employment is typically of great

consequence to the recipient” and thus is generally material. In re Primedia Inc. Deriv.

Litig., 910 A.2d 248, 261 n.45 (Del. Ch. 2006) (cleaned up).

Cox personally received a total of $72.3 million in severance benefits from the

Transaction that were not shared with the stockholders generally. Those amounts dwarfed

Cox’s average annual compensation for 2016 and 2017 of $11.6 million. Under this court’s

precedents, Cox’s severance payments support a reasonable inference that he was

interested in the Transaction. See Steelpoint, 2019 WL 5092896, at *13; Chen, 87 A.3d at

670; Primedia, 910 A.2d at 261 n.45.

The defendants argue that Cox’s severance payments do not create a conflict as a

matter of law because they were the product of “pre-existing agreements disclosed before

the [Transaction].” See Dkt. 24 at 55–56. There are two decisions in which this court has

stated that change-in-control benefits cannot not create a conflict of interest as a matter of

law when those benefits (i) are paid out pursuant to a pre-existing agreement and (ii) there

is no allegation that those benefits were triggered by the specific bidder or specific

make him interested in merger transaction); In re The Student Loan Corp. Deriv. Litig.,
2002 WL 75479, at *3 n.3 (Del. Ch. Jan. 8, 2002) (“Absent some unusual fact—such as
the possession of inherited wealth—the remuneration a person receives from her full-time
job is typically of great consequence to her. It is usually the method by which bills get paid,
health insurance is affordably procured, children’s educations are funded, and retirement
savings are accumulated.”); see also Frederick Hsu Living Tr. v. ODN Hldg. Corp., 2017
WL 1437308, at *30 (Del. Ch. Apr. 14, 2017) (inferring at pleading stage that director’s
$587,184 bonus payment for achieving redemptions of company’s preferred stock was
sufficiently material).

93
transaction.25 Both decisions relied on cases which did not assert that proposition as a

matter of law, but rather determined on the facts presented, either when denying a motion

for preliminary injunction or when granting a motion for summary judgment, that a specific

change-in-control payment did not give rise to a disabling interest for a specific

defendant.26

25
Morrison v. Berry, 2019 WL 7369431, at *22 (Del. Ch. Dec. 31, 2019) (holding
that complaint failed to support a reasonable inference that general counsel’s change-in-
control benefits created a conflict because “[g]enerally, change-in-control benefits arising
out of a pre-existing employment contract do not create a conflict, and nothing in the
alleged facts suggests [the general counsel’s] single-trigger bonus was unique or specially
negotiated in anticipation of the Apollo transaction”) (cleaned up); In re Novell, Inc.
S’holder Litig., 2013 WL 322560, at *11 (Del. Ch. Jan. 3, 2013) ([“T]he possibility of
receiving change-in-control benefits pursuant to pre-existing employment agreements does
not create a disqualifying interest as a matter of law.”).
26
See In re Smurfit-Stone Container Corp. S’holder Litig., 2011 WL 2028076, at
*22 (Del. Ch. May 24, 2011) (declining to enjoin merger; noting that plaintiffs argued that
certain members of target management, who acted as negotiators, would receive change-
in-control bonuses; finding that plaintiffs “have not shown that the executives acted on
their conflicts at Smurfit-Stone’s expense or that the Committee impermissibly permitted
them to do so”); In re W. Nat. Corp. S’holders Litig., 2000 WL 710192, at *12 (Del. Ch.
May 22, 2000) (granting summary judgment in favor of defendants; holding CEO’s
accelerated vesting of stock options and a $4.5 million cash severance payment did not
create an economic conflict of interest for the CEO, who would retire in connection with
the merger, where (i) “the severance payment and the accelerated vesting schedule [were]
legitimate contractual benefits emanating from a 1994 employment agreement,” (ii) “they
were the subject of arm’s length bargaining and mutual consideration,” and (iii) at the time
of the merger, the CEO “owned equity in both companies, [and] his interest in the sell-side
entity] significantly outweighed his interest in [the buyer]”); Nebenzahl v. Miller, 1993 WL
488284, at *3 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8, 1993) (declining to grant preliminary injunction and
finding no reasonable probability that a breach of duty of loyalty occurred where the merger
agreement guaranteed change-in-control benefits under pre-existing employment
agreements to four inside directors on an eight-member board).

94
 The two cases go a step too far by converting fact-specific holdings into a rule of

law. A fiduciary is interested in a transaction when the fiduciary receives something

different than stockholders as a whole and when that something is material to the fiduciary.

See, e.g., Rales, 634 A.2d at 936; Frederick Hsu, 2017 WL 1437308, at *30; Trados I,

2009 WL 2225958, at *6. The fact that the individual receives the payment or other

differential interest because of an existing agreement does not change the fact that the

individual receives the payment or other differential interest. If a fiduciary is choosing

between two deals, one that will cause the fiduciary to receive $72.3 million personally

and the other that will not, the fiduciary has an interest in the first deal. That interest exists

regardless of whether the $72.3 million is provided as part of the deal or under a pre-

existing contract.

To assert that a transaction-related benefit cannot give rise to a divergent interest

simply because an existing contract calls for the payment is particularly strange for change-

in-control payments, because one of their evident purposes is to create financial incentives

for executives to favor transactions that otherwise might disrupt their employment and

which they therefore might resist. Some scholars have argued that change-in-control

payments are harmful because they constitute a form of managerial self-dealing, encourage

managerial slack, and then enable managers to benefit from a takeover at the stockholders’

expense.27 Others suggest that change-in-control payments are beneficial because they

27
See, e.g., Lucian Bebchuk et al., Golden Parachutes and the Wealth of
Shareholders, 25 J. Corp. Fin. 140, 141, 150–53 (2014). See generally Andrew C.W. Lund
& Robert Schonlau, Golden Parachutes, Severance, and Firm Value, 68 Fla. L. Rev. 875,
95
align managers’ interests with the stockholders’ interest in taking a premium bid. 28 There

continues to be a debate about whether change-in-control agreements increase or decrease

firm value. See generally Lund & Schonlau, supra, at 884–87, 905–06. There does not

appear to be anyone who argues that change-in-control payments fail to have any incentive

effect.

It is possible to imagine facts where a defendant might contend successfully on the

facts of a given case that a change-in-control benefit did not give rise to a conflict for

purposes of a particular decision. If a defendant faced a choice between two deals, both of

which would cause the defendant to receive the same benefit, then as to the decision

between those two deals, the defendant would not have a conflict. But as to other

877 (2016) (noting the view of some scholars that change-in-control agreements “provide
significant ex ante effort disincentives for CEOs by mitigating the threat of employment
termination”); Simone M. Sepe & Charles K. Whitehead, Rethinking Chutes: Incentives,
Investment, and Innovation, 95 B.U. L. Rev. 2027, 2029 (2015) (identifying competing
views of change-in-control agreements and collecting authorities supporting this view).
28
See, e.g., Jonathan M. Karpoff et al., Do Takeover Defense Indices Measure
Takeover Deterrence?, 30 Rev. Fin. Stud. 2359, 2365 (2017) (finding that the presence of
change-in-control agreements is positively correlated with the likelihood of a takeover);
Eliezer M. Fich et al., On the Importance of Golden Parachutes, 48 J. Fin. & Quant.
Analysis 1717, 1718–21 (2013) (concluding that change-in-control agreements materially
increase deal completion rates, create large gains for target CEOs, and may benefit target
stockholders). See generally Lund & Schonlau, supra, at 876 (noting the view of some
scholars that change-in-control agreements “may serve as an adaptive device that aligns
managers’ interests with those of shareholders, particularly shareholders’ interest in
receiving takeover bids at a premium to current share price”); Sepe & Whitehead, supra,
at 2029–30 (collecting authorities supporting this view).

96
alternatives that would not trigger the payment, the fiduciary has a conflict. Cox had $72.3

million reason to favor the benefit-triggering option over the non-benefit triggering option.

It is also true that on the facts of a given case, the evidence may show that a change-

in-control payment did not give rise to a conflict of interest or that the fiduciary in question

did not succumb to it. The decisions in Western National, Smurfit-Stone, and Nebenzahl

provide examples of the court making that type of determination based on a factual record.

It does not follow that the receipt of a pre-existing contractual benefit, solely by virtue of

being a pre-existing contractual benefit, cannot create a conflict as a matter of law.

The change-in-control payment that Cox received constituted a benefit not shared

with the Company’s other stockholders. It was sufficiently large to be material. It therefore

constitutes a compromising interest.

The complaint supports an inference that loyal fiduciaries would not have sold the

Company at all because the value maximizing alternative was to continue operating in

standalone mode. Under that option, Cox would not have received the severance benefits.

As between a sale process that resulted in a near-term sale to Sanofi and the decision to

continue operating as a standalone entity, Cox had a conflict of interest. Cox may show at

a later stage of the case that he did not succumb to that interest, or that the real-world extent

of the interest was mitigated by other factors. At this stage of the proceeding, the allegations

of the complaint support a reasonable inference that Cox will not be entitled to exculpation.

3. Posner

The complaint’s allegations state a non-exculpated claim against Posner. The

plaintiff argues that Posner lacked independence from Denner, was interested in the

97
Transaction, and acted in bad faith. The complaint sufficiently pleads that Posner acted in

bad faith.

Starting with independence, the plaintiff argues that Posner was beholden to Denner

based on “his history with Denner and Icahn.” Dkt. 31 at 50. For support, the plaintiff

alleges that (i) Icahn added both Denner and Posner to the Biogen board as part of a multi-

year activist campaign, (ii) Icahn previously nominated Posner to the board of Yahoo! as

part of an activist campaign (Posner did not become a Yahoo! director), and (iii) Denner

and Posner have served on Biogen’s board together since 2009. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 30. Those

allegations would be pertinent to evaluating Posner’s independence from Icahn. They do

not provide reason to doubt Posner’s independence from Denner.

In terms of interestedness, the plaintiff argues that Posner received $2.5 million

through the acceleration of his unvested options and RSUs. Delaware courts are rightly

skeptical that director equity creates a disqualifying interest where, as here, the director

received the same per-share consideration as all other stockholders.29 That does not mean

that a disqualifying interest cannot exist.

29
See, e.g., In re Micromet, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2012 WL 681785, at * 13 n.64
(Del. Ch. Feb. 29, 2012) (rejecting argument that directors were interested due to vesting
of stock options because “the directors’ interests would be aligned with the shareholders in
seeking the highest price for their shares reasonably available”); Globis, 2007 WL
4292024, at *8 (stating that the accelerated vesting of modest stock options did not render
directors interested because the “interests of the shareholders and directors [were] aligned
in obtaining the highest price”).

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 The fact of acceleration confers an additional benefit on the director, resulting in the

director receiving consideration for unvested equity awards that might not vest in the

fullness of time. See, e.g., In re Tesla Motors Inc. S’holder Litig., 2022 WL 1237185, at *4

n.24 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2022) (finding that officer’s compensation was “nowhere near” the

disclosed value because the disclosed value included equity awards and “[t]he

overwhelming majority of [those] equity awards, consisting of restricted stock awards and

option awards, never vested” (cleaned up)). The fact of acceleration also results in the

director receiving consideration for the unvested options at closing, rather than at some

future date, and therefore provides a benefit in terms of the time value of money.

This court has recognized that situations may cause the acceleration and immediate

payout of unvested equity awards to confer a material benefit. See Inter-Local Pension

Fund GCC/IBT v. Calgon Carbon Corp., 2019 WL 479082, at *13 n.148 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25,

2019), aff’d, 237 A.3d 818 (Del. 2020) (TABLE). In Saba Software, Vice Chancellor

Slights found that the complaint adequately alleged the board was interested in the

transaction based on the acceleration of equity awards because “the looming deregistration

neutralized the equity awards, [and] the prospect of a merger with [buyer] was the only

means to revive them and convert them to cash.” 2017 WL 1201108, at *21.

To plead a persuasive basis for interest based on the acceleration of unvested equity

awards, the plaintiff must provide a reasonably conceivable quantification of the amount

of value conferred by the acceleration. The value of the awards at the deal price necessarily

incorporates the amount of value conferred by the acceleration, but it is not a reasonably

conceivable quantification of that value. The value of the acceleration is a different

99
concept, and mathematically it should be a lower figure because it is but one component of

the aggregate value received. In this case, plaintiff has not alleged facts sufficient to support

an inference that the vesting of options and other equity awards and the immediate payout

on those awards created a material conflict of interest.

The plaintiff also argues that Posner had a conflict of interest as a dual fiduciary of

the Company and Biogen. According to the plaintiff, Posner “had an incentive to ensure

the [sale] process protected Biogen’s interests,” which meant Posner had an incentive to

protect “Biogen’s interest in enforcing [the Tax Matters Agreement] and avoiding any tax

liability to Biogen.” Dkt. 31 at 51; Compl. ¶ 55. The plaintiff’s argument is difficult to

follow. The plaintiff seems to be saying that Posner would have had an incentive to sell to

a company like Sanofi rather than risking a sale to a restricted party that would jeopardize

the tax treatment for the Spinoff. But that same dynamic would have given Posner an

incentive to wait to sell the Company until after the Restricted Period ended. It is not clear

how the interests of Biogen and the Company would have diverged on this point. Both

shared an interest in avoiding any tax liability for the Spinoff.

The complaint does, however, support a reasonable inference that Posner acted in

bad faith during the sale process. It is reasonably conceivable that Posner engaged in early

discussions with Sanofi and concealed those discussions from the Board. By keeping the

Board in the dark about this material information, Posner failed to be candid with the

Board. Turner, 2007 WL 1342263, at *3. The complaint thus adequately pleads that Posner

acted in bad faith.

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 4. Protopapas

Whether the complaint’s allegations support a reasonable inference of a non-

exculpated claim against Protopapas presents a close call. The complaint attempts to

portray Protopapas as a Denner ally who learned how Denner operates during the Ariad

sale, joined the Board intending to help Denner accomplish the same thing at the Company,

and acted in bad faith by failing to pursue the best interests of the Company. At the pleading

stage, the complaint’s allegations provide enough to make the account reasonably

conceivable.

Under existing case law, “past relationships and payments [may support] a

reasonable inference of ‘owingness’ sufficient to create a reasonable doubt about the

director’s ability to be impartial.”30 “Although mere recitation of the fact of past business

or personal relationships will not make the Court automatically question the independence

of a challenged director, it may be possible to plead additional facts concerning the length,

nature or extent of those previous relationships that would put in issue that director’s ability

to objectively consider the challenged transaction.” Orman v. Cullman, 794 A.2d at 27 n.55

(Del. Ch. 2002).

30
In re Ezcorp Inc. Consulting Agreement Deriv. Litig., 2016 WL 301245, at *42
& n.49 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2016) (collecting authorities); accord In re Ply Gem Indus., Inc.
S’holders Litig., 2001 WL 1192206, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 3, 2001) (past benefits “may
establish an obligation or debt (a sense of ‘owingness’) upon which a reasonable doubt as
to a director’s loyalty to a corporation may be premised”); see also Sandys v. Pincus, 152
A.3d 124, 131, 134 (Del. 2016) (inferring that two directors were not independent of a
controller for purposes of Rule 23.1 where they had “a mutually beneficial network of
ongoing business relations” based on past investments and service on company boards).

101
 Scholars have shown that gaining or losing a directorship is generally material to an

individual director.31 It follows that when an influential party has bestowed a directorship

on an individual in the past or has the power to reward an individual with directorships in

the future, then the individual may seek to serve the interests of that influential party. The

desire to establish, maintain, or strengthen a relationship with the influential party could

support an inference that the director was not independent or failed to act in good faith. For

example, this court has drawn an inference for purposes of a Rule 12(b)(6) analysis that a

director was not independent of a venture capital fund where the director “had previously

served on the board of directors of at least two other [fund portfolio] companies” and “[the

31
See, e.g., Da Lin, Beyond Beholden, 44 J. Corp. L. 515, 525–26, 531–50 (2019)
(presenting empirical research showing directors’ behavior is sensitive to both fear of
losing board seats and reward of obtaining additional board seats); Lucian Bebchuk & Jesse
Fried, Pay Without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation 25
(2004) (describing benefits of board service and concluding that “[i]n most cases, these
benefits are likely to be economically significant to the director”); David Yermack,
Remuneration, Retention, and Reputation Incentives for Outside Directors, 59 J. Fin. 2281,
2282, 2307 (2004) (finding “statistically significant evidence that outside directors receive
positive performance incentives from compensation, turnover, and opportunities to obtain
new board seats” that have a direct impact on the accumulation of wealth by that director
and “considering that an outside director may serve on several boards, these incentives
appear non-trivial, albeit much smaller than those offered to top managers”). The ability of
an influential person to help a director replace a board seat is particularly significant,
because board seats are difficult to obtain. See Jarrad Harford, Takeover Bids and Target
Directors’ Incentives: The Impact of a Bid on Directors’ Wealth and Board Seats, 69 J.
Fin. Econ. 51, 68 (2003) (finding statistical evidence that a board seat is difficult to replace,
because directors who lose a seat as a result of a takeover can expect to hold one fewer
directorship than peers for two years following a completed merger; finding that directors
suffer a net financial penalty from the loss of the directorship “between zero and -
$65,443”); see also David I. Walker, The Manager’s Share, 47 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 587,
633 (2005) (arguing that from an economic perspective, “[t]he incentive to retain a board
position generally outweighs the incentive to maximize shareholder value”).

102
fund] used [the director] as a short-term high-ranking executive in companies in which [the

fund] invested.” Goldman, 2002 WL 1358760, at *3. This court has also drawn an

inference for demand futility purposes under Rule 23.1 that a director was not independent

from a controller where he previously “received $30,000 from [the controller] for agreeing

to be a director nominee in [the controller’s] proxy bid” for another company. In re New

Valley Corp. Deriv. Litig., 2001 WL 50212, at *7 (Del. Ch. Jan. 11, 2001). And in a post-

trial decision, this court explained that the web of relationships that characterized the

Silicon Valley startup community could result in nominally independent directors having

incentives to side with venture capital firms:

Many of these outside directors have—or can expect to have—long-term
professional and business ties with the VCs, who are more likely to be repeat
players than are most of the common shareholders. Cooperative outside
directors can expect to be recommended for other board seats or even invited
to join the VC fund as a “venture partner.”

Trados II, 73 A.3d at 54 (quoting Jesse M. Fried & Mira Ganor, Agency Costs of Venture

Capitalist Control in Startups, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 967, 989 (2006)). The court noted that

for purposes of challenging the director’s independence at trial, the plaintiff could not rely

on “general characterizations of the VC ecosystem,” but rather had to introduce proof of a

sufficient connection. Id. On the facts presented, the court found that the director’s current

and past relationships with a venture capital fund and a particular partner at that fund

compromised the director’s independence. Id. at 55.

In work that focuses on relationships with controlling stockholders, Professor Da

Lin has explored the ability of directors to be influenced by the prospect of reward. See

Lin, supra, at 517. By examining the professional connections between directors and

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controllers, she finds that some controllers regularly reappoint cooperative independent

directors to executive and board positions at other firms. Id. She also explores how different

types of controllers have differing abilities to reward directors. She finds that controllers

with a wider base of investments are much more likely to have repeat relationships with

the nominally independent directors who serve on their boards. Id. at 543–46. She also

finds that controllers who are single natural persons, as opposed to family groups or widely

held corporations, are more likely to have repeat relationships with nominally independent

directors. Id. She recommends that courts move towards a more nuanced doctrine for

analyzing independence which takes into account the ability of certain controllers who are

repeat players and who have a wide base of investments to influence nominally

independent directors through rewards. Id.

Although Lin’s work focuses on controllers, she observes that the same insights

apply to investment funds that have the ability to appoint individuals to multiple boards

over time. Id. at 545–46. She observes that venture capital and private equity firms are

long-term repeat players, giving directors substantial incentives to favor their interests.32

32
Id. at 546. See Fried & Ganor, supra, at 989 n.63 (noting that “conversations with
local VCs confirm” that “independent directors” have incentives to side with VCs); D.
Gordon Smith, The Exit Structure of Venture Capital, 53 UCLA L. Rev. 315, 320 (2005)
(“[I]n the event of conflict between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneur, such outside
directors may have a natural inclination to side with the venture capitalist.”); William W.
Bratton, Venture Capital on the Downside: Preferred Stock and Corporate Control, 100
Mich. L. Rev. 891, 921 (2002) (arguing outside directors are “highly susceptible to the
influence of the VC”).

104
 Recent research has found similar repeat-player effects involving bankruptcy

directors.33 The scholars identified a phenomenon in which independent directors join a

board around the time that the company files for Chapter 11. The new directors are held

out as independent and empowered to make key decisions regarding the bankruptcy. The

scholars note, however, that the new directors

suffer from a structural bias resulting from being part of a closely-knit
community: a handful of private-equity sponsors that control distressed
companies routinely turn to a handful of law firms for representation and per
their advice pick these bankruptcy directors from a small pool.

Id. at 44. The scholars argue that the dynamics of a small network of repeat players and the

prospect of future engagements are sufficient to call into question the directors’

independence.

This court’s task is to evaluate for pleading-stage purposes whether it is reasonably

conceivable that Protopapas was not independent of Denner or otherwise acted in bad faith

to support a transaction that was in the best interests of Sarissa, rather than in the best

interests of the Company and its stockholders. The scholarly insights into repeat-player

relationships offer insight into Protopapas’ relationship with Denner.

Denner and Sarissa are repeat players in the biopharma and healthcare sector. For

an activist hedge fund like Sarissa, the ability to secure board seats is a potent weapon. For

that weapon to function, Sarissa needs a pool of potential directors. Because Denner is an

33
Jared A. Ellias, Ehud Kamar & Kobi Kastiel, The Rise of Bankruptcy Directors,
95 S. Cal. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2022) (manuscript at 3–4), available at
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3866669.

105
activist who creates opportunities to put candidates on boards, he can reward supportive

directors. He can also decide against nominating an uncooperative director. It is reasonably

conceivable that Denner cultivates symbiotic relationships in which he helps individuals

secure lucrative directorships on the boards of the companies that Sarissa targets or

controls, and in return the individuals back Denner’s goals in his activist campaigns. A

long-standing history of interactions would not be necessary for the carrot to have an effect.

All that would be needed is a director’s desire to cultivate such a relationship. Nor would

there need to be an explicit quid pro quo. The fund’s practice of rewarding directors would

be a sufficient signal.

The complaint contends that Protopapas and Denner cultivated such a relationship.

The complaint alleges in detail how Protopapas supported Denner in achieving the sale of

Ariad to Protopapas’ former employer. Less than two weeks later, Denner secured

Protopapas’ appointment as a director of the Company. After joining the Board, Protopapas

supported the Transaction and benefitted herself in the process. For one year’s board

service, in addition to her director compensation, Protopapas received $1.8 million for her

unvested options and RSUs that accelerated as a result of the Transaction. Protopapas is

also connected to Denner through Mersana, where Protopapas has served as President and

CEO since 2015. Sarissa is one of Mersana’s three largest stockholders, owning

approximately 8% of the outstanding shares.

The complaint alleges that Protopapas’ relationship with Denner is not an isolated

example. Denner also secured a director seat for Germano at the Company and The

Medicines Company. And he added Paglia to the board of Sarissa Capital Acquisition

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Corp. Compl. ¶¶ 26, 34, 38. The complaint suggests that Denner is a person who looks out

for his friends.

The question is whether, at the pleading stage, there is sufficient reason to doubt

whether Protopapas acted independently of Denner and in good faith. Ultimately, under

the deferential pleading standard of Rule 12(b)(6), the plaintiff has done enough to make

it reasonably conceivable that Protopapas supported a sale of the Company to be supportive

of Denner. Although not overwhelming, the combination of (i) Protopapas’ involvement

in, and the financial rewards from, the Ariad sale, (ii) the temporal proximity of the Ariad

sale and Protopapas’ appointment to the Board, (iii) Denner’s practice of rewarding

directors with lucrative directorships on other Sarissa-affiliated boards, and (iv) the

backdrop of a single-bidder sale at a price substantially below the standalone value implied

by the November LRP is enough to land the complaint’s allegations in the realm of

reasonable conceivability.

Outside of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion in a case governed by enhanced scrutiny, it is

unlikely that a similar constellation of facts would be sufficient to overcome the

presumption of good faith or to call a director’s independence into question. For example,

“the ‘reasonable doubt’ standard used in a demand futility analysis provides a higher hurdle

for a plaintiff than the relatively lenient standard of review pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).”

Primedia, 910 A.2d at 256 n.13. To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 23.1, for

example, a plaintiff would have to plead more. See In re BGC P’rs, Inc., 2019 WL

4745121, at *15 & n.142 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2019) (finding plaintiffs had adequately

alleged a director lacked independence under Rule 12(b)(6), but not under Rule 23.1, where

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plaintiffs “ha[d] not ple[d] facts suggestive of a meaningful personal relationship between

[the director] and [the controller] outside of [the director’s] lengthy service on [controller]-

affiliated boards”). Nor is it clear that the same constellation of facts would render

Protopapas non-independent for purposes of rebutting the business judgment rule and

causing entire fairness to apply. The Transaction, however, is subject to enhanced scrutiny,

and hence the plaintiff need only “plead[] facts that support a rational inference of bad

faith.” Kahn, 2018 WL 1341719, at *1. When all aspects of the Denner-Protopapas

relationship are viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, against the backdrop of a

transaction in which Protopapas supported a near-term sale at a price significantly below

reliable indications of standalone value, the allegations support a rational inference that

Protopapas failed to act in good faith.

As an additional basis for attacking Protopapas, the plaintiff asserts that Protopapas

was interested in the Transaction because she received $1.8 million for unvested options

and RSUs that accelerated as a result of the Transaction. For the reasons already discussed,

the plaintiff has not pled sufficient facts to support an acceleration-based theory of interest

on the facts of this case.

5. Germano

The plaintiff attacks Germano’s independence using the same theories that the

plaintiff used against Protopapas. Once again, the complaint seeks to portray a mutually

beneficial relationship in which Germano supports Denner’s efforts, and Denner rewards

Germano. Once again, the complaint seeks to argue that Germano also received merger-

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related benefits. As with Protopapas, the account presents a close call. Once again, the

complaint’s allegations provide enough to make the account reasonably conceivable.

The complaint’s attack on Germano depends on the concept of reward. Unlike

Protopapas, Germano did not have a history of involvement with Denner before this deal.

Instead, before his appointment to the Board, Germano was unemployed after an

unsuccessful stint as an executive of Intrexon. Denner secured Germano’s seat on the

Board shortly after the Spinoff, and just after Lazard’s initial approach about a potential

transaction with Sanofi. In November 2017, after inviting Sanofi to make a bid, Denner

used his position on the board of directors of The Medicines Company to secure a seat on

that company’s board for Germano. The complaint alleges that Germano and Denner later

engineered a sale of The Medicines Company that earned Germano $3 million for his

shares, options, and RSUs after only two years on that company’s board of directors.

Compl. ¶ 38. That deal also earned Sarissa $364 million for its shares plus $3.7 million for

Denner personally. Id.

Together, these facts make it reasonably conceivable that Germano supported a sale

of the Company to be supportive of Denner, rather than because the Transaction was in the

best interests of the Company. It is reasonably conceivable that, as the chair of the Board’s

Corporate Governance Committee, Denner played a key role in the appointment of

Germano to the Board. It is reasonably conceivable that the appointment would have

inspired some level of gratitude on Germano’s part since he had been out of a job since

2016. It is reasonably conceivable that Germano was aware of Denner’s practice of looking

out for his friends by helping them secure lucrative directorships. Taken together, the

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plaintiff has satisfied the lenient pleading standard of Rule 12(b)(6). Like Protopapas, these

allegations are not overwhelming, but they are sufficient to support a rational inference that

Germano acted in bad faith by supporting the Transaction out of gratitude for Denner’s

help and an expectation of future rewards.

As with Protopapas, the plaintiff also seeks to attack Germano by arguing that he

was interested in the Transaction because he stood to receive $1.7 million for unvested

options and RSUs that accelerated as a result of the Transaction. As with Protopapas, it is

theoretically possible that acceleration could confer an additional and material benefit, but

the plaintiff has not done the work here to plead the existence of that benefit.

6. Paglia

The complaint’s allegations fail to state a non-exculpated claim against Paglia. The

plaintiff challenges Paglia’s independence from Denner because, after the Transaction,

Denner selected Paglia to serve as a director of Sarissa Capital Acquisition Corp., a special

purpose acquisition company that Denner founded. Id. ¶ 34. This is the only connection

that the plaintiff identifies.

Paglia served on the Biogen board before the Spinoff, and he was one of the four

directors of the Company at the time of the Spinoff. The complaint does not support a

reasonable inference that Denner brought Paglia onto the Board, nor does the timing of

Paglia’s arrival seem significant. It is also not clear when Denner picked Paglia to be a

director for Sarissa’s SPAC. The complaint says it happened “recently,” but that is all. Id.

Whether a complaint pleads enough to call a director’s judgment into question for purposes

of an unexculpated claim will always be a matter of degree. The facts that the plaintiff has

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alleged about Paglia are not sufficient to support a reasonable inference that he acted to

support Denner or for some other improper purpose,

The plaintiff also argues that Paglia was interested in the Transaction because he

stood to receive $2.2 million for his unvested options and RSUs that accelerated as a result

of the Transaction. As previously explained, this allegation does not support a reasonable

inference of interestedness.

E. The Claims Against The Officer Defendants

In addition to targeting the Director Defendants, the plaintiff asserts that the Officer

Defendants breached their fiduciary duties through their participation in the sale process.

The plaintiff maintains that Cox and Greene failed to inform the Board about Denner’s

stock purchases, which would have alerted the Board to Denner’s interest in the

Transaction. Id. ¶ 106. The plaintiff also asserts that Cox and Greene slashed the

projections in the November LRP to create the Fairness Projections with the goal of

justifying the sale price. The plaintiff alleges that DiFabio exaggerated what occurred at

Board meetings during the sale process, then allowed those exaggerated accounts to

become the basis of the disclosures in the Schedule 14D-9.

Under current law, the plaintiff may recover damages from the Officer Defendants

in their roles as corporate officers for either a breach of the duty of loyalty or the duty of

care. In re Essendant, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2019 WL 7290944, at *15 (Del. Ch. Dec. 30,

2019). “[C]orporate officers owe fiduciary duties that are identical to those owed by

corporate directors.” Gantler v. Stephens, 965 A.2d 695, 708 (Del. 2009). To comply with

the duty of loyalty, a corporate officer must act in subjective good faith, which requires

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officers “scrupulously to place the interests of the corporation and shareholders that they

serve before their own.”34 Like directors, officers breach the duty of loyalty if they act out

of a material self-interest that diverges from the interests of the stockholders, are

“sufficiently loyal to, beholden to, or otherwise influenced by an interested party,” or

intentionally “act[ ] in bad faith for a purpose other than advancing the best interests of the

corporation.” Frederick Hsu, 2017 WL 1437308, at *26, *39 (cleaned up).

An officer’s compliance with the duty of care is evaluated for gross negligence. To

plead gross negligence, a plaintiff must allege conduct that constitutes “reckless

indifference to or a deliberate disregard of the whole body of stockholders or actions that

are without the bounds of reason.” Columbia Pipeline, 2021 WL 772562, at *50 (cleaned

up).

34
TVI Corp. v. Gallagher, 2013 WL 5809271, at *25 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2013); see
Guth v. Loft, Inc., 5 A.2d 503, 510 (1939) (“Corporate officers and directors are not
permitted to use their position of trust and confidence to further their private interests.
While technically not trustees, they stand in a fiduciary relation to the corporation and its
stockholders. A public policy, existing through the years, and derived from a profound
knowledge of human characteristics and motives, has established a rule that demands of a
corporate officer or director, peremptorily and inexorably, the most scrupulous observance
of his duty, not only affirmatively to protect the interests of the corporation committed to
his charge, but also to refrain from doing anything that would work injury to the
corporation, or to deprive it of profit or advantage which his skill and ability might properly
bring to it, or to enable it to make in the reasonable and lawful exercise of its powers. The
rule that requires an undivided and unselfish loyalty to the corporation demands that there
shall be no conflict between duty and self-interest. The occasions for the determination of
honesty, good faith and loyal conduct are many and varied, and no hard and fast rule can
be formulated. The standard of loyalty is measured by no fixed scale.”).

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 Officers also owe fiduciary duties in their capacities as agents. See Lebanon Cnty.

Empls.’ Ret. Fund v. AmerisourceBergen Corp., 2020 WL 132752, at *21 (Del. Ch.), aff’d,

243 A.3d 417 (Del. 2020). Within this relationship, officers have a duty to comply with

directives from the board and any more senior agents with greater authority to whom the

officer reports.35 The duty of obedience does not require compliance with directives that

would expose an officer to criminal or civil sanctions or liability.36 Thus, an officer does

not have a duty to comply with directives that the officer has reason to believe would

constitute a breach of fiduciary duty.

Officers also have a duty as agents to provide information to the board and any more

senior agents with greater authority to whom the officer reports. 37 The duty to provide

35
See generally Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.09 (Am. Law Inst. 2006),
Westlaw, (database updated March 2022) [hereinafter Restatement of Agency]. Stated in
the negative, an officer “may not act in a manner contrary to the express desires of the
board of directors.” Disney IV, 907 A.2d at 775 n.570.
36
See Restatement of Agency, supra, § 8.09 (“An agent has no duty to comply with
instructions that may subject the agent to criminal, civil, or administrative sanctions or that
exceed legal limits on the principal’s right to direct action taken by the agent. Thus, an
agent has no duty to comply with a directive to commit a crime or an act the agent has
reason to know will be tortious.”).
37
See AmerisourceBergen, 2020 WL 132752, at *21 (“Both as corporate fiduciaries
and as agents, officers also have a duty to provide the board of directors with information
that the directors need to carry out their duties and perform their statutory role.”);
Hampshire Gp., Ltd. v. Kuttner, 2010 WL 2739995, at *13 (Del. Ch. July 12, 2010)
(describing an officer’s “contextual obligations” as a fiduciary as including “the
responsibility to disclose to their superior officer or principal material information relevant
to the affairs of the agency entrusted to them” (cleaned up)); Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d
258, 272 (Del. Ch. 2007) (holding that complaint stated claim for breach of the duty of
loyalty against CFO and vice president who knew about backdating but “kept silent”);
Lewis v. Vogelstein, 699 A.2d 327, 334 (Del. Ch. 1997) (“[S]ince the relationship between
113
information includes a duty not to mislead other fiduciaries: “[F]iduciaries, corporate or

otherwise, may not use superior information or knowledge to mislead others in the

performance of their own fiduciary obligations.” Mills, 559 A.2d at 1283.

1. Cox

This decision already has held that the allegations of the complaint make it

reasonably conceivable that Cox was interested in the Transaction. Against that backdrop,

the plaintiff has pled facts that support a reasonable inference that Cox acted disloyally

when failing to disclose Sarissa’s stock purchases to the Board and when creating the

Fairness Projections.

As an officer, Cox had a duty to provide information to the Board. On October 30,

2017, Guggenheim sent Cox and Greene a presentation that identified the top buyers of the

Company’s stock in the second quarter of 2017. Sarissa was the seventh largest buyer.

Greene and Cox did not disclose Sarissa’s purchases to the Board.

a principal and agent is fiduciary in character, the agent . . . must act not only with candor,
but with loyalty.”); Hall v. Search Cap. Gp., Inc., 1996 WL 696921, at *2 (Del. Ch. Nov.
15, 1996) (“When management communicates with the directors on matters of concern to
the Board collectively, it cannot pick and choose which directors will receive that
information.”); see also Hoover Indus., Inc. v. Chase, 1988 WL 73758, at *2 (Del. Ch. July
13, 1988) (Allen, C.) (“A director does breach his duty of loyalty if he knows that the
company has been defrauded and does not report what he knows to the board or to an
appropriate committee of the board, at the very least when he is involved in the fraud and
keeps silent in order to escape detection.”). See generally Restatement of Agency, supra,
§ 8.11 (describing agent’s duty to provide principal with facts that the agent knows); Laster
& Zeberkiewicz, supra, at 45 (describing officer’s duty to provide information regarding
the corporation to the board).

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 The complaint supports a reasonable inference that Cox failed to inform the Board

about Sarissa’s purchases because he recognized that Denner was driving towards a

transaction that would benefit Cox personally. Sanofi’s first official, non-binding offer

letter arrived four days after Cox learned about the stock trades. See Compl. ¶¶ 106–07. It

is reasonably conceivable that Cox realized that Denner had caused Sarissa to make

purchases based on inside information. By choosing not to inform the Board of Denner’s

wrongdoing, Cox avoided the possibility that the Board would re-evaluate, delay, or

abandon the sale process. By keeping the Board in the dark, Cox failed to be candid with

the Board. Turner, 2007 WL 1342263, at *3.

The complaint also states a claim for breach of the duty of loyalty against Cox for

his role in preparing the Fairness Projections. When a fiduciary “intentionally understate[s]

the prospects of [the company] in order to facilitate the merger, his fiduciary duties are

implicated.” Id. at *5. The complaint alleges that Company management prepared the

November LRP based on detailed and careful assessments of the Company’s current and

future product offerings. The complaint also alleges that the projections based on the

November LRP showed that Sanofi’s offer vastly undervalued the Company. Compl. ¶

118.

After the Board signed on to a deal at $105 per share, however, Company

management systematically slashed the projections in the November LRP to justify that

lower price. Cox participated in the downward revisions. It is reasonable to infer that Cox

revised the projections downward to help secure a Transaction in which he was personally

interested. The complaint therefore states a claim for breach of the duty of loyalty against

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Cox for his role in preparing the Fairness Projections. Although the defendants argue

pedantically that the complaint does not “say that Cox ‘participated in’ manipulating

projections,” Dkt. 33 at 33, it is reasonably conceivable that as the CEO of the Company,

Cox participated in preparing the Fairness Projections.

2. Greene

The complaint states a claim against Greene for breach of the duty of loyalty. Like

Cox, Greene was interested in the Transaction because he stood to reap material personal

benefits from the Transaction. Greene stood to receive over $18.4 million in severance

payments and unvested options and RSUs that were accelerated as a result of the

Transaction. That amount was nearly four times Greene’s annual compensation of $5.1

million as the CFO of the Company. Consequently, it is reasonably conceivable that Greene

was interested in the Transaction.

The complaint states claims against Greene that parallel the claims against Cox.

Greene learned of Sarissa’s illicit stock purchases when Cox learned of them. Compl. ¶

106. Like Cox, Greene failed to inform the Board. Id. Like Cox, Greene played a substantial

role in creating the Fairness Projections. See id. ¶ 138 (Greene’s January 17 email

commenting on slides comparing the November LRP and the Fairness Projections and

stating that they needed to provide “macro assumptions” to justify the downward

revisions).

The defendants’ argument that “the November LRP was revised in response to

Board dialogue” does not help Greene’s case. Dkt. 33 at 34. Even if the Board had directed

Greene to slash the projections, Greene did not have a duty to comply with a directive that

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would have caused him to breach his fiduciary duties. See Restatement of Agency, supra,

§ 8.09. It is reasonable to infer that Greene knew the modifications were divorced from

reality and yet made them anyway.

3. DiFabio

The complaint states a claim against DiFabio for breach of the duty of loyalty. Like

Cox and Greene, DiFabio stood to reap a material personal benefit from the Transaction.

DiFabio stood to receive over $14.4 million in severance payments and unvested options

and RSUs that accelerated as a result of the Transaction. That amount was more than four

times DiFabio’s annual compensation as the chief legal officer of the Company.

Consequently, it is reasonably conceivable that DiFabio was interested in the Transaction.

The complaint alleges that DiFabio took steps to create a record that would enable

the Transaction to close. But rather than creating a record in the sense of creating

documents that accurately reflected what had taken place, DiFabio created a record in the

sense of engaging in acts of creativity. The plaintiff alleges that DiFabio documented

events that did not occur and described other events in a manner that made the process

seem better than it was.

As their signature example, the plaintiff points to inconsistences between the

January 4 Minutes and the emails produced in the Section 220 Action. At the pleading

stage, the plaintiff has pointed to sufficient inconsistencies to state a claim on which relief

can be granted.

The minutes contain the following narrative:

• The meeting began at 8:00 a.m. on January 4, 2018. Ex. 18 at 1.

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 • After a discussion with their advisors and Company management, the Board decided
to counteroffer at a price of $105 per share. Id.

• “The Board authorized Dr. Denner to contact a representative Lazard [sic] . . . and
to determine whether Sanofi was prepared to proceed on that basis.” Id.

• During the meeting, Denner received a call from Lazard. He then left the meeting
to convey to Lazard “that the Company was prepared to move forward with
discussions if Sanofi committed to a price of $105.00 per Share in cash.” Id. at 2.

• “Shortly thereafter, the representative from Lazard called Dr. Denner back and
conveyed that, after checking with certain representatives from Sanofi, Sanofi was
prepared to move forward on that basis, but that Sanofi would require the Company
to agree to a period of exclusivity through January 26, 2018 . . . .” Id.

• Denner then rejoined the Board call and provided a summary of his discussion with
Lazard. Id.

The minutes then state that the Board and its financial and legal advisors discussed

a panoply of relevant considerations, including

(i) the significant premium offered by Sanofi (and the fact that Sanofi’s
latest offer price was conditioned upon, among other things, an
exclusivity period through January 26, 2018),

(ii) the level of interest and engagement demonstrated by Sanofi to date,

(iii) the proposed accelerated timeline to announce the transaction,

(iv) the risk that Sanofi might decide not to proceed with a transaction if
the Company did not commit to move forward on the terms proposed
in Sanofi’s January 4[] offer,

(v) the risk of a leak, particularly given the upcoming J.P. Morgan
Healthcare Conference, and

(vi) the fact that the anticipated terms of the proposed transaction would
not make it difficult for other interested parties to submit a superior
proposal during the pendency of the transaction.

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Id. (formatting added). The Board then voted to authorize the grant of exclusivity that

Sanofi had requested, and instructed Company management and the Company’s legal and

financial advisors to begin the negotiations necessary to finalize the Transaction. Id. In

short, it was a busy meeting.

The plaintiff argues that the minutes conflict with emails produced in the Section

220 Action. The plaintiff first cites an email Posner sent to the Board and its advisors at

11:36 a.m. on January 4, 2017:

As per Lazard via [Denner], price of $105 has been agreed to by [Sanofi].

Bankers being alerted by [Denner].

Scott [an attorney at Paul Weiss] and [DiFabio], please be available for that
which is required at this moment.

Board - thank you for your independent thought and counsel.

I am available later this evening to talk.

Compl. ¶ 133 (quoting Ex. 19). The plaintiff maintains that “[i]f the January 4 Board

meeting was ongoing and Denner rejoined it as the January [4] Minutes state, Posner would

not have emailed the Board, JP Morgan, Guggenheim and Paul Weiss to inform them that

Sanofi had agreed to $105 per share,” because the minutes state that those individuals

already were in the meeting when Denner summarized his call with Lazard. Id. ¶ 134.

The plaintiff also relies on an email from JP Morgan at 12:12 p.m. on January 4

stating that JP Morgan had “caught up with [Denner]” and were “speaking with Lazard

shortly to firm up diligence and process.” Id. ¶ 135 (quoting Ex. 19 at ’915). The plaintiff

further relies on an email from Guggenheim at 12:27 p.m. stating that Guggenheim had

119
“just hung up with Lazard.” Id. (quoting Ex. 19 at ’914). Finally, the plaintiff relies on

congratulatory emails from Germano and Denner, sent at 12:30 p.m. and 12:39 p.m.

respectively, thanking the participants for their work on the potential transaction. Id. The

plaintiff argues that “[n]one of these emails would have been sent if the January 4 Board

meeting had occurred like the January [4] Minutes state that it occurred.” Id.

At the pleading stage, the court cannot find facts or weigh competing inferences.

There are defendant-friendly ways to reconcile the internal emails with the account in the

minutes. But the plaintiff has advanced a possible account in which DiFabio created an

embellished description of the Board’s deliberative process. Discovery may show that the

minutes were accurate. At this stage of the case, the plaintiff is entitled to the inference that

the minutes were not.

The complaint therefore states a claim against DiFabio for her role in preparing the

minutes. It is reasonable to infer that DiFabio drafted the minutes to pursue her personal

interest in helping the Transaction take place.

IV. THE DISCLOSURE CLAIMS

In addition to the Sale Process Claims, the plaintiff asserts the Disclosure Claims.

Directors owe a “fiduciary duty to disclose fully and fairly all material information within

the board’s control when it seeks shareholder action,” just as when seeking stockholder

approval for a merger. Stroud, 606 A.2d at 84. The same duty applies to officers. See, e.g.,

Presidio, 251 A.3d at 288; Roche, 2020 WL 7023896, at *19–23; In re Baker Hughes Inc.

Merger Litig., 2020 WL 6281427, at *15–16 (Del. Ch. Oct. 27, 2020).

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 The duty of disclosure is a context-specific application of the board’s fiduciary

duties. Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1086 (Del. 2001). It “is not an independent

duty, but derives from the duties of care and loyalty.” Pfeffer v. Redstone, 965 A.2d 676,

684 (Del. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). When seeking injunctive relief for a

breach of the duty of disclosure in connection with a request for stockholder action, a

plaintiff need only show a material misstatement or omission. But when seeking post-

closing damages for a breach of the duty of disclosure, a plaintiff must prove quantifiable

damages that are “logically and reasonably related to the harm or injury for which

compensation is being awarded.” In re J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. S’holder Litig., 906 A.2d

766, 773 (Del. 2006). When proceeding against fiduciaries protected by an exculpatory

provision, the plaintiff must plead a non-exculpated claim. In re Wayport, Inc. Litig., 76

A.3d 296, 315 (Del. Ch. 2013).

The initial step in analyzing a claim for breach of the duty of disclosure is to evaluate

whether the complaint supports an inference that the fiduciary failed to disclose material

information. In the course of its Corwin analysis, this decision has found it reasonably

conceivable that the Schedule 14D-9 contained multiple material misstatements,

misleading partial statements, and omissions. The complaint therefore meets the first

requirement for a claim for damages for breach of the duty of disclosure.

In the addition to the disclosure issues that this decision discussed for purposes of

Corwin cleansing, the plaintiff challenges the description in the Schedule 14D-9 of what

took place during the Board meeting on January 4, 2018. It is difficult to determine at the

pleading stage what actually occurred during that meeting. The plaintiff has cited evidence,

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obtained in the Section 220 Action, that calls into question the description of the meeting

that appears in the minutes, and that same description of events appears in the Schedule

14D-9. The plaintiff therefore has stated a claim based on the disclosures in the Schedule

14D-9 about the events of January 4.

The complaint also satisfies the remaining elements of a claim for breach of the duty

of disclosure. At the pleading stage, the complaint need not prove “actual reliance on the

disclosure, but simply that there was a material misdisclosure.” Metro Commc’n Corp. BVI

v. Adv. Mobilecomm Techs., Inc., 854 A.2d 121, 156 (Del. Ch. 2004). “The complaint need

not plead that omissions or misleading disclosures were so material that they would cause

a reasonable investor to change his vote.” Roche, 2020 WL 7023896, at *24. By pleading

that the disclosures were materially misleading, the plaintiff has pled a claim that satisfies

the elements of reliance and causation.

The complaint adequately pleads damages. A plaintiff can plead damages generally,

with further “consideration of damages await[ing] a developed record.” Morrison, 2019

WL 7369431, at *22 n.273. In this case, the plaintiff goes further, alleging that damages

are equal to the difference between the value implied by the November LRP and the

Transaction price. The plaintiff is entitled to develop the record to support his claim for

damages.

The last issue is exculpation. The Officer Defendants are not protected by the

Exculpatory Provision, and it is reasonable to infer that they could be liable for the material

misstatements or omissions in the Schedule 14D-9. See In re Hansen Med., Inc. S’holders

Litig., 2018 WL 3030808, at *11 (Del. Ch. June 18, 2018) (holding complaint stated a

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claim for breach of duty of loyalty against director in connection with materially

misleading management projections that he prepared “in his capacity as interim CFO”);

Orman, 794 A.2d at 41 (holding complaint stated a claim for breach of duty of loyalty

where it alleged that conflicted defendants “decided what information to include in the

Proxy”). At a minimum, the complaint supports a reasonable inference that the Officer

Defendants acted recklessly in preparing the Schedule 14D-9, supporting potential liability

under a gross negligence standard. See Roche, 2020 WL 7023896, at *19–24 (denying

motion to dismiss breach of fiduciary duty claim seeking compensatory damages against

officer for disclosures in proxy statement); Baker Hughes, 2020 WL 6281427, at *15–16

(same).

The Director Defendants are protected by the Exculpatory Provision. The question

is therefore whether the complaint pleads a non-exculpated claim against any of the

directors.

This decision already has analyzed the application of the Exculpatory Provision to

the Sale Process Claims. Just as Denner and Cox were interested in the Transaction for

purposes of the Sale Process Claims, they also were interested in the Transaction for

purposes of the Disclosure Claims. The Disclosure Claims against them can go forward.

The Disclosure Claims against the other directors survive to the extent they concern

the directors’ own actions, because the erroneous disclosures as to those matters support

an inference that the Director Defendants knew the Schedule 14D-9 was false when issued.

See Columbia Pipeline, 2021 WL 772562, at *57. It is reasonably conceivable that Posner

knew that the disclosures regarding his interactions with Sanofi were false and materially

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misleading because it concerned his own conduct. It is therefore reasonably conceivable

that he acted in bad faith. It is reasonably conceivable that all of the Director Defendants

knew that the disclosures regarding Posner’s communications with the Board about Sanofi

were false and misleading because they would have participated in those conversations. It

is also reasonably conceivable that all of the Director Defendants knew that the disclosures

regarding the events of January 4 were false and misleading because they participated in

those events. It is therefore reasonably conceivable that all of the Director Defendants acted

in bad faith regarding those disclosures.

V. CONCLUSION

The motions to dismiss Counts I and II are denied. The complaint states at least one

viable claim against each of the Director Defendants and Officer Defendants.

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