USCA11 Case: 21-13709 Date Filed: 06/03/2022 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-13709
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
VICTOR MANUEL FLORES GUERECA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ACTING DIRECTOR, U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
SERVICES,
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND
IMMIGRATION SERVICES, NATIONAL BENEFITS CENTER,
Defendants-Appellees.
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-13709
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 8:21-cv-01439-SDM-AEP
____________________
Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Victor Manuel Flores Guereca, a native and citizen of Mex-
ico, appeals the District Court’s dismissal of his complaint for de-
claratory relief against the Acting Director and Deputy Director
of United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”)
for denying his application for adjustment of status. Flores
Guereca argues that the District Court’s dismissal of his complaint
inflicted an actual and concrete injury on him because it eliminat-
ed his ability to stay in the United States and adjust his unlawful
status. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I.
Flores Guereca is an undocumented immigrant who en-
tered the United States in February 1998. He married his spouse,
another Mexican national, in September 2015. Today, they live in
Florida with their 23-year-old son.
In June 2019, Flores Guereca and his wife sought to be-
come lawful permanent residents of the United States. His wife’s
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21-13709 Opinion of the Court 3
application claimed that she was entitled to adjust her status be-
cause her father, a lawful permanent resident, filed a petition to
have her recognized as his relative. Flores Guereca’s application
claimed that he was a derivative beneficiary of his father-in-law’s
petition. In January 2020, USCIS denied his application, stating
that he was ineligible to have his residency status adjusted. He
filed for reconsideration in February 2020. USCIS denied this mo-
tion in August 2020. In November 2020, USCIS approved his
wife’s application for adjustment of status.
In response, Flores Guereca filed a complaint against
USCIS in the United States District Court for the Middle District
of Florida on June 14, 2021. He alleged that USCIS failed to com-
ply with the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), and that its
denial of his request for adjustment of status was unlawful.
In July 2021, he was served with a Notice to Appear in a
removal proceeding, charging him as being present in the United
States without being admitted or paroled. According to the Gov-
ernment, that proceeding is currently pending in Orlando, Flori-
da. Following that notice, USCIS filed a motion to dismiss for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1). USCIS argued that because Flores Guereca
could challenge the denial of his motion for adjustment of status
in the removal proceedings, the denial was no longer “final agen-
cy action,” and the District Court lacked subject matter jurisdic-
tion. In opposing the motion, Flores Guereca argued that subject
matter jurisdiction attaches when he filed the complaint, and
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-13709
therefore, the removal proceedings initiated after the filing did
not deprive the Court of jurisdiction. The District Court agreed
with USCIS on September 24, 2021, and dismissed the case. Flo-
res Guereca appealed.
II.
We review de novo dismissals for lack of subject matter ju-
risdiction. Canal A Media Holding, LLC v. U.S. Citizenship &
Immigr. Servs., 964 F.3d 1250, 1255 (11th Cir. 2020). Dismissal be-
cause a challenged agency action was not a final order is a dismis-
sal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id.
III.
The APA allows a party to seek judicial review of final fed-
eral agency actions. 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 704. To be a final reviewable
decision, “[f]irst, the action must mark the consummation of the
agency’s decisionmaking process—that is, it must not be of a
merely tentative or interlocutory nature. And second, the action
must be one by which rights or obligations have been determined,
or from which legal consequences will flow.” Canal, 964 F.3d at
1255 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) “governs
how persons are admitted to, and removed from, the United
States.” Pereida v. Wilkinson, 141 S. Ct. 754, 758 (2021). In gen-
eral, an alien present in the United States may apply to adjust his
status to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent resi-
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21-13709 Opinion of the Court 5
dence. 8 U.S.C. § 1255. To qualify for adjustment of status, an
alien must have been admitted or paroled following inspection to
the United States, or in other words, residing lawfully within the
United States. § 1255(a). In that case, the admitted or paroled al-
ien is eligible for adjustment of status if “(1) the alien makes an
application for such adjustment, (2) the alien is eligible to receive
an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for per-
manent residence, and (3) an immigrant visa is immediately avail-
able to him at the time his application is filed.” Id.
An exception applies to the admitted or paroled require-
ment—that is, for those unlawfully within the United States—if
the alien meets the requirements of § 1255(i)(1), called the
“grandfather” provision. Section 1255(i) is met where an alien is
the beneficiary of a petition for classification under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1154, that was filed before April 30, 2001, and the alien was
physically present in the United States on December 21, 2000. See
§ 1255(i)(1). A beneficiary is either the “principal alien” for whom
the petition for classification is filed, or the spouse or child “ac-
companying or following to join” the principal alien. § 1255(i)(1);
§ 1153(d). So, the spouse or children of a principal alien may also
seek to adjust their status under § 1255(i).
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Petitions for classification under § 1154 are made through
an I-130 Alien Relative Petition (“I-130 petition”).1 Citizens and
lawful permanent residents file I-130 petitions to establish a legal
relationship between themselves and their spouse. §
1154(a)(1)(A)(i), (a)(1)(B); 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a), (e); Alvarez Acosta v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 524 F.3d 1191, 1194 n.6 (11th Cir. 2008). 2 Then, if
the I-130 petition is granted, the beneficiary of the petition files a
Form I-485 application to adjust his immigration status to an alien
lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 8 C.F.R. § 245.2; Al-
varez Acosta, 524 F.3d at 1194 n.6. If USCIS denies the I-485 ap-
plication, the alien may renew his application during removal pro-
ceedings. 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(ii); Ibarra v. Swacina, 628 F.3d
1269, 1269–70 (11th Cir. 2010).
In Ibarra, we addressed the extent to which an alien was
required to exhaust her administrative remedies before filing a
suit under the APA, based on USCIS’s denial of her Form I-485
1 In his complaint, Flores Guereca alleged that his wife was the daughter of a
legal permanent resident who had filed an I-130 petition on her behalf on
April 26, 2001.
2 A spouse of a citizen is classified as an “immediate relative,” whereas the
spouse of a lawful permanent resident is deemed to be a “preference immi-
grant.” 8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(2)(A)(i); 8 C.F.R. § 204.1(a). Immediate relatives are
not subject to worldwide level limitations on the issuance of the number of
visas, whereas preference immigrants are subject to a limited number of vi-
sas issued annually. See 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b) (listing “immediate relatives”
among the categories of immigrants not subject to numerical limitations on
the number of visas issued annually).
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21-13709 Opinion of the Court 7
application for adjustment of status. 628 F.3d at 1269. We deter-
mined that Ibarra had not exhausted her administrative remedies,
and thus the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over
her complaint under the APA, because the alien was “currently in
removal proceedings” and had “another opportunity to obtain ad-
justment of status.” Id. at 1270; cf. Canal, 964 F.3d at 1255–56
(holding that jurisdiction existed where the plaintiff was a compa-
ny seeking judicial review of the denial of a visa petition because
the company was not a party in the removal proceedings). We
distinguished Ibarra’s situation from that of the alien in Mejia Ro-
driguez, in which we held that USCIS’s decision denying relief
was a final decision because Mejia Rodriguez had already gone
through removal proceedings before his application for relief was
denied by USCIS. Ibarra, 628 F.3d at 1270 (citing Mejia Rodriguez
v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 562 F.3d 1137, 1145 (11th Cir.
2009)). Thus, when an alien is in removal proceedings, the immi-
gration judge (“IJ”) has exclusive jurisdiction to consider his
claims for relief and a district court cannot grant relief on a com-
plaint challenging USCIS’s decision. See 8 C.F.R. § 1245.2(a)(1);
see also Ibarra, 628 F.3d at 1270.
Finally, we “generally refuse to consider arguments raised
for the first time on appeal.” Ramirez v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of
Transp., 686 F.3d 1239, 1249–50 (11th Cir. 2012). But we have the
discretion to review forfeited issues under five circumstances:
“(1) the issue involves a pure question of law and refusal to con-
sider it would result in a miscarriage of justice; (2) the party lacked
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-13709
an opportunity to raise the issue at the district court level; (3) the
interest of substantial justice is at stake; (4) the proper resolution
is beyond any doubt; or (5) the issue presents significant questions
of general impact or of great public concern.” United States v.
Campbell, 26 F.4th 860, 873 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc).
IV.
On appeal, Flores Guereca raises two arguments. He first
states that the denial by USCIS was a final agency action, because
it was the “consummation” of the agency’s decision-making pro-
cess. Second, he argues that the denial was final because the IJ
cannot consider his application for adjustment of status because
he cannot renew his § 1255(i) application without his spouse pre-
sent as a party to the proceedings. Guereca did not make his sec-
ond argument to the District Court, so this issue is forfeited. See
Campbell, 26 F.4th at 871–72.
As to the first argument, the denial of Flores Guereca’s mo-
tion is non-final because it may be modified by a later administra-
tive decision in the removal proceeding. Flores Guereca admits
that he is the subject of removal proceedings by USCIS. Accord-
ingly, Ibarra makes clear that USCIS’s decision denying his appli-
cation to adjust status is no longer a final decision. 628 F.3d at
1270. 3 This is not a case where removal proceedings have con-
3 We are bound by Ibarra under the prior panel precedent rule, and Flores
Guereca does not assert a Supreme Court opinion or an opinion of this
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cluded and a final order of removal is instituted. See id. (citing
Mejia Rodriguez, 562 F.3d at 1145). Here, the removal proceed-
ings are currently pending in Orlando, Florida, and Flores Guere-
ca can renew his application for adjustment of status before the IJ.
Id. That IJ has the authority, under 8 C.F.R. § 1245.2(a)(1), to
consider an application for adjustment of status during the re-
moval proceedings. Flores Guereca must exhaust that adminis-
trative remedy before seeking relief in this Court. Id. at 1269.
Accordingly, the denial of his motion by USCIS is interlocutory
and non-final. See Canal, 964 F.3d at 1255. 4 The District Court
therefore lacked subject matter jurisdiction.
As to his second argument, that the IJ cannot consider his
claim, because his wife is not a party to the removal proceeding, is
forfeited. We decline to review this issue under the principles set
out in Campbell.
AFFIRMED.
Court sitting en banc overruled or undermined Ibarra to the point of abroga-
tion. United States v. Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008).
4 Because we affirm on this ground, we need not consider USCIS’s argument
that the District Court separately lacked jurisdiction under our circuit prece-
dent in Patel v. Att'y Gen., 971 F.3d 1258, 1262 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc),
aff’d, Patel v. Garland, No. 20-979, slip. op. at 17, 2022 WL 1528346 (U.S.
May 16, 2022).