IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE )
)
v. ) ID No. 2010011141
)
THEODORE S. MILNER, III, )
Defendant. )
Date Submitted: April 1, 2022
Date Decided: June 8, 2022
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Upon Consideration of Defendant’s Motion to Suppress: DENIED
Jeffrey M. Rigby, Esquire, Deputy Attorney General, Department of Justice, State
of Delaware, 820 North French Street, 7th Floor, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney
for the State.
Brian J. Chapman, Esquire, Law Office of Brian J. Chapman, 300 Creek View Road,
Suite 103, Newark, Delaware, 19711, Attorney for the Defendant.
Jurden, P.J.
INTRODUCTION
Before the Court is Defendant Theodore Milner’s Motion to Suppress
evidence seized as a result of an alleged unlawful detention and seizure in violation
of rights guaranteed by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
Constitution, as well as Article 1, Section 6 of the Delaware Constitution. Defendant
was detained shortly after New Castle County Officer Roberto Ieradi conducted a
motor vehicle stop in the area of Rysing Drive and Governor Printz Boulevard in
Wilmington, Delaware. For the reasons that follow, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress
is DENIED.
FACTS
The Court finds the following facts were proven by the State. On October 23,
2020, at approximately 10:45 a.m., Officer Roberto Ieradi (“Officer Ieradi”) of the
New Castle County Police Department was on patrol when he saw a black Nissan
Armada approach the intersection of Rysing Drive and Governor Printz Boulevard.
The vehicle operator failed to signal prior to changing lanes into the left turn lane.
While in the left turn lane, the vehicle operator activated the left turn indicator, and
proceeded to turn left onto Rysing Drive. By activating the turn signal while in the
turn lane, the vehicle operator failed to exhibit to other drivers his intention to turn
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left 300 feet or more prior to turning onto Rysing Drive, in violation of 21 Del. C. §
4155.1
Upon observing the traffic violation, Officer Ieradi followed the Nissan
Armada into the parking lot of a 7-11 located on the corner of Rysing Drive and
Governor Printz Boulevard. Officer Ieradi activated the emergency equipment on
his patrol vehicle and conducted a motor vehicle stop in the parking lot. Officer
Ieradi approached the Nissan Armada from its passenger side, ultimately contacting
the Defendant, Theodore Milner, the operator and lone occupant of the vehicle.
The Defendant provided Officer Ieradi his license, registration and proof of
insurance. Officer Ieradi noticed a strong smell of burnt and raw marijuana
emanating from the interior of the vehicle. The officer eventually informed the
defendant the odor of marijuana constituted probable cause to search the vehicle and
any occupant in the vehicle. The defendant admitted he had marijuana in his pocket.
He was removed from the vehicle and searched. A bag of marijuana was removed
from Defendant’s right pants pocket.
Officer Ieradi then searched the interior of the Nissan Armada. In the glove
box, he recovered a SCCY nine millimeter semiautomatic handgun loaded with six
1
Title 21, Section 4155(b) of the Delaware Code, provides:
§ 4155. Turning movements and required signals.
(b) A signal of intention to turn or move right or left when required shall be given continuously
during not less than the last 300 feet or more than 1/2 mile traveled by the vehicle before turning.
3
rounds of ammunition, and a Smith & Wesson .40 caliber semiautomatic handgun
loaded with fourteen rounds of ammunition. An additional Smith & Wesson
magazine, loaded with fourteen rounds of ammunition, was found in the rear of the
SUV.
On July 6, 2021, the New Castle County Grand Jury indicted the Defendant
for two counts of Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited, in violation of 11
Del. C. § 1448.2
PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS
On November 16, 2021, Defendant filed a Motion to Suppress, asserting
that Officer Ieradi executed a warrantless search of Milner’s vehicle without
probable cause to believe the automobile “was carrying contraband or
contained evidence of criminal activity.”3 Defendant claimed that any search of
the vehicle beyond the initial purpose of the traffic stop constituted “a separate
seizure which was not supported by independent facts sufficient to justify the
additional intrusion and extension of the initial traffic stop.”4
2
On October 23, 2020, the Defendant was arrested for two counts of Possession of a Firearm
During the Commission of a Felony (in violation of 11 Del. C. § 1447A), two counts of Possession
of a Deadly Weapon by a Person Prohibited (in violation of 11 Del. C. § 1448(a)(1)), two counts
of Possession of a Deadly Weapon while in Possession of a Controlled Substance (in violation of
11 Del. C. § 1448(a)(9)), one count of Possession of Firearm Ammunition by a Person Prohibited
(in violation of 11 Del. C. § 1448), one count of Possession with Intent to Deliver Marijuana (in
violation of 16 Del. C. § 4754), and Failure to Signal Continuously 300 or more Feet from a Turn
(in violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b)).
3
Defendant’s Motion to Suppress, ¶ 10.
4
Id., ¶ 11.
4
At the conclusion of the suppression hearing on April 1, 2022, Defendant
argued Officer Ieradi lacked reasonable articulable suspicion that Defendant
committed a violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b), but even if the Court concluded
the officer possessed reasonable articulable suspicion for the traffic stop, the
odor of marijuana alone did not provide probable cause to search the vehicle.
Defendant maintains that any connection between the traffic violation and the
odor of marijuana is tenuous at best, and the suppression hearing testimony
failed to establish probable cause to “presume there was contraband or
marijuana in the vehicle.” Based on the totality of the circumstances, Defendant
contends the officer did not demonstrate probable cause to justify a search of
the vehicle, and the evidence is subject to suppression.
The State contends it had established by a preponderance of the evidence
probable cause supporting the vehicle stop – that Officer Ieradi saw the Defendant
violate Delaware’s traffic laws by failing to indicate his intention to turn 300 or more
feet prior to turning left onto Rysing Drive, in violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b).5
The State also argues, pursuant to Houston v. State,6 that the extension of the
initial vehicle stop was justified due to the officer’s detection of an odor of marijuana
emanating from the vehicle.7 Finally, the State claims that the police developed
5
State’s March 29, 2022 Response to Defendant’s Motion to Suppress, ¶ 10.
6
Houston v. State, 251 A.3d 102, 109 (Del. 2021).
7
State’s March 29, 2022 Response to Defendant’s Motion to Suppress, ¶ 16.
5
probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle pursuant to the
automobile exception.8 Relying on Valentine v. State,9 the State contends that the
officer’s detection of odor of burnt and raw marijuana under these circumstances
constitutes probable cause to search the vehicle for contraband.
DISCUSSION
The United States and Delaware Constitutions protect the right of persons to
be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures.10 When considering a motion to
suppress evidence in a warrantless search or seizure, the State bears the burden of
proving that a police officer possessed reasonable suspicion that the operator of a
motor vehicle has committed a violation of law, including a traffic offense.11 As
the Court recently noted in Skates v. State,12
A determination of reasonable suspicion is ‘evaluated in the context of
the totality of the circumstances to assess whether the detaining officer
had a particularized and objective basis to suspect criminal activity.’
The totality of the circumstances is ‘viewed through the eyes of a
reasonable, trained police officer in the same or similar circumstances,
combining objective facts with such an officer’s subjective
interpretation of those facts.’ Thus, when determining whether
reasonable suspicion exists to justify a detention, the court ‘defers to
the experience and training of law enforcement officers.’13
8
Id., ¶ 17.
9
Valentine v. State, 207 A.3d 166, 167 (Del. 2019).
10
Flonnory v. State, 109 A.2d 1060, 1063 (Del. 2015) (citing U.S. Const. Amend. IV; Del. Const.
art. I, Section 6).
11
Houston v. State, 251 A.2d at 108-09, citing State v. Prouse, 392 A.2d 1359, 1364 (Del. 1978),
aff’d 440 U.S. 648 (1979).
12
Skates v. State, 2021 WL 3929551 (Del. Super. Sept. 2, 2021) (citations omitted).
13
Id. at *2, quoting Jose Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 956 A.2d 1280, 1288 (Del. 2008), Uriel Harris
v. State, 806 A.2d 119, 127 (Del. 2002), Josiah Woody v. State, 765 A.2d 1257, 1263 (Del. 2001).
6
Further, while warrantless searches and seizures are per se unreasonable, in
certain circumstances “the police may search a car without a warrant if they have
probable cause to believe that the car contains contraband or evidence of criminal
activity.”14 Under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement, the police
must have probable cause to believe that an automobile is carrying contraband or
evidence of a crime.15 “Because probable cause is viewed under a totality of the
circumstances analysis, the police are required to assess whether there are facts
which suggest, when those facts are viewed under the totality of the circumstances,
that there is a fair probability that the defendant has committed a crime.”16
Based upon the totality of the circumstances, Officer Ieradi, the sole
suppression hearing witness, possessed probable cause to conduct a traffic stop for
a violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b). The officer’s uncontroverted testimony
established he had a clear view of the intersection when the Nissan Armada failed to
signal before entering the left turn lane, and once the Defendant activated the left
turn signal, the Defendant failed to exhibit his intention to do so to other motorists
not less than the last 300 feet or more prior to turning onto Rysing Drive. While
Officer Ieradi, seventeen months after Defendant’s arrest, could not recall the
14
Valentine v. State, 2019 WL 1178765 at *2 (Del. Mar. 12, 2019), citing Tann v. State, 21 A.3d
23, 27 (Del. 2011), Prouse, 382 A.2d at 1363.
15
Skates, 2021 WL 3929551 at *2, citing Tatman v. State, 494 A.2d 1249, 1251 (Del. 1985).
16
Id.
7
specific location of his police vehicle when he saw the traffic violation, or recall
whether he was in front of or behind the Nissan Armanda, the officer credibly offered
specific testimony regarding his observations of the Defendant’s lane change, late
activation of the turn signal, and the vehicle’s turn onto Rysing Drive.
Defendant next claims the officer improperly extended the length and duration
of the stop, and the odor of marijuana, under these circumstances, did not establish
probable cause to search the vehicle. At the suppression hearing, the State admitted
into evidence, without objection, Officer Ieradi’s bodycam video which recorded the
officer’s interactions with Defendant during the October 23, 2020 vehicle stop.17 In
the video, the officer initially approached the passenger side of the Nissan Armada.
The Defendant partially lowered the vehicle’s passenger side window to speak to the
officer, and a short time later, upon a request of the officer, Defendant fully lowered
the passenger side window. Within approximately three minutes, Defendant
produced his license, vehicle registration and insurance paperwork. Based upon the
registration documentation, the officer asked the Defendant, a Delaware resident,
why the vehicle had Pennsylvania temporary tags.18 Less than a minute later, the
officer asked Defendant the following questions: Was there a reason the vehicle
17
State v. Theodore S. Milner, Case No. 2010011141, April 1, 2022 Suppression Hearing, State’s
Exhibit 1.
18
Based upon a review of the bodycam video, Defendant had a Delaware driver’s license, but the
vehicle had Pennsylvania temporary tags and was registered to Defendant at a Pennsylvania
address. Under the circumstances, the officer questioned the legitimacy of the temporary tag on
the vehicle.
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smelled like weed? Did the defendant smoke marijuana? Did the Defendant’s
friends smoke marijuana in the vehicle? These questions were based on the officer’s
conclusion that marijuana had been consumed in the vehicle.
The Defendant told the officer he had just smoked a “black and mild” cigar.
The officer told Defendant he was not asking about someone smoking a “black and
mild” cigar, and noted a distinction between the smell of burnt marijuana and the
odor of a burnt cigar. The officer told the Defendant he asked about marijuana
consumption because the vehicle “smells like weed.” The officer suggested to
Defendant that perhaps the odor of marijuana could have come from somebody else
sitting in the car. In response, Defendant flatly denied that the vehicle smelled like
marijuana and denied smoking marijuana. Based on the context of the interaction
between the officer and the Defendant up to this point, which took less than five
minutes, the officer was asking Defendant about an odor of burnt marijuana (i.e.,
someone consuming marijuana in the vehicle) emanating from the vehicle.
The officer returned to his patrol vehicle, expressing concern over the
legitimacy of the Pennsylvania temporary registration tag. Shortly thereafter, the
officer returned to Defendant’s vehicle, informing the Defendant that the odor of
marijuana was probable cause to search the vehicle. Defendant then admitted he
possessed marijuana, and Officer Ieradi recovered a bag of suspected marijuana from
9
Defendant’s pocket. At this point, Defendant was detained, and the officer began to
search the interior of vehicle.
As the Delaware Supreme Court observed in Valentine v. State, “[m]arijuana
was, and remains, contraband subject to forfeiture.” More importantly, however,
was the Court’s observation that “[u]se or consumption of marijuana in a moving
vehicle is a misdemeanor.” Title 16, Section 4764 of the Delaware Code provides:
Any person who knowingly or intentionally uses or consumes up to a
personal use quantity of a controlled substance or a counterfeit
controlled substance classified in § 4714(d)(19) of this title in an area
accessible to the public or in a moving vehicle, except as otherwise
authorized by this chapter, shall be guilty of an unclassified
misdemeanor and be fined not more than $200, imprisoned not more
than 5 days, or both.19
Based upon the totality of the circumstances, the Court concludes Officer Ieradi
possessed probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of Defendant’s person and
vehicle. The officer observed two motor vehicle signal infractions prior to
conducting the vehicle stop. Upon initial contact with the officer, Defendant only
partially lowered his passenger side window. When asked about the odor of
marijuana, Defendant denied the vehicle smelled like marijuana and suggested that
what the officer smelled was a Black and Mild cigar Defendant claimed to have just
smoked in the vehicle. A short time later, the Defendant admitted possessing
marijuana in his pocket. He was the sole occupant of a vehicle emitting an odor of
19
16 Del. C. § 4764(d).
10
burnt marijuana, denied that the vehicle smelled like burnt marijuana, and ultimately
admitted to possessing marijuana. Evaluated in the context of the totality of the
circumstances, there existed a fair probability that Defendant had consumed
marijuana while operating the vehicle, in violation of 16 Del. C. § 4764.20
Defendant argues that this case is analogous to State v. Cornelius.21 Cornelius
also involved an alleged violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b) to justify the initial
detention of the defendant, which was followed by a warrantless search of the
defendant’s vehicle. Ultimately, the Court in Cornelius suppressed all evidence
seized from Cornelius’ vehicle. The Court finds Defendant’s reliance on Cornelius
is misplaced. In Cornelius, officers working in the City of Wilmington with the Safe
Streets Task Force claimed to have observed the defendant commit a violation of 21
Del. C. § 4155(b), the same motor vehicle violation observed by Officer Ieradi. But,
from the outset in Cornelius, the State failed to establish the defendant committed a
traffic violation justifying his detention. Specifically, the Court concluded, “[t]here
was not enough information provided by the State such as when the officers first
started following Mr. Cornelius’s car, how far they followed him and what [the
officer’s] observed to determine whether he violated 21 Del. C. § 4155(b).” 22
20
The odor of burnt, or consumed, marijuana is indicative that a person had, in fact, consumed
marijuana in the vehicle.
21
State v. Cornelius, 2021 WL 2879889 (Del. Super. July 8, 2021).
22
State v. Cornelius, 2021 WL 2879889 at *4.
11
Beyond this obvious defect, the State failed to produce evidence at the suppression
hearing regarding whether the officers smelled the odor of raw or burnt marijuana,
except to note the officers saw marijuana leaves on a door handle panel of Cornelius’
vehicle.23 In the end, the Court found the State failed to establish probable cause
to justify a search of Cornelius’ vehicle. The basis for this conclusion was the
Court’s view that the testimony was not credible. The Court noted the State’s
evidence “on numerous occasions during the [suppression] hearing[] was
contradicted. Important information was lacking because details were not
provided.”24 The lead detective in Cornelius contradicted his sworn testimony on
several occasions, and the detective “was unsure about whether Mr. Cornelius was
smoking marijuana, possessed marijuana, or had been driving under the influence of
marijuana.”25 The Court in Cornelius concluded the State did not establish probable
cause because the odor or presence of marijuana in the car was “misstated,” in that
it “didn’t exist.”26
The reliability and credibility issues present in Cornelius are not present here.
Officer Ieradi specifically established in detail the Defendant’s failure to signal in
violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b), and his testimony was consistent and
23
Id., at *2-3.
24
Id., at *4.
25
Id., at *2.
26
Id., at *5.
12
uncontroverted. Officer Ieradi’s interactions with the Defendant are memorialized
by bodycam video, including the dialogue between them regarding the odor of
marijuana coming from the vehicle.
13
CONCLUSION
Based upon the totality of the circumstances, the Court concludes the vehicle
stop for a violation of 21 Del. C. § 4155(b) was supported by probable cause.
Thereafter, Officer Ieradi smelled burnt and raw marijuana emanating from the
vehicle as Defendant lowered his passenger side window to speak to the officer.
Upon receiving Defendant’s license, vehicle registration and insurance paperwork,
the officer questioned Defendant about the odor of burnt marijuana coming from the
interior of the vehicle. To the extent the traffic stop was extended, as argued by
Defendant, the police officer developed facts independent of the traffic stop to justify
the additional intrusion and extension of the stop. And, based upon the totality of
the circumstances, Officer Ieradi had probable cause to conduct a warrantless search
of the interior of the vehicle pursuant to the automobile exception. For the foregoing
reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ Jan R. Jurden
Jan R. Jurden, President Judge
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