In re B.F.N. and C.L.N.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCSC-68

No. 261A21

Filed 17 June 2022

IN THE MATTER OF: B.F.N. and C.L.N.

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) (2019) from orders entered on

18 May 2021 by Judge William B. Sutton Jr. in District Court, Sampson County. This

matter was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 13 May 2022 but

determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of

the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Gregory T. Griffin for petitioner-appellant mother.

Jeffrey L. Miller for respondent-appellee father.

HUDSON, Justice.

¶1 Petitioner, the mother of C.L.N. (Chip)1 and B.F.N. (Brad) (collectively, the

children), appeals from the trial court’s orders denying her petitions to terminate the

parental rights of respondent, the children’s biological father. Because trial court’s

findings of fact do not permit meaningful appellate review and are thus insufficient

to support the denial of the termination petitions, we vacate the trial court’s orders

and remand for further proceedings.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

1 Pseudonyms are used in this opinion to protect the juveniles’ identities and for ease
of reading
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

¶2 Petitioner and respondent were married in 2003. Chip was born in 2007, and

Brad was born in 2012. The parties divorced in 2015.

¶3 On 9 March 2015, a domestic violence protective order (DVPO) was issued

against respondent. The trial court found that in March 2015, respondent had placed

petitioner in fear of imminent serious bodily injury by threatening to harm her and

causing property damage. The trial court concluded that respondent had committed

acts of domestic violence against petitioner and that there was a danger of serious

and immediate injury to petitioner. Pursuant to the DVPO, respondent was

prohibited from assaulting, threatening, abusing, following, harassing, or interfering

with petitioner; prohibited from threatening a member of petitioner’s family or

household; ordered to stay away from petitioner’s residence or any place where

petitioner receives temporary shelter; ordered to stay away from petitioner’s work

and “any place [petitioner] may be found”; and prohibited from possessing, receiving,

or purchasing a firearm. The terms of the DVPO were in effect until 9 March 2016.

¶4 On 12 March 2015, petitioner and respondent entered into a “Confession of

Judgment.” They agreed that petitioner would have primary custody of the children.

Respondent would have secondary joint custody of the children and visitation with

the children every first and third weekend of the month and select holidays.

¶5 On 21 October 2017, respondent physically assaulted petitioner at a restaurant

while the children were present. As a result of the incident, criminal charges were
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

brought against respondent, and on 7 December 2017, respondent was found guilty

of assault on a female.

¶6 On 11 December 2017, another DVPO was entered against respondent. The

trial court found that on 21 October 2017, respondent had intentionally caused

serious bodily injury to petitioner by “attacking and assaulting” petitioner. Pursuant

to the DVPO, respondent was prohibited from assaulting, threatening, abusing,

following, harassing, or interfering with petitioner; prohibited from assaulting,

threatening, abusing, following, harassing, or interfering with children residing with

or in the custody of petitioner; prohibited from threatening a member of petitioner’s

family or household; ordered to stay away from petitioner’s residence or any place

petitioner receives temporary shelter; ordered to stay away from petitioner’s work,

the children’s school or any place where the children receive day care, and “any other

place where [petitioner] is located.” Respondent was also ordered to make payments

to petitioner for support of the children; prohibited from possessing, receiving, or

purchasing a firearm; ordered to surrender firearms, ammunition, and gun permits;

and ordered to attend and complete an abuser treatment program. The terms of the

order were effective until 11 December 2018. Additionally, temporary custody of the

children was granted to petitioner.

¶7 On 21 December 2017, the trial court entered an order finding that the children

were exposed to a substantial risk of emotional injury caused by respondent, the
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

children were present during acts of domestic violence perpetrated by respondent

against petitioner, and respondent had acted in a manner that was not in the best

interests of the children and was inconsistent with his constitutional rights as a

natural parent. The trial court concluded that respondent was not a fit and proper

person to exercise any custody or visitation with the children and that it was in the

best interests of the children that petitioner have exclusive custody of them.

Accordingly, petitioner was granted the exclusive care, custody, and control of the

children, and respondent’s rights of secondary joint custody and visitation were

terminated.

¶8 Respondent was ordered to “remain away” and “not to go around” the children

and petitioner, including but not limited to “any place where they may be whether at

home, school, church, in any public or private place”; ordered to leave any premises

“wherever they may be present”; and prohibited from making “any contact in person

and/or by an agent directly or indirectly.” Respondent was ordered not to have any

contact with petitioner or the children “pending further orders of th[e] court and only

upon a motion in the cause being filed by [respondent] alleging that a substantial

change of circumstances has occurred and no sooner can such motion be filed then

until after one (1) year from the entry of this order.” As a condition precedent to

respondent filing such a motion, the trial court ordered him to obtain a substance

abuse and alcohol assessment and complete all recommended treatment; undergo a
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

psychological examination and attend any recommended counseling; complete at

least three consecutive alcohol and drug screens at least one month apart prior to

filing any motion; complete certified parenting classes; complete domestic violence

prevention classes; and complete an anger management assessment and all

recommended treatment and counseling sessions.

¶9 On 14 March 2019, the trial court entered an order holding respondent-father

in contempt for violating its 21 December 2017 order. The trial court found that

respondent had violated the 21 December 2017 order by sending petitioner text

messages on 14, 15, and 21 December 2018 requesting to see the children and going

to Chip’s school and attempting see him on 11 January 2019. The trial court ordered

respondent to serve thirty days in the Sampson County Jail. All but one

twenty-four-hour period of this sentence was suspended. The 21 December 2017 order

remained in effect.

¶ 10 On 10 July 2020, petitioner filed petitions to terminate respondent’s parental

rights in the children. Petitioner alleged, inter alia, that respondent had for a period

greater than two years preceding the filing of the petitions willfully failed without

justification to pay for the care, support, and education of the children; respondent

had “abandoned and neglected” the children and “ha[d] not made any inquiry about

the wellbeing” of the children in over two years; and respondent had willfully
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

abandoned the children for at least six months immediately preceding the filing of

the petitions.

¶ 11 On 21 July 2020, respondent filed a motion for modification of child custody

seeking joint legal and physical custody of the children. Alternatively, respondent

sought “substantial visitation” with the children. On 19 October 2020, respondent

filed an answer to the termination petitions, denying many of the allegations.

¶ 12 Following a hearing on 18 March 2021, the trial court entered orders on 18

May 2021 finding that there was “insufficient evidence for th[e] [c]ourt to conclude

that grounds exist to terminate the parental rights of the Respondent” and denying

the petitions to terminate respondent’s parental rights.2 Petitioner timely appealed

to this Court.

II. Analysis

¶ 13 On appeal, petitioner challenges the trial court’s conclusion that grounds did

not exist to terminate respondent’s parental rights in the children. Specifically, she

argues the trial court erred in concluding that respondent did not willfully abandon

or neglect the children.3 Based on the reasons stated herein, we hold that the trial

2 Although the trial court entered separate orders denying the petitions to terminate
respondent’s parental rights in the children, the findings of fact and conclusions of law are
identical.
3 Petitioner does not argue on appeal that the evidence supported the termination of

respondent’s parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(4), as she alleged in the petitions.
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

court’s findings of fact do not permit meaningful appellate review and are thus

insufficient to support the trial court’s denial of the termination petitions.

¶ 14 Subsection § 7B-1109(e) provides that the trial court “shall take evidence, find

the facts, and shall adjudicate the existence or nonexistence of any of the

circumstances set forth in [N.C.]G.S. [§] 7B-1111 which authorize the termination of

parental rights of the respondent.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(e) (2021). The burden of proof

is upon the petitioner and “all findings of fact shall be based on clear, cogent, and

convincing evidence.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(f) (2021).

¶ 15 “Should the court determine that circumstances authorizing termination of

parental rights do not exist, the court shall dismiss the petition or deny the motion,

making appropriate findings of fact and conclusions [of law].” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(c)

(2021) (emphasis added). The trial court is under a duty to “find the facts specially

and state separately its conclusions of law thereon, regardless of whether the court is

granting or denying a petition to terminate parental rights.” In re K.R.C., 374 N.C.

849, 857 (2020) (cleaned up).

Compliance with the fact-finding requirements of
N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1109(e) and -1110(c) is critical because
[e]ffective appellate review of an order entered by a trial
court sitting without a jury is largely dependent upon the
specificity by which the order’s rationale is articulated.
Evidence must support findings; findings must support
conclusions; conclusions must support the judgment. Each
step of the progression must be taken by the trial judge, in
logical sequence; each link in the chain of reasoning must
appear in the order itself. Where there is a gap, it cannot
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

be determined on appeal whether the trial court correctly
exercised its function to find the facts and apply the law
thereto.

Id. at 858 (alteration in original) (quoting Quick v. Quick, 305 N.C. 446, 458 (1982)).

¶ 16 In her first argument, petitioner asserts the trial court erred in determining

that “there is insufficient evidence . . . to conclude [respondent] willfully abandoned

[the children] due to his actions to improve himself and the clear prohibitions set

forth in the [21 December 2017] order” because respondent “could not use the 2017

Order as a complete shield.” She contends that respondent had no contact with the

children and failed to provide any financial or emotional support for the children since

2017. Petitioner also claims that respondent failed to fully comply with the

requirements of the 21 December 2017 order by refusing to participate in counseling

sessions.

¶ 17 Termination of parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7) requires proof

that “[t]he parent has willfully abandoned the juvenile for at least six consecutive

months immediately preceding the filing of the petition or motion.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1111(a)(7) (2021). As used in subsection 7B-1111(a)(7), abandonment requires a

“purposeful, deliberative and manifest willful determination to forego all parental

duties and relinquish all parental claims to [the child].” In re A.G.D., 374 N.C. 317,

319 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. 71, 79 (2019)). “[I]f

a parent withholds his presence, his love, his care, the opportunity to display filial
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

affection, and willfully neglects to lend support and maintenance, such parent

relinquishes all parental claims and abandons the child.” Pratt v. Bishop, 257 N.C.

486, 501 (1962). The willful intent element “is an integral part of abandonment” and

is determined according to the evidence before the trial court. Id. “[A]lthough the trial

court may consider a parent’s conduct outside the six-month window in evaluating a

parent’s credibility and intentions, the ‘determinative’ period for adjudicating willful

abandonment is the six consecutive months preceding the filing of the petition.” In re

N.D.A., 373 N.C. at 77 (quoting In re D.E.M., 257 N.C. App. 618, 619 (2018)).

¶ 18 Because the termination petitions were filed on 10 July 2020, the

determinative six-month period in the present case is from 10 January 2020 to 10

July 2020. The trial court concluded that there was insufficient evidence to establish

that respondent willfully abandoned the children “due to his actions to improve

himself and the clear prohibitions set forth in the [21 December 2017] order.” 4

However, outside the finding that he had been employed “since approximately 2012,”

the remaining findings detailing respondent’s “actions to improve himself” refer to

4 Although the trial court labeled this as a finding of fact, a determination that
respondent did not willfully abandon the children is a conclusion of law, involving the
application of legal principles. See State v. Sparks, 362 N.C. 181, 185 (2008) (“[A]ny
determination requiring . . . the application of legal principles is more properly classified [as]
a conclusion of law.” (quoting In re Helms, 127 N.C. App. 505, 510 (1997))). “[F]indings of fact
[which] are essentially conclusions of law . . . will be treated as such on appeal[,]” and we will
treat them as such in our review of the instant matter. Id. (second and third alterations in
original) (quoting Harris v. Harris, 51 N.C. App. 103, 107, disc. rev. denied, 303 N.C. 180
(1981)).
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

events that occurred outside the relevant six-month period. For instance, the trial

court found respondent completed a psychological evaluation in November 2019, an

anger management and batterer intervention program in August 2018, outpatient

substance abuse counseling in October 2019, and parenting classes in July 2019, but

none of these efforts transpired during the determinative six-month period. “The

inadequacy of the trial court’s findings is further displayed by its failure to identify

‘the determinative six-month period’ governing its abandonment inquiry.” In re

K.R.C., 374 N.C. at 861 (quoting In re C.B.C., 373 N.C. 16, 23 (2019)).

¶ 19 Moreover, the trial court’s findings regarding the limitations of the 21

December 2017 order on respondent’s efforts are insufficient to support a

determination that he did not willfully abandon the children. The trial court found

that the 21 December 2017 order terminated respondent’s rights to secondary joint

custody and visitation with the children, ordered him to “to remain away from the

minor children and [petitioner] and not go around them wherever [petitioner] or the

minor children shall be located[,]” and prohibited him “from making any contact in

person and/or by an agent directly or indirectly.” However, respondent was free to

seek modification of the order by alleging a substantial change in circumstances any

time after 21 December 2018.

¶ 20 As a condition precedent to the court considering any motion in the cause filed

by respondent, respondent was ordered to obtain a substance abuse and alcohol
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

assessment and complete any recommended treatment, complete a psychological

examination and attend any recommended counseling, complete three consecutive

alcohol and drug screens at least one month apart, complete domestic violence

prevention classes, and complete an anger management assessment and any

recommended treatment and counseling. As previously noted, the trial court made

findings that respondent complied with many of these requirements. Nonetheless,

the court’s findings fail to address whether respondent had the ability to seek

modification of the 21 December 2017 order during the six-month determinative

period. Respondent’s ability or inability to seek modification of the 21 December 2017

order during this period would be relevant in determining the willfulness of his acts

or omissions. See In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. 388, 394 (2019) (rejecting an argument that

a no-contact provision in a temporary custody judgment prevented the respondent

from contacting his children during the relevant six-month period when the

respondent made no attempt to modify the terms of the temporary custody judgment

which was “by definition provisional, and . . . expressly contemplated the possibility

that the no-contact provision would be modified in a future order”); In re I.R.M.B.,

377 N.C. 64, 2021-NCSC-27, ¶ 19 (rejecting an argument that a restraining order

precluded contact with the respondent’s child during the determinative six-month

period where the respondent was aware of his ability to seek legal custody and

visitation rights and how to obtain such relief despite the limitations of the order but
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

failed to do so). Likewise, the trial court’s findings fail to address other indications

that respondent sought to fulfill his parental duties during the applicable six-month

period.

¶ 21 In her second argument, petitioner argues that the trial court erred in

determining “there is insufficient evidence to suggest either current neglect or a

likelihood of future neglect” by respondent and argues that this Court is unable to

conduct meaningful appellate review when the trial court’s findings are insufficient

to demonstrate it considered terminating respondent’s parental rights based upon

neglect by abandonment.

¶ 22 According to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), a trial court is entitled to terminate a

parent’s parental rights in a child on the basis of neglect if that child’s “parent,

guardian, custodian, or caretaker . . . [d]oes not provide proper care, supervision, or

discipline[;] [h]as abandoned the juvenile[;] . . . [or c]reates or allows to be created a

living environment that is injurious to the juvenile’s welfare.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-101(15)

(2021). “In determining whether a parent’s parental rights in a child are subject to

termination on the basis of neglect, the parent’s fitness to care for his or her child

must be determined as of the date of the termination hearing, an event that is

frequently held after the child has been removed from the parent’s custody.” In re

D.T.H., 378 N.C. 576, 2021-NCSC-106, ¶ 19. In that scenario, “[t]he trial court must

consider evidence of changed conditions . . . in light of the history of neglect by the
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

parents and the probability of a repetition of neglect.” In re Ballard, 311 N.C. 708,

714 (1984) (quoting In re Wardship of Bender, 170 Ind. App. 274, 285, 352 N.E.2d

797, 804 (1976)). “On the other hand, however, this Court has recognized that the

neglect ground can support termination without use of the two-part Ballard test if a

parent is presently neglecting their child by abandonment.” In re D.T.H., ¶ 19

(cleaned up).

¶ 23 A trial court has the authority to terminate a parent’s parental rights in a child

for neglect based upon abandonment in the event the trial court finds that the

parent’s conduct demonstrates a “willful neglect and refusal to perform the natural

and legal obligations of parental care and support.” Pratt, 257 N.C. at 501. In order

to terminate parental rights on this ground, “the trial court must make findings that

the parent has engaged in conduct which manifests a willful determination to forego

all parental duties and relinquish all parental claims to the child as of the time of the

termination hearing.” In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. at 81 (cleaned up). In determining

whether a parent has neglected his or her child by abandonment for purposes of

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), the relevant time period “is not limited to the six

consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of the termination petition.” Id.

at 81. “[A] trial court may consider a parent’s conduct over the course of a more

extended period of time . . . .” Id. at 81–82 (citations omitted).
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

¶ 24 In the orders denying the termination petitions, the trial court found that

respondent had been in a relationship with his fiancée who testified about the

absence of domestic violence and incidents of shouting and anger by respondent;

respondent had a good relationship with his fiancé’s children; respondent had never

been physically violent toward Chip or Brad; respondent had taken steps to improve

himself, including completing parenting, domestic violence, and substance abuse

classes; and there was no evidence respondent had engaged in any violent crimes or

dangerous behaviors since the 2017 incident involving petitioner. Ultimately, the

trial court determined that

while the incident of domestic violence towards [petitioner]
at the Bojangles in the presence of the [children] and other
acts that occurred prior to the December 21, 2017 Order
support a finding of neglect by [respondent], there is
insufficient evidence to suggest either current neglect or a
likelihood of future neglect by [respondent].

¶ 25 However, despite allegations that respondent had “abandoned and neglected”

the children and “ha[d] not made any inquiry about the wellbeing” of the children in

over two years, the trial court’s findings fail to offer an assessment regarding the

issue of whether respondent neglected the children by abandonment. This Court has

previously held that “when the trial court denies a petition at the adjudicatory stage

pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(c), the order must allow for appellate review of the

trial court’s evaluation of each and every ground for termination alleged by the

petitioner.” In re K.R.C., 374 N.C. at 864. Without findings addressing whether
 IN RE B.F.N. AND C.L.N

2022-NCSC-68

Opinion of the Court

respondent’s acts or omissions amounted to “wil[l]ful neglect and refusal to perform

the natural and legal obligations of parental care and support[,]” Pratt, 257 N.C. at

501, this Court is precluded from conducting meaningful appellate review on this

ground.

III. Conclusion

¶ 26 For the reasons set forth above, we hold that the trial court’s findings of fact

are insufficient to support its denial of petitioner’s termination-of-parental-rights

petitions. As a result, we vacate the trial court’s 18 May 2021 orders and remand the

matter to the trial court for entry of additional findings of fact and conclusions of law.

On remand, we leave to the discretion of the trial court whether to hear additional

evidence. See, e.g., In re K.R.C., 374 N.C. at 865.

VACATED AND REMANDED.