The opinion of the court was delivered at September term 1846.
Dewey, J.It is no sufficient objection to maintaining this action, that the plaintiff on the record is not the party beneficially interested, and, as such, entitled to retain the avails of the judgment for his personal benefit. That privity of contract, which is required in the action of assumpsit, is sufficiently shown in the case of a negotiable note payable to the *437order of the promisee and indorsed by him in blank, when an action is instituted in the name of the holder of such note, who came into the possession of it with the assent of the party in interest, and the suit is really prosecuted for the benefit of such party, and without any objections interposed by him. In such cases, the maker of the note cannot object merely to the want of interest, or privity of. action, on the part of the plaintiff. This seems to be well settled by the cases of Little v. Obrien, 9 Mass. 423; Brigham v. Marean, 7 Pick. 40; Dean v. Hewit, 5 Wend. 257; Gage v. Kendall, 15 Wend. 640; and Guernsey v. Burns, 25 Wend. 411. This rule of law, so well established, sufficiently answers the first objection taken to the action, and renders it unnecessary to consider the effect to be given in Massachusetts to the statute of New York, which gives, in direct terms, authority to the president of a banking association, like that of the Kinderhook Bank, to institute actions in his name upon demands due to the bank. Whether such statute could have any force and effect beyond the territorial limits of the State of New York would be questionable.
Assuming the action to be properly instituted in the name of the plaintiff, it is further objected, that the cause of action has been discharged by a certificate of discharge duly given under the late bankrupt law. United States St. 1841, c. 9. That such discharge was given is conceded; but the plaintiff would avoid its effect by showing fraudulent preferences, made by the defendant in behalf of certain creditors, in violation of the provisions of the bankrupt act. The defendant objects to this evidence as incompetent; 1st, because the same matter was put in issue by the creditors of the defendant upon his application for a certificate of discharge, and upon a hearing thereupon, the decision being against the creditors, and a discharge1 having been granted, the matter is res adjudicata, and no longer open; and 2d, that the evidence, if admissible, is insufficient to invalidate the discharge, it not showing such a fraud as will, under the provisions of the bankrupt act, avoid the certificate of discharge.
*438As to the first of these objections, it seems to us that the proceedings by the creditors under the provisions of the second section of that act, which authorizes them to interpose objections to the granting of the discharge and the issuing of the certificate, are in no respect a bar to setting up fraud in avoidance of the discharge under the authority given by the fourth section. Both modes of proceeding are authorized by the statute, and the creditors may avail themselves of one or the other, or of both, as they may deem expedient. The purpose of the bankrupt law is answered, so far as it looks to the case of the debtor, if honest debtors, acting in accordance with the principles of fair dealing and the equal distribution of their assets among all their creditors, are secured in the full enjoyment of the benefits of a discharge. As to such debtors, these objections, whether interposed before or after granting their discharge, will be wholly unavailing. As to fraudulent debtors, and those who would designedly violate the great principles of the bankrupt code, the statute may properly be 'ibexally construed in favor of creditors, and to defeat unjust preferences. In the opinion of the court, the statute fully warrants the plaintiff in taking these objections in avoidance of the discharge, notwithstanding other creditors may have relied upon the same acts as a ground of opposition to the granting of such discharge originally. The further inquiry is, whether the facts shown in evidence are such as will, unde, the provisions of the fourth section of the statute, avoid the discharge after the issuing of the certificate. The case presents no difficulty upon the point whether a state of bankruptcy had occurred when these preferences were made. Here was not only an actual insolvency, but a discontinuance of business, by reason of such insolvency. It was not a case of payment made under the hope of continuing in business and discharging all his liabilities ,• but a case of conveyance made by the debtor with full knowledge of his insolvency, and after suspension of business, with the purpose of giving a preference. These facts must be considered as found by the verdict, and are quite sufficient to bring the case within the *439second section of the act. Arnold v. Maynard, 5 Law Reporter, 296, and 2 Story R. 349. Hutchins v. Taylor, 5 Law Reporter, 289. Had these facts been established before the district court, on the hearing there, no discharge would have been granted to the defendant.
But the defendant contends, that making payments and giving preferences to particular creditors, in contemplation of bankruptcy, although they might have defeated his application for a discharge, if they had been shown at the proper time, yet furnish no sufficient ground for avoiding a discharge when granted. The argument rests upon a supposed distincticn in the provisions of the second and fourth sections ; the defendant contending, that acts of preference to particular creditors, in contemplation of bankruptcy, are not included in the acts described in the fourth section as those that may be given in evidence in avoidance of a discharge which has been granted ; and that the certificate of discharge is, notwithstanding such preference, to be held a valid and effectual bar. The language of the section is, “such discharge and certificate shall be conclusive evidence, of itself, in favor of such bankrupt, unless the same shall be impeached for some fraud or wilful concealment by him of his property or rights of property as aforesaid, contrary to the provisions of this act.”
The position taken for the defendant, that the fraud here referred to is fraud at the common law exclusively, is not the true construction of the statute; but, on the contrary, all those acts, described in the second section as frauds upon the bankrupt act, are embraced in the provisions of the fourth sec tion, which declares the causes by reason of which the discharge may be avoided. This construction seems to be entirely in accordance with the purposes of the act, and fairly within its language. It is in conformity with the decision of Brereton v. Hull, 1 Denio, 75, where it was held that the same matter may be set up in avoidance of the discharge, that might have been insisted upon against the application for such discharge. See also Miller v. Black, 1 Barr, 420. These acts *440would, under the English decisions, be held frauds upon the bankrupt system ; and much more so should they be so held under ours, the second section of our statute declaring them to be “ a fraud upon the act.” They are therefore to be considered as embraced in the provisions of the fourth section, and when established by the proper proof, they are a good' and sufficient answer to the certificate of discharge.
We think, therefore, that the ruling of the presiding judge was correct, and the discharge properly avoided by the facts found by the jury.
Exceptions overruled