We do not think it necessary, in this case, to enter on the general discussion whether, in this Commonwealth, a wager on an indifferent subject, in which the parties have no other interest than that created by the wager itself, is a legal contract, or one which may be enforced in a court of justice. . In England, it has been reluctantly held, until recently, and still is, unless changed by statute, that for an equal wager, upon an indifferent subject, depending upon a contingency, though of a trivial nature, an action may be maintained; Good v. Elliott, 3 T. R. 693; though in that case a very able dissenting opinion upon the general ground was given by Mr. Justice Buller.
But even in England, the general rule is held subject to so many restrictions and exceptions, that it remains applicable to very few cases. If the wager be upon a game or other trans action prohibited by law; if it draw into question the rights, feelings, interests or quiet of other persons ; if it promote any violation of law, or operate as an incitement to a breach of the peace ; if it be contrary to good morals or sound public policy, the wager is void. In Massachusetts, it is believed no action has been sustained upon a wager ; perhaps because none has been brought. We are not aware that there has been any direct adjudication on the subject. As far as judicial opinions have been indirectly expressed, they have been adverse to such an action. Amory v. Gilman, 2 Mass. 1. Babcock v. Thompson, 3 Pick. 446. And Chancellor Kent, in his Commentaries, considers the law so settled in Massachusetts. 3 Kent Com. (3d ed.) 278.
But it is perhaps useless to speculate upon the genera. *400question of the legality of wagers, on indifferent subjects of. contingency. The more precise question here is, whether a wager upon the event of an election to a public office, depending upon popular suffrage in this Commonwealth, is valid, and constitutes a binding contract. It seems to ns sufficient to state the question. The answer is too obvious to admit of doubt. And it seems to us, that upon principle, such a wager is equally void, whether it be upon the election of an officer of the United States, of the state government, of a county, town, parish, or other aggregate corporation, depending on suffrage. The very theory of such popular institutions is, that the person elected to office is placed there by the free choice of the majority of persons free to inquire and judge, free to will and determine, and free to act with purity and intelligence, uninfluenced and unseduced by interested, sinister, or corrupt motives. If the persons voting act otherwise, they act without regard to the fitness of the candidate, or to their own sense of duty. Upon the practical maintenance of this theory, in its purity and perfection, or as near an approximation to it as the infirmities and vices of society will permit, depend the utility, the safety and the stability of all popular institutions, relying upon popular suffrage for their basis and operation. And it is obvious that the more extensive and general the right of suffrage is, the more easily it may be abused and perverted, and the more important it is that its purity should be guarded and preserved. The more general the right of suffrage, the smaller the proportion of power which the vote of each one carries, the more easily is it influenced, and, if voters should ever become venal, the smaller the price at which each can be influenced or controlled.
If one bet can be made on an election, many can be made. If small sums can be staked, large ones can. So that, on a great and exciting popular election, a large amount of money may depend on the result. All those who are acting together will have a common, and may have a large, pecuniary interest m the issue. And it is conformable to the most obvio is *401principles of economy, and dictated by the common motive to human action, self-interest, that those who are to gain or lose a large sum of money, upon the happening of an event which is contingent, should make a reasonable outlay of money, to influence and bring about that event. This, therefore, they will be likely to do, without regard to the social and political merits of the election. It may happen — in fact it does often happen — that a few thousand, or even a few hundred, votes may decide the election of a State; and the election of a State may decide that of the Union. If a few thousand dollars will command or influence such a number of votes, would it not be presuming too much on pure, disinterested virtue, to believe that they would not be applied. And such influence is to be brought to bear, not merely on the few hundreds or thousands, who may turn the scale, but upon the whole body of voters, on both sides.
But money may be applied to effect the result, not only in the coarse, palpable and offensive form of bribery, by the direct purchase of votes, but in other modes quite as efficacious, and not less detrimental to the public interest. It may be applied, by the managers of the respective parties, to the provision of treats and other gratifications; to the opening of houses of entertainment, to which partisans may resort at free cost, where the passions may be stimulated, the moral sense perverted, and all (idea of social duty and personal responsibility overwhelmed in mere blind partisan feeling and desire of triumph, which lose sight of the object for which the right of suffrage is conferred. An election so influenced could not be regarded as the expressed will of an intelligent constituency ; it would violate the whole theory, on which the right of suffrage is founded, and destroy the confidence of all judicious persons in that particular power of the people, which has been regarded as the principal security for permanent, regulated, constitutional liberty. If it be true that wagers on elections would have any tendency to create such a pecuniary interest in their result, as we have no doubt they *402have, we can have no hesitation in saying, that all such wagers are illegal and utterly void.
But the position here taken is well supported by authority. It was held, in England, that a wager on the event of an election of a member of parliament was void; but that was a bet between voters. Allen v. Hearn, 1 T. R. 56. So in Pennsylvania. M’Allister v. Hoffman, 16 S. & R. 147. Smith v. M’Masters, 2 Browne, 182. So in New York. The first case was that on an election in which the parties were voters; one party had voted, but by possibility the other party might have voted after the bet was made, and some stress was laid on this circumstance. Bunn v. Riker, 4 Johns. 426. Afterwards the same decision was given upon a bet made after the voting had closed, and it could not influence the particular result. Lansing v. Lansing, 8 Johns. 454. And the same decision, on general grounds, was made in several cases. Vischer v. Yates, 11 Johns. 23. Yates v Foot, and Denniston v. Cook, 12 Johns. 1, 376. Rust v Gott, 9 Cow. 169. The same doctrine has been held in Rhode Island and other States. In Rhode Island, an able opinion was given by Chief Justice Eddy, in the case of Stoddard v. Martin, 1 R. Isl. Rep. 1, and also stated in very good note in 9 Cow. 175.
Supposing, then, the contract to be illegal and absolutely void, what are the rights and obligations of the respective narties under it. The law will not lend its aid to carry into effect an illegal contract, if it be executory, nor to restore the party who has paid money on it, if executed. They are in pari delicto. The winner cannot maintain an action against the loser to recover it if not paid, nor the loser to recover it back when paid.
A question might arise, whether the stakeholder might not stand on the same footing, and he held to be amenable to neither party for money received on such a wager; but we think it clear that in no proper sense can the stakeholder be regarded as a party to the illegal contract, or in pari delicto« *403He is a mere depositary of both parties for the money deposited by them respectively, with a naked authority to deliver it over on the proposed contingency. If the authority is actually revoked before the money is paid over, it remains a naked deposit, to the use of the depositor. Cotton v. Thurland, 5 T. R. 405. Lacaussade v. White, 7 T. R. 535. It was said by Le Blanc, J. in Vandyck v. Hewitt, 1 East. 98, that the authority of Lacaussade v. White had been much canvassed in Howson v. Hancock, 8 T. R. 575. See also the remarks of Mansfield, C. J. in 3 Taunt. 284, and of Lawrence J. in 8 East, 382, note. But the distinction between those cases is quite obvious. The former was upon an illegal wager, against the stakeholder, after the event had happened, but before the money had been paid by the stakeholder to the winner. It remained in the hands of the stakeholder as a naked deposit, with authority to pay it over upon the contingency ; the bringing of the action was a revocation of the authority, so that it became a deposit to the plaintiff’s use.* In Howson v. Hancock, the money had been paid over to the winner; and then it stood upon the same footing as if paid by the loser himself, who, being in pari delicto, could not maintain an action to recover it back. The same principle was settled in a case already cited for another purpose. Vischer v. Yates, 11 Johns. 23.
We think the money deposited by each party was a simple, naked deposit, respecting which the agreement to pay it over to one, according to the result of the pending presidential election, and not executed by actual payment, was wholly inoperative and void ; and then, by implication of law, the money was so deposited to the use of the depositors respectively ; and that an action for money had, and received would *404lie for each party for the amount so deposited by him. S( that, at the time of the service of this writ, November 27th 1844, Cheever held $100 as a deposit to the use of Gilbert, and if he was liable to be charged as trustee at that time, il is no good answer, that afterwards, in February, and when the result of the election was ascertained, he paid over the amount to Davis, the winner. It was a payment in his own wrong.
If it be urged that the contract was voidable, and could only be avoided by the party himself who had made the deposit; that it was a personal privilege to rescind it, which he might exercise or not, by notice to the depositary not to pay over; and that no such notice, or notice of the revocation of his authority, was given personally by the principal defendant to the trustee ; we think the argument cannot avail. The contract, as between the parties to the wager, was not voidable only, but absolutely void; not as injurious to the rights of one party, which he may avoid at his election, but as contrary to public policy, and wholly void, and needed not the act or will of the party to rescind it.
The contract being void between the parties, the money in the hands of the stakeholder becomes a naked deposit to the use of the depositor, and is precisely within the provisions of the trustee law. He has effects of the principal defendant intrusted and deposited in his hands, liable to be attached. Rev. Sts. c. 109, <§> 4.
As an owner of'money or other property may give it away without consideration, if he can do it without injury to his creditor or other third person, so he may authorize one holding money for his use to do the same. If, therefore, such stakeholder has paid over the money, with the authority of the depositor, before notice of the revocation of such authority, and before the right of any third person has intervened, the depositor, as we have seen, cannot recover it back. In the present case, the money had not been paid over when the attachment was made; no formal act of revocation on the part of the depositor was necessary; the attachment was an *405official revocation by rendering the depositor liable by law to answer to the attaching creditor. The service of the process, therefore, being thus a revocation of the authority of the stakeholder to pay over to Davis the money deposited by Gilbert, the depositary, Cheever, became chargeable as the trustee of Gilbert, to the amount of that deposit; and any payment afterwards was a payment in his own wrong.
Trustee charged.
A question having arisen upon the trustee’s claim for costs, the court are of opinion that as he had appeared at the first term at the court of common pleas, and submitted himself to examination, he was entitled to his travel and attendance in that court, to be taxed, together with $3 for his answer; all to be deducted from the funds in his hands. Rev. Sts. c. 109, ■§>■§> 49, 50. But as he appealed from the judgment of that court, charging him as trustee, under which he might have safely paid the money, the court are of opinion that he is entitled to no costs afterwards.
In Evans’s Essays on the action for money had and received, (Amer. ed.) 46-48, it is said that the report of Lacaussade v. White, 7 T. R. 535, is “substantially wrong; ” that the action was brought by the winner, and not the loser; that the loser availed himself of the illegality of the contract, to ave id performing his engagement, and in addition to this, wished to retain what he had received as the consideration for a contract which he had elected to vacate, end which, therefore, was in effect paid without consideration.