If ,ve are not to look beyond the mere verdict in the present case, inasmuch as that was for a sum less than twenty dollars, the plaintiff would be entitled for costs to only one fourth part of «he sum stated in the verdict as damages. But the amount of tne verdict is not conclusive as to costs. The pleadings, specifications, and issues submitted to the jury, may show a case, where, although less than twenty dollars damages were given by the verdict, mil costs should be allowed to the plaintiff. It would be so- where it appeared that the damages were reduced below twenty doflar-s by an account filed in set-off" under the statute. It would be so also, where, on the trial of a personal action, the title to real estate was involved. In these and like cases, it is competent, on the question of costs, to go into evidence to show upon what principle the verdict was rendered, and whether the case i", not an exception to the ordinary cases as to costs. For that purpose, we may properly recur, in the present case, to the pleadings and other evidence, to show the course of the trial, and ascertain the grounds of the verdict, The report of the presiding judge, stating his instructions to the *628jury as to their manner of assessing damages, is also property before us, on this appeal from his decision as to the taxation of costs.
The case is found to have been an action for the use and occupation of certain tenements of the plaintiff. As to the use and occupation of one of the tenements, the defendant pleaded a tender of $30, and as to the residue of the claim, he denied any indebtedness. Upon the trial, the jury were instructed “ that if they found the defendant tendered the sum of $30, they would find a verdict for the defendant, unless satisfied there was a larger sum due the plaintiff; if they found more than $30 was due the plaintiff, they would find a verdict for him for such further sum as they should find his claim .proved should exceed the sum, of $30, but not for the $30, that sum having been tendered and brought into court by the defendant for the plaintiff.” Under these instructions, the jury returned a verdict for $15. It is therefore quite apparent that the plaintiff recovered in fact, in his action, more than $15; as the verdict was exclusive of the sum brought into court by the defendant for the plaintiff, and which the plaintiff was entitled to at all events. The fruits of the action were therefore the $30, in addition to the $15.
It is urged, on the part of the defendant, that at common law the verdict of the jury on a plea of tender was given for the whole amount due on the promise, and the court deducted from the verdict the sum alleged to have been tendered, and which had been brought into court for the plaintiff, and entered judgment for the balance. This may be so, and the case of Boyden v. Moore, 5 Mass. 365, seems to indicate that as the proper course. If such had been the course of this trial, and the jury had been instructed to return their verdict for the whole amount dúe, without deducting the money brought into court, and they had returned a verdict for $15, it might have affected the costs. But where there is a plea of tender of $30, which admits a promise and liability to that amount, it is difficult to perceive how the verdict could have been for less than $30, if the jury had given the whole amount due on the promise to the plaintiff. But it is *629enough to say that this verdict was obviously taken only for the balance found due the plaintiff above the sum tendered.
In regard to the practice of assessing damages, in a case where a tender is pleaded of a sum less than that demanded by the plaintiff, there has not been an entire uniformity. The earlier, and perhaps more correct, mode was, to have the jury return a verdict for the whole sum due on the contract, without deducting the money brought into court, and if the verdict was for a larger sum than that tendered, the court deducted the sum brought into court, and rendered judgment for the balance. A different practice, and one like that adopted in the present case, has prevailed to some extent; either may, under proper instructions, effectually secure the rights of all parties. Perhaps the better rule will be found to be that the jury assess the whole sum due on the promise or contract, irrespective of any tender; as that would on the face of the verdict show the whole sum the plaintiff was entitled to receive, and prevent any further inquiry as to costs.
Upon the facts before us, we are satisfied that the plaintiff was entitled to receive, as the fruits of his suit, the sum of $30, in addition to the $15 assessed as damages by .the jury. The tender was at the peril of the defendant to tender enough to discharge the plaintiff’s whole demand. He not having done so, the plaintiff was at liberty to decline receiving the tender of $30, if made, and institute his action, and is entitled to recovar frill costs. Judgment affirmed.