We are called upon in this case to put a construction upon an illiterate will, written apparently by one not aware of the force and effect of the language of which he made use. The question is, whether the plaintiff took an estate in fee as devisee under the will, of his father. We can hardly expect to find any authority bearing very directly on the point., A few plain maxims of exposition, almost too familiar to require any thing but the shortest and plainest statement, must govern us. One is, to seek the intention of the testator, in doing which we are to look at every provision, clause and word of the will, which may tend to show the meaning of any particular clause ; another is, so to construe it as to carry that intension into effect, so far as it can be done consistently with the established rules of law.
By the provision of the Rev. Sts. c. 62, § 4, “ every devise in a will shall be construed to convey all of the estate of the devisor therein, which he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear by the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate.” This rule slightly changes that of the common law, which holds that, in a deed or conveyance inter vivas, a conveyance to one named, without adding “ heirs and assigns,” passes a life estate only to the grantee ; but in case of a will, in favor of the intent of the devisor, the rule is so far relaxed that, when the words “ heirs and assigns ” are omitted, an estate in fee will still pass, if it appears from the whole will that such was the intent of the testator.
*351In inquiring the intent of the plaintiff’s father in this will, it appears that it was his purpose to restrain and prohibit his son from parting during the son’s lifetime with the estate he gave him, whether that estate was for life or in fee. This is an intent which cannot be carried into effect, however manifest, because s it is contrary to the rules of law. A chief ingredient in the legal right of property is a right to dispose of it, a right to exchange, sell or give it away. Blackstone Bank v. Davis, 21 Pick. 42. Still, his intent to accomplish this purpose, if it appears, must have the same effect in interpreting the will as a whole, as if the law would permit it to have its intended effect.
The first clause in this item, the terms “ improvement, use and benefit ” unquestionably pass the estate itself, and the terms “ all, wherever situated, with all privileges,” extend it to every part of his real estate not afterwards excepted, and would carry a fee, were they not succeeded by the terms “ during his natural life.” These last words would limit the devise to an estate for life; and so it must stand, unless controlled by a pretty clear indication of a different intent, in other parts of the will. And we think there are several such indications.
In the first place, this clause, “ during his natural life,” is immediately followed by the reason, which is, “ that he may have the same for an inheritance so long as he may live, with no right to dispose of any part except” four specified lots. The term “ inheritance ” is generally well understood, and means estate held by one as an estate of inheritance, an estate which will go to his heirs. In this sense, and talcing it in connection with the restraining clause, it seems to import that he is to have the estate as if it were an estate in fee, subject only to this prohibition, that he shall not part with it during his life. It is to be remarked that this restriction upon alienation does not apply merely to a dwelling house, or homestead, or home farm, where the widow, to be supported by the son, may dwell and be furnished, as directed by the will; but it applies to all the estate given, wherever situated ; and would be alike applicable, whether the estate given be held to be a life estate or a fee.
Again; placing ttm absolute disposal of the reversion with *352this devisee shows an intention that the estate is to be ulti mately his, as if it were an estate in fee, with the restriction only that he shall not alienate it during his life, and looks to a disposal of the same by will, not to operate till his own decease. “ The reversion of all which shall be at his disposal,” we think, cannot apply to the excepted estate which he authorized his son, the devisee and executor, to sell, to raise money to pay debts; because of that he is expressly empowered to give “ good and lawful titles,” which, in our judgment, means complete, full titles, titles in fee. To sell a life estate to raise money, when the whole estate, as well by the law of the land as by the will, is liable to be sold for the payment of debts and legacies, would be so unusual, so ill adapted to the purpose, that such a construction would be absurd. On these excepted parcels of estate, when sold in fee, no reversion could arise; and the disposal of the reversion given to the plaintiff then is not satisfied by supposing that it was a reversion expectant upon the sale of the excepted estates ; and the words must therefore apply to the other estates, all of which were given by the residuary clause to the plaintiff. And we think the words, “ the reversion of all which,” in the concluding clause, in connection with a general residuary gift of all the remainder of his personal property, apply to the whole paragraph ; whereas the terms “ all of which said lands,” in the previous clause, are manifestly limited to the excepted land.
How then, it may be asked, does the term “ reversion ” apply, if he had not given a life estate to the son? We suppose the testator intended that the estate should ultimately go to his son and his heirs, and thought he could lawfully prohibit him from alienating the estate so long as he lived, and could do this by giving him in one clause an estate for life, and in another clause the reversion expectant on his decease ; for placing the reversion absolutely at his disposal was, in legal effect, a devise of the reversion to him. But the manifest intent of the testator to prohibit the alienation of the estate by the son, during his life, could not be carried into effect, and was inoperative and void. Then it stands as if it were in terms a devise to his son for life, the reversion to his heirs. The legal effect would be. *353that, as the life estate must continue to the moment of his decease, and the devise of the reversion would commence at the same moment, by force of law these two rights, on probate of the will, vest in the devisee, and thereby coalesce and form an estate in fee; or, which is perhaps a more simple way of considering it, taking the whole will together, it was the intention to give the plaintiff an estate in fee, prohibiting him from alienating any part of it during his life, except for the purpose of raising funds for the settlement of the estate ;■ the latter intent was inoperative and void, and so the plaintiff took an estate in fee.
Some other considerations tend to the same conclusion, such as an apparent purpose to dispose of all his estate; no devise over of the remaii der after the termination of the son’s life; and the general tone of the will.
At all events, we cannot say, according to the rule of exposition prescribed in the revised statutes, that the testator, having himself an estate in fee in the premises, did not convey such an estate to the devisee; because, we think, it does not clearly appear by his will that he intended to convey a less estate.
Judgment for the plaintiff.
Thomas, J did not sit in thi¡> -rase.