It seems originally to have been questioned whether the sale of indigo by the plaintiff to Eaton, Hill & Candler was conditional; but it is now admitted that it was on condition of being paid therefor in satisfactory paper at six months. The question therefore is, whether this was such a delivery, without compliance with the condition, as to make the sale absolute, so as to vest the property in the vendee from the delivery. If there was a waiver of the condition and the prop erty vested absolutely in the vendees, then the plaintiff had nc right to recover, whether these defendants had acquired any title from those vendees or not. The sole ground on which the plaintiff can recover in this suit is, that he never parted with that property which he had in the indigo before the negotiation with Eaton, Hill & Candler.
The transfer of personal property is effected by an executed contract; and this consists of a contract or agreement on the terms of sale, by the parties or their agents, and a delivery, actual or constructive, pursuant to the terms of such agreement. Delivery is essential; without delivery the property does not vest in the vendee so as to enable him to make title to a third party; and until it vests in the vendee it remains in the vendor.
The question then on trial in this case was, whether the plaintiff had waived the condition of this sale, and manifested by his language or conduct an intention or a willingness to waive the condition and make the sale absolute, without having the satisfactory paper. When there is a condition made at the contract of sale favorable to the vendor, and solely for his benefit, he may, if he choose, waive it, and treat the contract as if no such condition had been embraced in it. Waiver is a voluntary relinquishment or renunciation of some right, a foregoing or giving up of some *232benefit or advantage, which, but for such waiver, he would have enjoyed. It may be proved by express declaration; or by acta and declarations manifesting an intent and purpose not to claim the supposed advantage; or by a course of acts and conduct, or by so neglecting and failing to act, as to induce a belief that it was his intention and purpose to waive. Still, voluntary choice not to claim is of the essence of waiver, and not mere negligence ; though from such negligence unexplained such intention may be inferred.
The question of waiver therefore is a question of fact for a jury; it may be proved by various species of proofs and evidence, by declarations, by acts, and by nonfeasance or forbearing to claim or act; but however proved, the question is, Has he willingly given up and forborne to claim the benefit of the condition ? In this case it was, Did the plaintiff voluntarily deliver the goods, without intending to rely on the condition ?
Let us apply these rules to the present case. Here there was a contract of sale through a broker on the 7th of August 1857. It was on condition of having satisfactory paper, that is, the purchaser’s own notes or acceptances, if satisfactory to the seller, otherwise with indorsers or sureties. It was not a general sale on credit. There was not a formal delivery by the seller to the buyer; the delivery was constructive. The first act done by the plaintiff towards a delivery was on the 12th of August, by sending to the purchasers a bill of parcels, specifying the terms of the sale, a custom-house permit, the goods being in a government warehouse, and the weigher’s certificate. There was no order of the vendor on the warehouse keeper to deliver the goods to the vendee, which would authorize the warehouse keeper to transfer the indigo from the credit of the plaintiff to that of Eaton, Hill & Candler. Such an order would have constituted a constructive delivery, like the London dock warrant. The most the case finds is a custom to consider the custom-house permit sufficient to authorize the bearer to take the custody of the goods. But it is a mere naked authority, not coupled with an interest, and revocable; so that, until actually executed by taking possession, it did not amount to a delivery. Nor was the *233indigo actually removed from the United States warehouse until the 2d of September. But this sending of the custom-house permit was the only act done by the plaintiff towards a delivery, and was the act by which the purchasers obtained the custody of the indigo; and this permit was accompanied by the bill of parcels, stating the condition to be payment in satisfactory paper. Much other evidence was in the case.
We think the direction of the judge who tried the cause was correct, both in what he declined to rule, and in the instruction actually given. The instruction requested assumes a state of facts which the jury were yet to find from the evidence; and it asks that the jury may find a verdict on part of the evidence, to the exclusion of other material evidence.
In what the judge did instruct, the first part was clearly favorable to the defendants, and what they asked, namely, that a delivery without compliance with the condition was presumed to be absolute, and a waiver of the condition. In the other part, the court are of opinion that the instruction was correct, that this presumption of fact might be controlled, and that it was a question of fact for the jury.
There was proper evidence on both sides to go to the jury, they were rightly directed both as to the burden of proof and as. to the law of the case; and the court are therefore of opinion that the exceptions must be overruled.
As to the admission of proof of the custom, it seems to us that it was nothing more than has been proved in many other cases, that by a general understanding among merchants, where merchandise is sold on condition, the goods are actually placed in the custody of the buyer before compliance with the condition, and that such change of custody is not de facto a waiver of the condition, and that the property does not thereby pass. Such was the decision in the cases of Hill v. Freeman, 3 Cush. 257 and Tyler v. Freeman, 3 Cush. 261. Exceptions overruled.
Hoar, J. did not sit in this case.