This record presents the question whether the town of Hull has the right to take sand and gravel from the beach of the plaintiff to repair its highways. In deciding this, it is unnecessary to consider whether the ancient title to this beach and the other beaches in Hull was in the proprietors of the common and undivided lands in Hull, from whom the plaintiff has derived his title. There was a controversy between the proprietors and the town in regard to the right to take seaweed, sand, gravel and stone from the beaches and shores, and in 1810 *518the proprietors applied to the Legislature for an act of incorporation. Of this the town had notice, and in town meeting it was voted, among other things, not to oppose the petition, “if the proprietors agree to let the town have the beaches.” By consent of both parties, the St. of 1811, c. 56, incorporating the proprietors, was passed ; and § 3 contains the clause, “ also reserving to the town of Hull the privilege of the shores, and of feeding all lands, not comprehended within the aforementioned bounds; ” the bounds are described in §T. It is obvious that it was not the intention by these words to confer any new privilege or rights upon the town, but that the town should retain such privilege or right as it then possessed and had previously exercised.
In Cushing v. Worrick, 9 Gray, 382, it was held that this clause confirmed the privilege of the town to all the beaches, and not merely to those “ not comprehended within the aforementioned bounds,” and that the act, having been passed by consent of all the parties in interest, was binding. The court say: “ The construction which we adopt is the same which was acquiesced in by the parties for twenty-six years succeeding the passage of the statute.” It was accordingly decided that a lessee of the proprietors could not maintain an action against a person who, acting under a license from the town, had taken seaweed from Nantasket Beach.
The only question in this ease is whether the “ privilege of the shores ” includes the right to take sand and gravel, as well as seaweed. The extent of the “privilege of the shores,” reserved to the town, is not defined or limited by the statute. If we were to construe these words by themselves, as creating a new right in the town, and without regard to the peculiar circumstances under which the act was passed, the question would be presented for decision whether they would authorize the town to remove sand, earth or gravel, cast upon the shore by the sea and becoming part thereof, although capable of being removed without damage to the shore itself. But construing the words “ reserving to the town the privilege of the shores,” in view of the actual condition of things at the time, and of the subject matter tc which they apply, as a simple confirmation of the privilege then existing and enjoyed by the town in the shores, we may properly look to the acts and the conduct of the parties to ascertain the *519extent of the privilege thus intended to be reserved and confirmed to the town. On this point, the record affords abundant evidence.
The records of the town and of the proprietors from 1780 to 1808 are lost. But it appears by the town records that in 1808 the town voted to let to various persons the right to take from the shores and beaches seaweed, sand, gravel and stone. Similar votes were passed in 1809 and in 1810. During that time, it does not appear that the proprietors exercised any authority over the beaches. And it is agreed that the town dealt with the beaches, each year from 1808 to 1837, in the manner indicated by their votes, and during that period it was not interfered with by the proprietors. We find therefore disclosed by these records and agreements the character and extent of the use or privilege in the shores, exercised by the town at the time the act was passed, and the acquiescence of the proprietors in such use for twenty-six years afterwards. And we are of opinion that this use was intended to be reserved to the town as “ the privilege of the shores.”
Nor is the natural meaning of the word '“privilege,” which may be defined as a right peculiar to a,n individual or body, inconsistent with this construction. As applied to the shores of the sea, its obvious meaning is the right to take those things cast upon the shore by the sea. They are alluded to in Cushing v. Worrick, as seaweed, shells, and other profits of the beach or shore between high and low-water mark. But what these profits are must depend upon the circumstances of each case. Sand, gravel and stones are often washed by storms upon a sea beach, the removal of which would not materially affect the beach itself, In some localities, great quantities of such material are thrown up. We cannot say that this is not the case upon the beaches and shores of Hull, and, from the record, such appears to be ■ the fact. The right to remove them might, under such circumstances, be properly described as a privilege, if it appears that such was the right intended to be given or secured. There is nothing in this case which shows that the defendant, acting for the town of Hull, exceeded this privilege when he took sand, earth and gravel, for the repair of the highways, from the plaintiff's beach. And it is unnecessary to determine whether the *520privilege named in the statute gives any more extensive right to the town than this.
After 1837, and until 1864, when, by the St. of 1864, e. 45, the county commissioners were authorized to purchase of the proprietors their lands, the right to manage the beaches was in controversy between the town and the proprietors. But that fact is immaterial, as the rights of the town, to the extent we have indicated, were determined by the St. of 1811. The plaintiff, who purchased of the county commissioners, can have no greater rights than the proprietors, and takes his land subject to such privileges as the town may have therein.
No argument was addressed to us by either side in regard to the St. of 1864, e. 45, § 3, and we have not considered the bearing of that section on the matter in controversy.
Judgment for the defendant. *
The St. of 1878, c. 163, makes it an offence, punishable by fine or imprisonment, for any person or corporation to take or remove, without the consent in writing of the board of harbor commissioners, from any of the shores or beaches in the town of Hull, ‘ any earth, sand, gravel, stones or other material of like nature, now or hereafter composing such shores or beaches.”