The report finds that no authority was shown to have been given to the treasurer to sell or indorse the notes in controversy; that neither the trustees nor the committee of *179investment had any knowledge of the sale; and that the defendant produced no evidence to sustain the averments of the answer as to any negligence or carelessness on the part of the trustees, whereby the treasurer was permitted by them for a long space of time to deliver and indorse the notes belonging to the corporation, in behalf of the corporation, to innocent parties, and to transact the general business of the bank according to his will and pleasure. There was no averment or proof of any general usage of savings banks to allow their treasurers to transfer notes. The question, therefore, presented by this case is, whether, in the absence of any actual authority, by statute, charter, by-law, vote, oral permission, understanding or assent, and of any usage of savings banks in general or of this particular bank, the treasurer, merely by virtue of his office, had an implied power to transfer to a purchaser the notes of the institution. No case is cited by counsel, and, after some research, we have found none, in which it has been held that he has such power; and, on principle, we have come to the conclusion that it is a safer and better rule to hold that he has not.
No doubt emergencies may arise, in the experience of a savings bank, in which it may be desirable or necessary to part with notes owned by it, and realize their value in money, before their maturity. It is however true, as a general proposition, that it is no part of the design of such an institution, ordinarily and as a part of its regular business, to trade in notes. Commonwealth v. Reading Savings Bank, 133 Mass. 16. According to the custom, which we believe to be universal, and which is recognized in the statutes, (Pub. Sts. c. 116, § 21,) each savings bank has a board of investment or investing committee, consisting of a certain number of its trustees, who are immediately and primarily responsible for the safe investment of its funds according to law. There is no specific statement or enumeration, in the statutes, of the powers and duties of the treasurer; but it is obvious that these will have reference to the nature of the things to be done by him in the ordinary course of the business of the institution. And while it is no doubt true that occasions may arise for a different practice, yet, according to the theory, and also as we believe to the custom, of savings banks, investments in notes are usually made with a view to- holding them until *180their maturity, or at least without the expectation of frequent changes by sale.
The view which we take of this question does not trench at all upon the doctrine, that the authority of agents or officers of a corporation need not appear by vote, and that the public, in dealing with such agents or officers, may safely confide in the existence of such authority, not inconsistent with the charter, as is openly and habitually exercised. Lester v. Webb, 1 Allen, 34. Case v. Bank, 100 U. S. 446, 454. Nor need it cast any doubt upon the authority of a treasurer of a savings bank, who usually receives payment of notes due to the corporation, to surrender to the makers of notes, which are paid, such collateral securities as may be held therefor, and to execute such transfers as may be necessary to revest the property in the original owners.
It is next contended, on the part of the defendant, that the notes in question bore the name of but one promisor, and that they were not such notes as savings banks may lawfully take; and it is urged that .therefore no remedy exists against the defendant, even if the act of the treasurer was unauthorized or fraudulent. But this argument overlooks the true nature of the question. We are not to consider whether the trustees, under such circumstances, might be held amenable to any legal consequences. But the deposits are trust funds, held for the benefit of the depositors. If, by intentional evasion of the statutory requirements, or by looseness of practice or inadvertence, improper investments of these or any other trust funds are made, the trust nevertheless attaches to the investments; and the remedy, either of the trustees or of the cestuis que trust, in availing themselves of the security so improperly taken, is not impaired by the breach of trust. If a trustee has lent trust money in an unauthorized manner, he not only may recover it back from the borrower, but it is his duty to do so. Payne v. Collier, 1 Ves. Jr. 170. Greenwood v. Wakeford, 1 Beav. 576. Fuller v. Knight, 6 Beav. 205, 211. Bancroft v. Consen, 13 Allen, 50. This doctrine applies to the present case. Farmington Savings Bank v. Fall, 71 Maine, 49. National Pemberton Bank v. Porter, 125 Mass. 333.
A bill in equity is the proper remedy. See next case.
Beeree for the plaintiffs.