The Pub. Sts. c. 207, § 53, provide that “ Every owner, possessor, or person having the charge or custody of an animal, who cruelly drives or works it when unfit for labor, or cruelly abandons it, or carries it or causes it to be carried in or upon a vehicle, or otherwise, in an unnecessarily cruel or inhuman manner, or knowingly andr wilfully authorizes or permits it to be subjected to unnecessary torture, suffering, or cruelty of any kind, shall be punished,” &c. The complaint alleges that the defendant, at a certain time and place, “ was the person having the charge and custody of a certain animal, to wit, a fox, and did then and there, knowingly and wilfully, permit the said fox to be subjected to unnecessary suffering” by turning it loose to be hunted by dogs, whereby it was hunted, and “subjected to unnecessary suffering.”
The defendant excepted to the refusal of the court to rule that the evidence was not .sufficient to warrant a conviction. The evidence tended to prove that the defendant let a fox loose from his custody in the presence of several dogs; that the fox ran into a thick wood, and disappeared; that about five minutes afterwards the dogs were let loose, and pursued the fox, and caught it and mangled it. The jury might have found that the fox was let loose by the defendant to be hunted by the dogs, and that the dogs were procured by him and were let loose by *300his direction in order that they should hunt the fox. The evidence is sufficient to prove these facts; the question is whether these facts constitute or prove the offence described in the statute.
It is objected that the statute does not include noxious animals ; that there is no evidence that the fox was subjected to unnecessary suffering; and that there is no evidence that it was subjected to* any suffering by the defendant, or while it was in the charge or custody of the defendant.
The word “ animal ” must be held to include wild and noxious animals, unless the purpose of the statute or the context indicate a limited meaning. There is nothing in the general purpose and intent of the statute that would prevent it from including all animals, within the common meaning of that word. The statute does not define an offence against the rights of property in animals, nor against the rights of the animals that aré in a sense protected by it. The offence is against the public morals, which the commission of cruel and barbarous acts tends to corrupt. ' See Commonwealth v. Tilton, 8 Met. 232. It is as obnoxious to the reason of the statute wantonly to torture a wild animal, held in subjection by force, as to torture a tame animal.
The history and context of the statute show that all brute animals are intended. The Gen. Sts. c. 165, § 41, reeziacting the Rev. Sts. e. 130, § 22, and in force until the St. of 1868, e. 212, was enacted, provided that “Whoever cruelly beats or tortures any horse, ox, or other animal, whether belonging to himself or another, shall be punished,’’ &c. The St. of 1868, c. 212, contained particular provisions, which are substantially found in the Public Statutes. Section 1 provided for punishing “ whoever shall overdrive, overload, overwork, torture, torment, deprive of necessary sustenance, cruelly beat, mutilate, or kill, or cause or procure ” to be so treated “ any horse, ox, or other animal, and whoever having the charge or custody of any such animal” shall unnecessarily fail to provide for it proper sustenance and shelter. Section 2 related to the owner or person having the charge or custody of “ any horse, ox, or other animal,” who permits it to be subjected to unnecessary torture or cruelty. Section 3 related to working or abandoning cruelly a disabled “horse, mule, or other animal.” Section 4 was a general provision in *301regard to the transportation of “ any animal.” Sections 5-7 related to the transportation by railroad companies of “ cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals.” Under this statute it might have been contended that § 2 did not include wild or noxious animals; but the statute was repealed the next year, and the St. of 1869, e. 344, enacted in place of it, the first two sections of which were in the form in which they appear in the Pub. Sts. c. 207, §§ 52, 53. These two sections include the substance of the first four sections of the St. of 1868. Section 3 of the St. of 1869 included §§ 5-7 of the St. of 1868, relating to transportation on railroads. The St. of 1869 nowhere designated any particular animal, or species, but uniformly used the words “ any animal ” or “ animals.” Section 6 provided that “ In this act the word 6 animal ’ or 6 animals ’ shall be held to include all brute creatures.” This provision is not reenacted in the Public Statutes, apparently for the same reason that the provision immediately following it in the same section, that the words “ owner,” “ person,” and “ whoever ” should include corporations, was not reenacted, — because it was unnecessary. The word “ animal,” in its common acceptation, includes all irrational beings. It was used in that sense in the St. of 1869, and it is not conceivable that the Legislature intended to give a different meaning to the word in the reenactment of that statute in the Public Statutes.
The statute does not require either the allegation or proof of torture or cruelty, except as involved in unnecessary suffering, knowingly and wilfully permitted. It is argued that the fox is a noxious animal, which man may lawfully kill; that hunting it with dogs is a proper mode of killing it; and that therefore the suffering inflicted by that mode of killing is not “ unnecessary ” within the meaning of the statute. The statute does not apply to foxes in their natural free condition, but only when they are in the dominion and custody of man. The right to kill a captive fox does not involve the right to inflict unnecessary suffering upon it in the manner of its death, any more than the right to kill a domestic animal involves the right to inflict unnecessary suffering upon it, or cruelly to kill it. It cannot be said, as matter of law, that throwing a captive fox among dogs, to be mangled and torn by them, is not exposing it to unnecessary suffering.
*302It is argued that there was not sufficient evidence to prove that the fox was in the custody or charge of the defendant when the suffering was inflicted upon it. It is not necessary to consider whether there was evidence of suffering from fear when the fox was in the custody of the defendant in the presence of the dogs, because we have no doubt that, by letting loose the fox for the purpose of being hunted by the dogs, the defendant permitted it to be hunted and permitted it to be subjected to all the suffering which it endured, and which naturally followed its being hunted in pursuance of that purpose. It was the act of the defendant while he had the custody of the fox that put it within the power of the dogs, and it is immaterial that they were restrained for five minutes before starting in fresh pursuit.
The objections to the complaint, which are not involved in the questions already considered, are for formal defects, of which the defendant could avail himself only by taking the objection before judgment in the District Court. Pub. Sts. c. 214, § 25. Commonwealth v. Brigham, 108 Mass. 457.
Exceptions overruled.