By the receipts upon which this suit is brought the defendant bound himself to keep the attached property safely, and to redeliver' it to the plaintiff upon demand, or, if no demand was made, to redeliver it within thirty days from the rendering of judgments in the actions in which the attachments were made, so that it might be taken on execution.
The character and effect of such a receipt were considered in the recent ease of Wright v. Dawson, 147 Mass. 384. In that case the judgment debtor was adjudged insolvent before the judgment was rendered, and the property attached, having been delivered to the debtor by the receiptor, went into the hands of his assignee for the benefit of creditors. It is there stated as a general rule deduced from the authorities, that, under such *514a receipt, the receiptor is not under an absolute liability to redeliver the property, but may prove as an excuse for not delivering it, or as a defence to an action upon the receipt, any state of facts which shows that the officer is not under any liability to apply the property to the debt of the attaching creditor, or to return it to the debtor or other owner.
In the case at bar, the judgments were rendered two days, and the executions issued one day, before the first publication of notice of the insolvency of the judgment debtor, and the property attached was used wholly or in part by him in his business before the insolvency, it having been put into his hands by the receiptor. The plaintiff made a memorandum upon each of the executions of the time he received it, but made no demand on the receiptor, and did nothing further. We think that these points of difference do not take the case out of the principle of Wright v. Dawson.
The plaintiff- was never under any liability to return the attached property to the debtor or to the assignee. If he had made a demand for the property before the insolvency proceedings, it would have been the duty of the receiptor to deliver it at once, and of the plaintiff to apply it to the debt of the attaching creditors by a levy of the executions, and the right of the creditors acquired by a levy would not have been defeated by the insolvency. In such case, the defendant, if he refused to deliver the property, might be liable under his receipts. But the plaintiff made no demand, and there was therefore no default or breach of contract on the part of the defendant until the expiration of thirty days from the rendering of judgment. When it became his duty, according to the tenor of his contracts, to redeliver the property, insolvency proceedings were pending, and the plaintiff had no right to apply the goods to the benefit of the creditors, thus giving them a preference. The attachments were dissolved, so that the creditors had no lien on the property, and the officer could not then lawfully levy their executions upon it. If the defendant had delivered the property to the plaintiff, it would have been of no benefit to him or to the attaching creditors. It could not be taken to satisfy their executions. As the officer could not legally apply the property to relieve himself from liability to any one, the receiptor is not liable for *515not producing it. Wright v. Dawson, 147 Mass. 384, and cases cited.
The plaintiff contends that the delivery of the executions to the officer, and his making a memorandum of the time of such delivery, were sufficient to change the rights of the parties and fix the liability of the defendant. But the officer could acquire no new lien on the property, or right to apply it in satisfaction of the executions, except by a valid levy. Andrews v. Southwick, 13 Met. 535. To constitute a levy on personal property, he must take possession of the property, or be in such a position that he can exercise control and dominion over it. The plaintiff could not make a valid levy, which would give him any lien upon or right to the property, by merely minuting on the executions the time they were delivered to him.
Upon the facts of this case, the Superior Court rightly held that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover.
jExceptions overruled.