By Court,
Benedict, C. J.:This was an action of forcible entry and detainer, by Cordova against Tipton, before a justice of the peace, in which, upon the trial, judgment was rendered against Tip-ton, and he sought to appeal, and entered into bond for such purpose, but omitted to place a revenue stamp of fifty cents upon the bond. In the district court the appellee moved to dismiss the appeal for want of a revenue stamp upon the bond. The appellant moved for a rule upon the justice to send up a perfect transcript, which was granted, and the clerk annexed a revenue stamp of fifty cents to the notice issued to the justice. The justice also attached a like fifty-eent stamp to his answer to the rule. ■ The court gave leave to the appellant to amend his appeal bond. To the amended bond a like stamp was affixed. The court, after all these acts were performed, dismissed the appeal, upon the ground that the original bond upon which the cause was taken from the justice’s court to the district court was not stamped in conformity with the requirements of an act of congress, approved June 30, 1864.
The judgment dismissing the appeal is the error assigned upon the record in this court.
The one hundred and fifty-eighth section of the cited act provides: “That any person or persons who shall make, sign, or issue, or wbo sliall cause to be made, signed, or issued, any instrument,-document, or paper of any kind or description whatsoever, or shall accept or pay, or cause .to be accepted or paid, any bill of exchange, draft, or order, or promissory note for the payment of money, without the same being duly stamped or having thereon an adhesive stamp for denoting the duty chargeable thereon, with in-intent to evade the provisions of this act, shall for every such offense forfeit the sum of two hundred dollars, and such instrument, document, or paper, bill, draft, order, or note, shall be deemed invalid and of no effect.’'
Section 170, schedule B, declares that a stamp of fifty cents shall be upon “writs or other process on appeals from justices’ courts or other courts of inferior jurisdiction to a court of record.”
In the Revised Statutes of this territory, sec. 81, p. 162, it is provided that “ any person aggrieved by any judgment rendered by any justice may appeal by himself, his agent, or attorney to the district court of the county where the same was rendered, provided, however, that no appeal shall be allowed unless the part}' appealing shall file a bond to the adverse party in a sum sufficent to secure such judgment and costs, with one or more securities to be approved by the justice.
“ Sec. 82. CJpon an appeal being made according to the foregoing section, the justice shall alloAV the same, and make an entry of such allowance on his docket, and all further proceedings on the judgment shall be suspended by the allowance of the appeal.
“ Sec. 83. On or before the first day of the next term of the district court for the county, the justice shall file in the office of the clerk of said court, a transcript of all the entries made in his docket relating to the case, together with all the papers relating to the suit.”
The chief inquiries in this case are, what is the process by which appeals in this territory are taken from a justice’s court to the district court, and where and when the revenue stamp shall be applied. An appeal “signifies the removal of a cause from an inferior court or judge to a superior.” “Process,” says Jacob’s Law Diet., p. 302, vol. 5, “ hath two significations: first, it is largely taken for all the proceedings in any action or prosecution, real or personal, civil or criminal, from the beginning to the end.”
No statute of New Mexico commands any summons or notice to issue to the adverse party when an appeal is taken in the ordinary mode. Indeed, should such a requirement be made, the appeal must first be in the district court upon which to base a summons. It has been urged in argument, that as no specific process or writ is ordained in appeals from the justices’ to the district court, no stamp duty is required. This court can not tolerate such a proposition, although it is made by a counsel holding the position of United States district attorney for New Mexico. Bevenue larvs are necessarily arbitrary and positive in their character. They must be so in all countries and governments. The temptations to evade them, or the attempt to evade them, should, in this republic, be removed, as far as human wisdom can establish. The integrity and life of the union has been preserved through appalling sacrifice of blood and an immense accumulation of debt. This is a sacred debt, and must be faithfully discharged. To this end, and to perform justice and maintain the honor and credit of the United States, such heavy taxation is now laid upon the business of the people in so many varied forms. The revenue from appeals in New Mexico is not to be defrauded or evaded by any want in this court to understand what is, under our laws, the process of appeal or removal of a cause from a justice’s court to a superior, court. The process includes the steps and forms of proceeding’ by which the aggrieved party carries his cause to a higher tribunal. He must file a bond as required by law, and when done his appeal is granted. He has done all the laws require of him. All further proceedings upon the judgment in the justice’s court must at once cease. The party by his acts has put the cause beyond the justice’s control. He must transmit a transcript of his acts in the case to the district court. This is another step, but not the chief or principal one. It is not the act of the party, it is a duty enjoined upon the justice by law. The moving for the appeal, and making of the bond, are the chief and essential steps in the proceedings or process of appeal. All the subsequent steps result as a matter of course. Somewhere and at some time the revenue stamp must be affixed. It is our opinion it should be applied upon the chief act of the party in the process or proceedings of appeal. This is the making of the bond. The bond must be made within the time prescribed by statute and duly stamped when made and perfected.
It is urged that bonds required in legal proceedings are exempt from stamp duties. The position seems to be correct from the reading of the statute. The appeal bond is not required to be stamped because it is a bond, but because it is the principal step or means taken in the process or proceeding of appeal. To affix the stamp upon the justice’s transcript could not be contemplated, for the appeal has already been taken and allowed, and the justice but sends a history of the proceedings before him to the district court, together with the papers. In this he performs only a ministerial duty, and it would be unjust to charge him with the expense of furnishing the stamp.
Did the omission to fix a stamp when the bond was made render the attempt to appeal invalid ? We think it did, in view of the necessary interpretation of the act of congress. It is said, and doubtless said truly, that the omission of the revenue stamp was not with intent to evade the act of congress. The appellant’s intention might avail him in a defense against a prosecution to recover the penalty of two hundred dollars, but can not in his proceeding of appeal. This proceeding must be “deemed invalid and of no effect,” as the statute declares.
As, therefore, the attempt to appeal was wholly invalid, and of no effect, it could not have validity infused into it in the district court. Should this court permit parties to remove causes into the district court, and there affix revenue stamps, the door would be open for evasions and frauds upon the act of congress. Many appeals are settled and dismissed by the litigants themselves, without any action of the court. In this case tbe appellant evidently resorted to several plans to cure, in the district court, his failure to stamp his appeal at the proper time. His appeal being wholly invalid and without effect, there was nothing which could be cured, and the court properly dismissed the proceeding.
It is the opinion of this court that the judgment of the court below be affirmed, with costs.