The material facts disclosed by the record are substantially as follows :
The appellant, Edward M. Kelly, was indicted for the crime of murder in the first degree, at the February term, 1881, of the district court of Santa Fe county, in the judicial district aforesaid; and after being arraigned, and pleading not guilty, at the term aforesaid, the appellant made an affidavit for a change of venue from the county aforesaid to the nearest county free from exceptions. This affidavit, in addition to positive averments sufficient for a change of venue from Santa Fe county where the cause originated, contained the averment that the same objections existed in San Miguel county, and in several other counties specified. Counter-affidavits were received and read under objection and exception by the appellant as to the grounds of exception to San Miguel county, upon appellant’s motion for a change of venue upon his said affidavit, which was supported by two other affiants. The court, upon all the affidavits under objection and exception by the appellant, ordered a change of venue to said San Miguel county, in the judicial district aforesaid. The then next succeeding term of the district court for said county of San Miguel commenced on the 7th day of March, 1881. On that day, at such term, the cause was set for trial the following Monday, the 14th day of March, 1881. On the sixteenth day of that month, the appellant made a motion for a continuance to the then next term, based on affidavits made by him and by others on his behalf therefor. This motion was overruled, and such ruling excepted to the same day. On the last day but one of the term, at 30 minutes past 10 in the evening, the case was brought on for trial. The prisoner being brought before the court for trial, with shackles on his legs, he moved the court to have them removed, whereupon the sheriff having the prisoner in charge, informed the court, “ That the irons were riveted on, and in order to remove them, the prisoner would have to be taken to a blacksmith’s shop ; that no such shop was open at that hour, and he did not believe he could find a blacksmith ; and that even in the day time it would take quite a ■while.” Thereupon the court directed the case to proceed without removing the irons, but ordered that before the jury was accepted and sworn the following day, the irons must be removed.
Thereupon several jurors (how many does not appear), were examined as to their qualifications to try the cause, and passed upon.
The next morning before any other proceedings in the case were had, or other jurors examined, or any juror was accepted or sworn, the irons were removed from the prisoner.
The regular panel of petit jurors being exhausted, except as to one Robert Oakley thereon, who, after being called, did not respond, and the sheriff, after being directed to find him, had reported that he could not be found, and neither party requiring an attachment for such absent juror, the regular panel was regarded by the court as exhausted, whereupon talesmen were brought into court for the purpose of completing the trial jury. The names of such talesmen were not furnished to the prisoner twenty-four hours before trial.
A trial jury was finally accepted and sworn. The appellant was tried and convicted of murder in' the first degree. Motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were interposed, overruled and excepted to. Sentence and judgment were pronounced and entered in the usual form upon the verdict.
Upon the foregoing proceedings, errors are assigned as follows:
First. That the court erred in receiving and considering counter-affidavits, as to appellant’s exceptions to San Miguel county averred in his affidavit for a change of venue.
Second. That the court erred in ordering a change of venue to said county of San Miguel.
Third. That the court erred in overruling the motion for a continuance.
Fourth. That the court erred in permitting the appellant to be tried without being furnished, twenty-four houi’s before trial, with the names of talesmen summoned after the regular panel of the petit jurors had been exhausted.
Fifth. That the court erred in directing the parties to enter upon and proceed with the calling and examination of jurors to try the cause while the prisoner had his irons on, and after he had asked to have them removed.
Covering the first assignment of error in regard to change of venue, the statute provides, as follows: “ The venue shall be changed in all cases, both civil and criminal, to the nearest county free from exceptions, when the judge is interested, or when the party moving for a change, shall make oath that he cannot have justice done him in the county in which the suit is then pending, setting forth the cause of such obstruction of justice, which oath must be supported by the additional oaths of at least two disinterested persons, provided that neither party shall be allowed to change the venue in the same case more than twice:” General Laws N. M., Prince’s ed., 117, sec. 17. The construction we give to this statute is, that if the proper affidavit is made by the party moving for a change of venue, and supported by the affidavits of two or more disinterested pei’sons, such affidavits are to be considered as conclusive as to the county in which the suit is then pending, and that the court has no discretion to refuse such application, so far as changing the venue from that county. In determining, however, which is the nearest county thereto, and whether the same be free from exceptions within the meaning of the statute, the affidavits on behalf of such moving party, are not conclusive. These are questions, the determination of which rests in the sound discretion of the presiding judge, and it would be not only-proper, but the duty of the judge to receive such evidence from whatever source as will satisfy his conscience in the exercise of his discretion.
The application of any other rule of construction would give to the party moving a change the power of preventing a trial altogether by raising exceptions to every county in the territory.
Ve will here take occasion to remail?:, that the affidavit of the moving party as well as those in support of the same, in order to be conclusive as to the county in which the suit is then pending, must be positive in all material averments, and not made on information and belief merely. In this respect the sufficiency of the supporting affidavits in this case is doubtful.
The court having granted a change of venue from the county in which the suit was then pending to the county of San Miguel, there was no error in receiving and considering counter-affidavits to exceptions to the latter county.
This disposes also of the second assignment of error. The overruling the motion for a continuance, which is the third assignment of error, was a matter addressed to the sound discretion of the court. The record does not disclose any such abuse of discretion under the circumstances as will justify the court in disturbing the judgment on that ground.
The statute covering the fourth assignment of error is as follows:
“ A list of the jurors summoned shall be given to the defendant in all capital cases twenty-four hours before the trial, and in all other cases before the jury is sworn, if required : Gen. Laws N. M., Prince’s ed., 288, sec. 20.”
The £< list of the jurors summoned ” within the meaning of this statute evidently refers to the regular panel summoned and accepted for the term, and does not include talesmen summoned to complete the trial jury after such regular panel has been exhausted.
The fifth assignment of error presents a question of more serious import. There can be no doubt that a prisoner, when brought to the bar of the court for trial, is entitled to have his irons removed before the trial commences, unless the court be of the opinion that their retention upon the limbs of the prisoner is a reasonable precaution to prevent an escape, or to insure the safety of the bystanders and the orderly conduct of the prisoner.
Neither can there be any doubt that the calling and examination of jurors to try a cause is a part — and to the prisoner at the bar a very important part — of the proceedings of a trial. It' would'be irregular at this stage of the trial to compel the prisoner to appear at the bar in irons for no better reason than that it would be inconvenient to remove them, or that their removal would cause a delay of a few hours in the trial.
In the case of the People v. Harrington, 42 Cal., 165, the defendant having been indicted for robbery, was brought before the court for trial with irons on his limbs. His counsel asked for their removal, which was denied, the court stating that the defendant should be tried in irons, and that none of his rights were violated by being tried in irons without his consent. The bill of exceptions contained a statement in effect that there were no circumstances or facts before the court showing any excuse or grounds for compelling the prisoner to be tried in irons. Exceptions to this ruling having been taken, tbe judgment on appeal was reversed on this ground alone. •
The judge who pronounced the opinion of the court said: “ A prisoner on his trial in court is in the custody of the law, and under the immediate control of and subject to the orders of the court. Should the court refuse to allow the prisoner on trial for felony, to manage and control in person, his own defense, or refuse him the aid of counsel in the conduct of such defense, he would manifestly be deprived of a constitutional right, and a judgment against him on such trial should be reversed. In my opinion, any order or action of the court, which without evident necessity imposes physical burdens, pains and restraints upon a prisoner during the progress of his trial, inevitably tends, to. confuse and embarrass his mental faculties, and thereby materially to abridge and prejudicially affect his constitutional rights of defense; and especially would such physical bonds and restraints in like manner materially impair and prejudicially affect his statutory privilege of becoming a competent witness and testifying in liis own behalf. Again, to require a prisoner during the progress of .his trial before the court and jury, to appear and remain with chains and shackles upon his limbs without evident necessity for such restraint, for the purpose of securing liis presence for judgment, is a direct violation of the common-law rule.”
The case of the State v. King, 1 Mo. Appeals, 438, was decided in 1816. The defendant having been indicted for murder in the criminal court of St. Louis, was brought to the bar of that court for trial, being ironed with handcuffs or manacles upon his hands and wrists, his counsel made a motion to the court for their removal, which was overruled, the court stating as a reason, .that the prisoner had made an assault on J. Gr. Broemsor, the husband of deceased, in open court, when the accused was last in court, and exceptions were taken. The trial proceeded, resulting in a conviction and sentence to be hanged.
On appeal to the St. Louis court of appeals, the judgment was reversed on this ground alone, and on appeal therefrom to the supreme court, the judgment of the court of appeals was affirmed: 64 Mo., 591. In this case the court made a distinction between manacles on the hands or wrists and shackles on the legs, holding that while the latter might be permitted in cases of necessity to prevent an escape, it would be error under all circumstances to compel the prisoner to be tried with irons upon his hands, and quotes Hawkins (2 P. C., ch. 28), as authority.
In the Case of Layer, 16 Howell’s St. Tr., 94, the rule is clearly laid down as to when or what stage of the proceedings the irons should be removed, and in this respect a distinction is made between the argument and trial. On this point the Lord Chief Justice said :
“ No doubt when he comes upon his trial, the authority is that he is not to be invinoulis during his trial, but should have the use of his reason and all advantages to clear his innocence. Here he is only called on to plead by advice of his counsel, he is not to be tried now ; when he comes to be tried, if he makes that complaint, the court will take care that he shall be in a condition proper to make his defense ; but when he is only called on to plead and his counsel by him to advise him what to plead, why are his chains to be taken off this minute to be put on again the next ? ”
A rule somewhat in conflict with that laid down in 42 Cal., 165, and 1 Mo. Appeals, 438, supra, has been adopted in the more recent case of Faire v. State, reported in Southern L. J., 348. In this case it is held that the right to manacle persons during trials exists, and should be left to the discretion of the court. The prisoner had been tried with shackles on his feet or ankles, though his counsel, on his behalf, asked their removal. The prisoner was found guilty of murder. The reason given by the court for refusing to order the shackles to be removed, was that the prisoner had threatened that, if found guilty, he would never come out of the court house alive, but that he would escape, or that the officers would have to shoot him.
The casé was appealed for the reason that the court below had ordered the prisoner’s feet to be shackled during his trial. The appellate court refused to reverse the judgment, and held that, while it ought to require an extreme case to justify the placing of shackles or manacles upon the prisoner when undergoing trial; yet, whether it is necessary or not should be left to the discretion of the trial court, and cannot be reviewed on appeal: Central L. J., Dec. 2, 1881, 426.
This decision, in our opinion, comes nearer to the enunciation of the true rule of law founded in sound reason than any that has preceded it. ¥e cannot, however, concur in this decision to the extent that no case of this kind is reviewable on appeal.
The better rule would seem to be that when the record affirmatively discloses the fact that there was no reason whatever for placing shackles or manacles upon the prisoner against his protest, while undergoing trial, a question of law arises which may be reviewed on appeal, and the judgment reversed ; but when the record discloses some valid or reasonable ground of apprehension that the prisoner may attempt to escape, or injure the bystanders, or the officers in charge, or will be otherwise disorderly or dangerous, it should be left entirely to the discretion of the trial court to determine whether the prisoner should be ironed or not; and when the record is silent as to whether there was or was not any valid excuse for retaining the irons upon the prisoner during trial, the appellate court will presume that the court below exercised a sound and reasonable discretion in refusing to order the irons to be removed.
In the present case, had the irons remained on the prisoner during his trial, or for any considerable portion thereof, we would be compelled under this rule to reverse the judgment; but as it appeared from the record that they so remained but for an inconsiderable time, while ja few only of the jurors were being called and examined, and before any of them had been accepted and sworn, we are of the opinion that the prisoner’s rights of defense were not prejudicially affected thereby to an extent that will justify a reversal of the judgment on that ground.
The bill of exceptions brings into the record only detached and disconnected parts of the testimony. There is no evidence before the court showing, or even indicating, any of the facts and circumstances attending or connected with the killing of the deceased by the appellant; for this reason we are unable to perceive whether the rulings of the court below on questions raised in taking this testimony were erroneous or not.
For instance, on the cross-examination of Martin H. Barber, one of the witnesses for the prosecution, as appears by the bill of exceptions, this detached and disconnected question was asked by appellant’s counsel, to wit:
“ Did you, or did you not, hear any party or parties order Kelly and Thompson to be hung at ány time on that day ?” To which the witness answered : “ I didn’t hear anybody order it, but I heard some of the parties holler, ‘ hang him, hang him!’ ”
The witness was then asked this question : “ Did you hear any of the prosecuting witnesses say that ?”
This question was objected to on behalf of the prosecution, the objection sustained by the court, and the ruling of the court excepted to by appellant’s counsel.
Was this ruling of the court error? We are unable to determine from the record what day or occasion is referred to in the first mentioned question by the words, “ at any time on that day ” — whether it was on the day of the killing, or some other day and occasion wholly disconnected therefrom. Unless there is enough before us to determine whether there was error or not, we must presume that the ruling of the court below was proper.
On the cross-examination of this same witness this detached and disconnected question was asked, viz.:
“ Did you, on the day of this occurrence, hear the deceased make any threats toward the defendant ?”
This was objected to on behalf of the prosecution, “ on the ground that threats of the deceased to be admissible must first be proved to have been communicated to the defendant.”
The objection was sustained by the court and such ruling excepted to.
In a proper case, threats, though uncommunicated to the defendant, would be admissible as competent testimony. There is nothing before us to show whether this was a proper case to render such testimony admissible or not.
Errors may have occurred during the progress of the trial, but the evidence appearing in the bill of exceptions is too meagre and disconnected to enable us to discover them.
The judgment is affirmed
All concur.