OPINION ON THE MERITS.
Hamilton, J.Scipio Aguilar, the plaintiff in •error, was indicted in the district court for the Fourth judicial district, in the county of San Miguel, on the twenty-ninth of September, 1894, for the murder of one Hilario Martinez and Juan Jimes. At the April term, 1895, he was tried in said court for the killing of Juan Jimes, and was discharged by the court. At the April term, 1896, he was tried under the other indictment for the killing of Hilario Martinez, and was found guilty of murder in the first degree. After unsuccessful motions for a new trial" and in arrest of judgment, he brings the case here by appeal.
It appears from the record in the case that the •defendant on or about the eighteenth of September, 1894, was traveling from a place called “Cochiti,” in New Mexico, to his home, in San Miguel county; that while so traveling he came up with Hilario Martinez and Juan Jimes, who were freighters going in the same direction. He traveled with these parties daring the remainder of the eighteenth, camped with them during the night, and traveled with them until late in ^ the afternoon of the nineteenth, when they all stopped for dinner. After dinner they separated, the defendant going in the direction of his home, which he reached that night or the next day. Some four days after this the bodies of the two freighters were found dead in their wagons, some miles from the place where the defendant left them, and about four hundred yards from the road. He was never seen with them after leaving-them on the evening of the nineteenth. They were never seen after that time until their dead bodies were found. The defendant was arrested, indicted, tried, and convicted, as above stated. It will be seen Horn this statement of facts that there was no eyewitness of the murder, and that there were no facts whatever developed upon the trial showing the circumstances-under which the crime was committed. The killing was established, and the condition in which the bodies were found showed that death was produced by a dangerous weapon; but how, or under what circumstances, or what was done or said by the deceased or the slayer at the time of the homicide, does not appear. At the close of the evidence the court instructed the jury as to ■murder in the first degree only, and did not charge as to murder in the second or third degrees: In this failure of the court to instruct the jury as to murder in the second and third degrees, it is insisted by the plaintiff, there was error.
Instructions. Under section 2054 of the Compiled Laws of New Mexico, it is made the duty of the court in all cases, whether civil or criminal, to instruct the jury on the law of the case, and its failure or refusal so to do shall be sufficient ground for a reversal of the judgment. It has been held by this court that it is the duty of the district court properly and fully to instruct the jury as to the law in all criminal cases, whether requested so to do or not. Failure on the part of the court so to instruct is a ground of error. Territory v. Friday, 8 N. M. 204. Was it the duty of the district court, under the facts developed in this case, to charge the jury upon any other degree of murder than the first? “Murder” is defined by our statute to be the unlawful killing of a human being, with malice aforethought, either express or implied. Express malice is a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away human life. Malice is implied when no-considerable provocation appears, or when all the circumstances of the killing show a wicked and malignant heart. Under our statute, murder is divided into three degrees: First, all murder which shall be perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait, torture, or by any kind of willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing, or which is committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, any felony, or perpetrated from a deliberate and premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to effect the death of any human being, or perpetrated by any act greatly dangerous to the lives of others, and indicating a depraved mind regardless of human life, is murder in the first degree; second, all murder which shall be perpetrated, without a design to effect death, by a person while engaged in the commission of a misdemeanor, or which shall be perpetrated in the heat of passion, without a design to effect death, but in a cruel or unusual manner, or by means of a dangerous weapon, unless it is committed under such circumstances as constitute excusable or justifiable homicide, or which shall be perpetrated unnecessarily,. either while resisting an attempt by the person killed to commit any offense against the person or property, or after such attempt shall have failed, shall be deemed murder in the second degree; third, every killing of a human being by the act, procurement or culpable negligence of another, which is not murder in the first or second degree, is murder in the third degree. Every unlawful killing of a human being, with malice aforethought, is . murder, either in the first or second degree. Under the facts in this case, it is only necessary to consider murder in the first and second degrees. The distinctive features which separate murder in the first from murder in the second degree are deliberation and premeditation, which are present in the first, and absent in the second. In both these degrees the killing must be unlawful, and. in both it must be done with malice aforethought; but the two essential elements which constitute murder in the first degree, and which are not present in the second, are that premeditation and deliberation upon the acts done in the commission of a crime, which aggravate the offense, and remove all ideas of excuse or justification, and elevate the crime from one of murder in the second to one of murder in the first- degree. If the murder is perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, torture, or in any attempt to commit a felony, or by an act greatly dangerous to the lives of others, indicating a depraved mind regardless of human life, the law presumes that the acts by which the murder has been thus committed have been done with that premeditation and deliberation which constitute the crime murder in the first degree. Where a person has taken the life of another by either of these methods, the law has said that the very act of taking life in that form contains in itself the mental requirements of premeditation and deliberation, making it murder in the first degree without the proof of any other facts. In a trial for murder committed by one of these methods, the inquiry is as to whether the killing was committed by a method thus inhibited by the statute, and if it was so committed the court and jury may find from such killing that it was done with deliberation and premeditation. If, however, it is shown that the murder was committed in any other manner, then there is no presumption of law or fact, against the defendant, that the killing was done with deliberation and premeditation. “But a'mere killing with such weapon, with nothing more, is not murder in the first degree. And where the statute requires a more distinct premeditation, or more intense malice, the verdict can only be for the second degree.” 2 Bish. New Crim. Proc., sec. 602. While the death and the weapons or means used to produce death, may, in and of themselves, be sufficient to show murder, yet alone they raise no presumption as to the degree of the murder. If any presumption as to the degree is to be raised from these facts, it is the second degree; and, if the territory would lift the crime from this to the higher degree, it can do so only by the proof of such additional facts and circumstances in relation to the crime as will permit the court to charge, and the jury to determine, that it was done with that deliberation and premeditation which will make it murder in the first degree. If no such facts and circumstances are shown, it will be the duty of the court to so instruct, and the jury to find a verdict in the second, or, it may be, in a lower, degree. Kerr, Hom., p. 99, in discussing this subject, says: “While the presumptions of malice are necessarily presumptions of murder, because all killing is murder, yet a presumption of malice, either from the act of killing, the weapon or means used, raises no presumption as to the degree of murder, and consequently no presumption that the homicide is more than the lowest degree of malicious killing, which is usually murder in the second degree. A higher degree of guilt can be established only by additional proof of previous deliberation, premeditation, or reflection.” While the rule thus laid down by Mr. Kerr is no doubt true in respect to the necessity of proof of deliberation and premeditation to raise the murder from the second to the first degree, and that malice is a necessary element of murder, we can not agree that malice is to be regarded simply as a presumption of law. It is an element to be found from the facts by the jury. Malice is not a presumption of law arising from the fact of the killing, though the killing may be sufficient to justify the jury in finding malice. Territory v. Lucero, decided at this term. Stokes v. People, 53 N. Y. 164; Milton v. State, 6 Neb. 136; People v. Belencia, 21 Cal. 544; State v. Turner, Wright, 26; Com. v. Drum, 58 Pa. St. 9; Dains v. State, 2 Humph. 439; Hamby v. State, 36 Tex. 523; Territory v. Romine, 2 N. M. 114. The burden of proof to establish the guilt of the defendant to the satisfaction of the jury, beyond a reasonable doubt, never shifts from the territory to the defendant, but remains with the territory throughout the trial; and, if the territory -would convict the defendant of the highest grade of homicide, it can do so only by showing either that it was committed by that means from which the law presumes deliberation and premeditation, as if done by poisoning, lying in wait, etc., or by showing that the crime was committed under such circumstances that the jury, under a proper charge from the court, may find as a fact that it was done with deliberation and premeditation. Coffin v. U. S., 156 U. S. 432, 452-461, 15 Sup. Ct. 394; Davis v. U. S., 160 U. S. 469, 16 Sup. Ct. 353. In the case of State v. Payne, 10 Wash. 553, 39 Pac. Rep. 159, the court, in discussing the presumptions which arise from the proof of killing, say: “The premeditation required to constistute murder in the first degree is a distinct element, having no relation whatever to the fact of the killing; and for that reason all the authorities hold that no presumption of murder in the first degree flows from the proof of the killing; but as to murder in the second degree the reasons which induced the holding at common law still have force.” In the case of Stokes v. People, 53 N. Y. 164, after discussing this question of the different degrees of murder, the court use this language: “The intention may be inferred from the act, but this, in principle, is an inference of fact to be drawn by the jury, and not an implication of law to be applied by the court. * * '* Under the statute it is obvious that mere proof that one has been deprived of life by the act of another utterly fails to show the class of the homicide, under the statute.”
M&smictjon The means by which the killing was effected in the case under consideration were not such as to bring the case within that class where deliberation and premeditation can be gathered. Thus, it was not done by poisoning, lying in wait, etc.; but, as charged in the indictment and shown in the evidence, it was committed under that clause of the statute which makes it necessary to prove deliberation and premeditation. It was therefore incumbent upon the territory to prove, not only the naked fact of killing, and that it was done with a dangerous weapon or instrument, but other facts and circumstances from which deliberation and premeditation could be inferred. If no proof was 'offered showing, facts and circumstances from which such deliberation and premeditation could be inferred, it was the duty of the court to charge as to murder in the second degree. The facts, as disclosed by the record, show that the defendant, on the eighteenth of September, 1894, was traveling in his wagon, drawn by two horses, from a place called “Cochiti,” in New Mexico, to his home, at Alamosita, in San Miguel county. He had no load in his wagon, except his bed, wrapped np in a wagon sheet, a box with provisions, cooking utensils, harness, a rifle and such other things as he needed on his journey. Some time during the day of the eighteenth of September, he came up with the deceased and another boy, who were each driving a freight team, having four horses to each wagon. The wagons driven by the deceased were loaded with flour and other articles. The defendant and the two young men traveled along together during the remainder of the day of the eighteenth, and camped that night, and then traveled together until late in the afternoon of the following day, when they all went into camp near a place called “Ojito de. las Conchas” for dinner. After they had gotten dinner and fed their horses, they hitched their teams and started out. The defendant bade the young men “good day,” and drove ahead, in the direction of his home, where he arrived that night or the next day. He never saw the two young men after that, and was never seen with them. Some four days after this the dead bodies of the two boys were found several miles from the place where they and the defendant had taken dinner and separated on the evening of the nineteenth. The bodies were found one in each wagon, and were between three hundred and four hundred yards from the road. The heads.and faces were badly cut and beaten up, showing that death had been caused by cuts or blows. They were in sucih condition at the time they were discovered that it was difficult to tell exactly the nature of the wounds by which death was produced. An ax belonging to one of them was found in one of the wagons with blood on it. Some of the sacks of flour were gone frota one of the wagons. There is no direct evidence that the defendant ever saw the deceased after leaving them on the -evening of the nineteenth. The two boys were not seen from that time until their dead bodies were found, some four days afterwards. The record fails utterly to show how or under what circumstances the killing occurred. The record fails to show any threats, difficulty, or feeling of ill will between the deceased and the defendant, or any of the facts surrounding the commission of the homicide. Under this state of facts, was the court below correct in giving' an instruction only of murder in-the'first degree? We think .not. While, from the fact of the killing, and the nature of the instrument used to produce it, it might be found that the killing was unlawfully done, and that it was done with malice aforethought, yet have we the right, from these facts alone, unaccompanied by any other circumstances, to presume that it was done with that deliberation and premeditation which will make it murder in the first degree? If we can indulge in any presumption, we have more right to presume that the killing was done under such circumstances as would make it justifiable homicide, because nothing is presumed against the innocence of the accused. Might we not as well presume that the deceased brought on a difficulty resulting in his death? Or may we not also presume that the deceased attacked the slayer under such circumstances as would make the killing justifiable homicide? How are we to know, in the absence of any proof as to the circumstances of the killing, how it was perpetrated? In the absence of any proof upon the subject, must we assume that -it was the highest degree of murder? We do not. so understand the law. To presume the guilt of the defendant of murder in the first degree, in the absence of proof to establish it, is in conflict with that presumption of innocence which remains with, the defendant until overcome by proof which establishes his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. From the simple fact of the killing, without any proof as to any of the circumstances under which it was done, we have no more right to assume that it was murder in the first degree than to assume that it was murder in the second degree or justifiable homicide.
Other grounds of error have been assigned by the appellant for reversal, among which is the action of the court in permitting testimony to be offered by the territory as to the contents of a certain letter supposed to have been written by the defendant. 'While we do not agree with the court below that a foundation was sufficiently laid to permit some of the witnesses to testify as to the contents of this letter, we deem it unnecessary to consider that question in the case. We think the court, under the state of facts presented in the record, should have given an instruction for murder in the second degree, and its failure to do so is error, for which the case must be reversed and remanded, and new trial granted, and it is so ordered.
Collier and Bantz, JJ., concur. Laughlin, J., dissents.