OPINION OP TPIE COURT.
HANNA, J.Numerous errors are assigned and we will consider those relied upon by appellant, as far as possible, in the order presented.
The first assignment of error is that “The indictment charges no offense or violation of any law of the Territory of New Mexico, because it does not allege or charge that the mortal wounds were inflicted with felonious intent,”
In this connection it is urged (a) that the indictment does not charge that defendant discharged the pistol and, (b) that the indictment does not allege an intention to take the life of deceased.
(a) We cannot give serious weight to the contention that this indictment fails to charge that defendant “discharged the pistol.” The indictment is as follows:
“That Jose Casimiro Montoya, late of the County of Colfax, Territory of New Mexico, on the eighteenth day of March, in the j^ear of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and eleven at the County of Colfax aforesaid, with force and arms in the upon one Jacobo Casado», then and there being, unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully, deliberately,' premeditated ly, and with malice aforethought, did then and there make an assault with a certain pistol, then and there charged with gun-powder and loaded with divers leaden bullets, which said pistol said Jose Casimiro Montoya then. and there had and held in his hands, and said Jose Casimiro Montoya then and there unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with malice aforethought did point and aim said pistol at and to the body ■of said Jacobo Casadoa, and by force of said gun powder in said pistol contained as aforesaid, did then and there unlawfully, feloniousty, wilfully,' deliberately, premeditateclly and with malice aforethought, discharge and shoot two of said bullets from out of said pistol so had and held by him, said Jose Casimiro Montoya, as aforesaid, at, against and into the body of said Jacobo Casados, which said bullets by force of said gun powder contained in said pistol so held and discharged by said Jose Casimiro Montoya as aforesaid, did then and there upon and in the body of said Jacobo Casados strike and enter, .and said bullets did thereby, then and there inflict two mortal wounds upon and in the body of said Jacobo Casados, of which said wounds so caused and inflicted as aforesaid, said Jacobo Casados did then and there die; contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided, .and against the peace and dignity of the Territory of New Mexico.”
It appears that the defendant was charged with discharging and shooting “two of said bullets from out of •said pistol” and by all reasonable intendment lie’must have discharged the pistol. This is clearly sufficient in the opinion of the court.
(b) The second ground urged in support of this assignment of error presents a more serious aspect and one that numerous courts have differed with respect to. This ground presents the alleged necessity of this indictment charging an intention to kill.
The indictment is based upon sec. 1, chap. 36 of the Session Laws of 1907, which is as follows:
“All murder which shall be perpetrated by means of poison or lying in wait, torture, or by any kind of wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which is committed in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate any felony, or perpetrated from a deliberate and premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to affect the death of any human. being, or perpetreated by any act greatly dangerous to the lives of others, and indicating a depraved mind regardless of human life, shall be deemed murder in the first degree; and all other kinds of murder shall be deemed murder in the second degree.”
1 The common law of crimes is in force in New Mexico, except where it may have been repealed or modified by statute. Likewise common law procedure cnotinues in force here except where special provision is made by statute to the exclusion of the common law procedure.
At common law there were no degrees of murder, and there were but two degrees of felonious homicide, murder and manslaughter. By our statute we have two degrees of murder, first and second, and likewise two degrees of manslaughter, voluntary and involuntary. At the common law, murder is defined to be the unlawful killing of any reasonable creature, in being and under the King’s peace, with malice aforethought, either express or implied: 4 Bla. Com. 198. Sec. 1060 of the Comp. Laws of 1897 defined murder is substantially the foregoing language.
In Schaffer v. State, 3 Am. State. 274 (Neb.), cited lay appellant, it is correctly stated that at common law a purpose, design, or intent to kill is not an essential ingredient, but, it is also there stated that the rule of the common law has been changed, and the purpose, design, or intent to kill must now be alleged. The statute construed by this Court contains the word “purposely” in defining the crime of murder in the first degree. In this case the Court followed the rule laid down by the Supreme Court of Ohio, in the case of Fouts v. State, 8 Ohio 98, construing the statute of Ohio, likewise containing the word “purposely” in its definition of the crime of murder in the first degree.
2 In the case of Hamilton v. United States, 26 App. Cas. D. C. 386, it is clearly pointed out that in those states in which the statutes have simply adopted the common law definition of murder an indictment may, very property, omit a direct charge of a purpose or intent to kill, as a part of the overt act alleged as a crime.
Davis v. Utah Territory, 151 U. S. 270.
It should be borne in mind that our state does not attempt to change the definition of the crime of murder as known to the common law. It, provides that “all murder which shall be perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait,” etc., shall be denominated as murder in the first degree, “and all other kinds of murder shall be deemed murder in the second degree.”
It has been said that the legal scope of murder as a generic term, is unchanged, by this class of statutes.
1 Wharton's Crim. Law, sec. 393.
3 Our statute does not limit murder in the first degree to those homicides committed purposely, or with intent to kill. In our opinion the essential elements of our statute, so far as challenged by this assignment, have been charged in the indictment in this case. The first assignment of error is, therefore, not well taken.
The second assignment of error relied upon by appellant is that a variance appears-upon the face of the indictment, because it alleged, the assault was made upon “Jaeobo Casadoa,” and the proof disclosed that the assault was made on Jaeobo Casados.
I.n this connection it is urged that it was not within the province of the Court to declare the name “Casadoa” appearing in the indictment to have been a typographical error.
Referring to the indictment we find that it charged as follows: That Jose Casimiro Montoya, late of the County of Colfax, Territory of New Mexico, on the eighteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Eleven at the County of Colfax aforesaid, with force and arms in and upon one Jacobo Casadoa, then and there being, unlawfully feloniously, wilfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with malice aforethought, did then and there make an assault with a certain pistol, then and there charged with gun powder and loaded with divers leaden bullets, which said pistol said Jose Casimiro Montoya then and there had and held in his hands and said Jose Casimiro Montoya then and there unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with malice aforethought did point and aim said pistol at and to the body of said Jacobo Casados, etc.” In four other essential charging parts of this indictment the name of deceased appears as Jacobo Casados, from which it clearly appears that the writing of the name Casadoa is purely a clerical or typographical error.
The object of an indictment is definitely to apprise the person accused, of the offense with which he is charged, so that he may properly prepare his defense, and it should be so drawn that, in case any other proceedings should be taken against him for the same offense, he could jilead a former acquittal or conviction.
Ball v. U. S. 140 U. S. 136.
4 It is quite apparent that appellant was notified that he was accused of having killed Jacobo Casados. In our ojiinion this was an obvious clerical error corrected by necessary intendment of other parts of the indictment.
22 Cyc. 291.
State v. Morgan, 35 La. Ann. 293.
State v. Ford, 28 La. Ann. 797.
Greeson v. State, 6 Miss. (5 How.) 33.
The third assignment of error .urged by appellant is tíiat there was no allegation in the indictment that the defendant killed or murdered deceased. This was the jirincipal ground relied upon in support of the motion for a directed verdict, and was also set forth as one of the grounds in support of the motions for new trial and arrest 'of judgment.
It is here urged as one of the alleged errors of the Court below in failing to direct the jury to find a verdict of not guilty.
The motion in this resjiect is as follows: “Whilst the indictment attemjots to charge and allege acts amounting to murder, it does not charge murder, nor anjr other offense, because there is no allegation in the indictment that the defendant murdered the deceased, Jacobo Casados.”
5 This charge is sufficient as a charge of manslaughter and therefore the indictment did charge an offense.
2 Bishop’s Crim. Pro. (4th Ed.) sec. 548.
The conviction here was for manslaughter. We are of the opinion that this assignment of error must be overruled.
The next error assigned is that the Court should have directed a verdict because the Territory failed to establish - a motive for the murder, and that there was no sufficient evidence to prove an intent to take the life •of the deceased.
We have carefully examined the record and find that Bejnnundo Leyba, a witness for the prosecution, testified that the accused had stated to him a few weeks prior to the homicide that he had three enemies, naming deceased as one of them.
6 This testimony, as well as the reason assigned by defendant for the pre-existing enmhy, were- proper subjects of consideration by the jury as judges of the fact of the existence or non-existence of a motive. We are of the opinion that the jury, in homicide cases, not only are sole judges of the fact of the existence of a motive on the part of the accused, but the jury may infer a motive from the commission of the crime, or the ■actions of the slayer.
Wharton on Homicide, 3rd ed. sec. 596.
The question of ■ intent urged in connection with this assignment we have considered in connection with the first assignment of error.
Por the reason stated we cannot give favorable consideration to this assignment of error.
The appellant further urges as a ground for reversible error that the Court erred in overruling the defendant’s motion to take from the jury a portion of the testimony of Luciana Eivera and Eusebia Eivera. It appears that these witnesses testified that defendant fired two shots, but on cross-examination Luciana Eivera qualified her testimony by stating that she believed it was Casimiro who fired the shots, and Eusebia Eivera, a daughter of Luciana Eivera, tesified that her mother told her that Don Jose Casimiro fired the shots. Because this testimony is asserted to be conclusions of these two witnesses and was not withdrawn from the jury, error is alleged. In our opinion it was necessary to consider the testimony of. these witnesses as a whole; there was conflicting testimony by each witness, due possibty to the confusion of the witness while under cross examination. The conflict of testimony was such that the Court properly permitted the jury to consider it as a whole, i.n order that it might determine the weight of the evidence, as well as ihe true meaning and intent thereof.
It is asserted in this connection that, at the time the prosecution rested, there was no proof that defendant had fired the shots except the alleged conclusions of these two witnesses referred to, and therefore that the Court should have directed a verdict. The record discloses that this is not the case, it appearing that the witness Donaciana Mares, for the prosecution, testified that the defendant, immediately after the shooting, admitted to those present that he had shot the deceased.
The next assignment of error was that the indictment was defective because it did not allege that deceased died of a mortal wound. In this respect we find that the indictment charged as follows: "and said bullets did thereby, then and there inflict two mortal wounds upon and in the body of said Jacobo Casados ,of which said wounds so caused and inflicted as aforesaid, said Jacobo Casados did then and there die.”
We are clearly of the opinion this indictment is not subject to the criticism advanced by this assignment of error.
7 It is also contended by appellant that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury. The argument in support of this contention is addressed primarily to the weight to be given to the testimony of the several witnesses, and this Court cannot now disturb the verdict of the jury in this case. There was substantial evidence offered in the case and it was for the jiiry to weigh the same.
We are of opinion that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict.
A number of additional assignments of error are dealt with iii appellant’s brief, some apparently waived, but all have been considered and we are of the opinion that no reversible error has been found, therefore, the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.