OPINION OP THE COURT.
HANNA, C. J.[1] There is but one assignment of error which we find it necessary to consider, which is that the court committed error in permitting the state to impeach its own witness Don Sullivan. Appellant in this connection assigns two grounds in support of his contention: First, that the witness had not given affirmative testimony injurious to the state; and, second, that the district attorney was not surprised by the unwillingness of the witness, having had previous notice that the witness would prove adverse. It appears from the record that the witness Sullivan had on two occasions made statements concerning the alleged crime and had subsequently thereto gone before the grand jury as a witness, but when introduced by the state as a witness, he developed a disposition to deny all knowledge of the material' facts concerning the alleged crime and to,most of the questions addressed to him contended himself with the reply, “I don’t remember.” A careful examination of the record does not disclose that he anywhere gave testimony favorable to the appellant or his codefend-ants. How far a party in civil litigation, or the state in criminal prosecutions, may go in attacking his or its own witness by proving prior statements of the witness to show contradiction of present testimony, is a matter which has given rise to a great variety of opinion on the part of the courts. The various forms of the different rules adopted by the courts are set out by Mr. Wigmore in his work on Evidence at section 904, and by Green-leaf in section 444.
In approaching a consideration of this matter it is first to be observed that the Legislature of New Mexico by an act of February 5, 1880, appearing as section 2180, Code 1915, legislated upon this subject in the following language:
“The credit of a witness may be impeached by general evidence of bad moral character not restricted to his reputation for truth and veracity; but a party producing a witness shall not be allowed to impeach his credit' by general evidence of bad moral character, hut in case the witness, in the opinion of the judge, proves adverse, such party may prove that the witness made at other times a statement inconsistent with his present testimony; hut before such last-mentioned' proof can be given the circumstances of the supposed statement, sufficient to designate the particular occasion, must be mentioned to the witness, and he must be asked whether or not he did make such statement.”
It is only necessary to observe perhaps that our statute evidently seeks to broaden the c'ommon-law rule under which a party could not impeach his witness unless surprised thereby, or misled by the witness. It is apparent that our statute does not require that the element of surprise should be present; the matter being squarely put upon the proposition of whether or not the witness in the opinion of the judge should prove adverse, in which event, statements inconsistent with his present testimony may be proven to have been made. Our statute is evidently in line with the great weight of modern authority, under which a party or the state, when a witness proves adverse in the opinion of the trial court, may be permitted to prove that such witness had made prior statements contradictory to his testimony.
[2] Of course^ due observance of the other provisions of the statute must be had, viz,: That before proof can be given the circumstances of the supposed statement sufficient to designate the occasion must be called to the attention of the witness, who must be given an opportunity to state whether or not he in fact made the alleged contradictory statement. This general rule, however, like so many principles of law, is subject to qualification. One of the principal qualifications of the rule is thus laid down in 40 Cyc. 2696, in the following language:
“The mere fact that a witness has failed to testify as expected does not warrant impeaching him by proof of prior statement in conformity to what 'he was expected to testify; but proof of prior contradictory statements of a party’s own witness is admissible only where the witness has given affirmative testimony hostile or prejudicial to the party by whom he was called, and in such case the proof must be confined to contradictions of the testimony of the witness which is injurious to the party seeking to impeach him.”
This statement of the text finds support in numerous authorities and meets with our’ full accord and approval. Measured by the general rule announced and as qualified by the statement of the text in Cye., we find upon examination of the record that the witness Don Sullivan did not in any manner give testimony hostile or prejudicial to the state. He seems to have suffered from a strange lapse of memory, and for some unaccountable reason had apparently changed his attitude as a willing witness for the state. Had he given any testimony favorable to the appellant or his codefendants, without doubt his prior contradictory statements, if any, could have been shown, if material.
"While we are inclined to believe that the trial court’s ruling upon whether or not the witness had proven adverse under tlie provisions of section 2180, Code 1915, should not be disturbed, unless a clear abuse of discretion appears, and that it is fair to presume that the court might have regarded the attitude of the witness on the stand as well as his testimony,, in passing upon the question of his adverse character, yet in the present-case it is our opinion that the court did fall into error in the matter, and that the judgment of the lower court must be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial; and it is so ordered.
PARKER and Boberts, JJ., concur.