This is an action in ejectment that was brought by the appellee, as plaintiff, in the district court of Graham County, Arizona, for the possession of certain premises designated in the complaint as the “Cottonwood Eanch,” a tract of unsurveyed public land, containing less than one hundred and sixty acres, and the improvements thereon. The complaint alleges appellee to be a corporation; “that it was en*359titled to the possession of said premises; that a large portion of the land is under fence, has been cultivated, and is capable of producing profitable crops from irrigation; that plaintiff has and owns certain ditches, water-rights, and water applicable thereto, enabling it to profitably cultivate said lands; that, while plaintiff was so entitled to such possession, defendant entered into and dispossessed plaintiff of said premises, and unlawfully withholds from plaintiff the possession thereof.” Plaintiff, to sustain its contention, introduced certain articles of incorporation and certain deeds of record by which it deraigned title to the premises in question from its grantors and predecessors in interest. Defendant pleaded not guilty, and alleged “that the described land is a part of the unsurveyed public land of the United States, subject to' settlement, and, when surveyed, subject to entry; that plaintiff is a corporation, and has no right, by its charter or by law, to possess and occupy any of the unsurveyed public lands, nor can said corporation acquire title ■ thereto; and further alleges that defendant went upon said land when it was unoccupied and in the possession of no one; that defendant took possession thereof as a part of the unsurveyed public lands of the United States, for the purpose of acquiring title thereto, and with a view to entry as soon as the same should be surveyed.” The district court found “that the plaintiff is entitled to the possession of the premises, to the sum of one hundred dollars damages for unlawful detention, and to ten dollars monthly rental from date of judgment until restitution.”
Appellant in his brief presents ten assignments of error. The first four may be .considered together, and allege that “the court erred in admitting as evidence the deeds of former owners and holders of said premises to plaintiff and its predecessors and grantors, upon the ground that such deeds conveyed no title, with the further objection that plaintiff, being a corporation, could not, under the law, own, control, or hold possession of unsurveyed public lands of the United States.”
The first error assigned raises the point that the title is in the United States, and that, the title being in the United States, the deeds convey no title, and are inadmissible in evidence to show color of title or right of possession thereunder in ejectment against a trespasser or intruder. Besides being *360contrary to the universal holding of our courts on this subject, this objection is fairly met by the provisions of our statutes. This is a suit for possession. Paragraph 2222, section 1, of the Revised Statutes of Arizona provides: “All persons who have settled upon and cultivated a tract of land in this territory, with the view of availing themselves of the benefit of the pre-emption laws of the United States, shall be protected in the peaceable and quiet enjoyment of said tract of land, with all the improvements thereon, to the extent of .one hundred and sixty acres, if unsurveyed according to the cardinal points; and if surveyed, then according to the lines of said surveys.” Paragraph 2223, section 2, provides: “All the rights acquired by the above section may be sold and conveyed as interests in real estate.” In accordance with these provisions, our statutes in regard to ejectment do not necessitate the showing by the plaintiff of an absolutely clear and perfect title, but provide,—paragraph 3135: “The action of ejectment may be maintained in all cases where the plaintiff is legally entitled to the possession of the premises.” Paragraph 3138: “The defendant may plead not guilty, and under such plea give in evidence any testimony tending to show that the plaintiff is not entitled to such possession, or that the title is in some other person other than the government.” The provisión for evidence of title in any other person other than the government, per contra, excludes evidence of title in the government, as a defense in ejectment; and as the statutes quoted provide that “all persons who settle upon and cultivate . . . shall be protected in the use and enjoyment of said land with all the improvements thereon,” and that all the rights thus acquired “may be sold and conveyed as interests in real estate,” the deeds showing such sale and conveyance are clearly admissible as evidence tending to show plaintiff’s right to protection in such use, possession, and enjoyment of the land and improvements thus conveyed.
The further objection is urged that plaintiff, being a corporation, has no right under its charter or under the law to take, own, or hold in possession unsurveyed public land of the United States. This is not the case as to its authority under its charter to own and hold real estate. Its articles of incorporation, presented in evidence, show, among its purposes, “the owning and dealing in real estate.” But if own*361ing and holding real estate were beyond or contrary to the provisions of its charter, the weight of authority is against allowing that question to be raised by the defendant in this issue. In Bank v. Matthews, 98 U. S. 628, the United States supreme court held: “Where a corporation is incompetent by its charter to take a title to real estate, a conveyance to it is not void, but only voidable, and the sovereign alone can object. It is valid until assailed in a direct proceeding instituted for that purpose,”—and cites a strong line of authorities in support. It holds, further: “So an alien, forbidden by the local law to acquire real estate, may take and hold title until office found.”
But stress is laid by the appellant upon the fact that this was public land, with the title yet remaining in the United States government, and that plaintiff, being a corporation, could not file on or perfect title thereto, that being a privilege reserved for qualified citizens only. The weight of authority has always been, and the settled policy of our courts may now, in the light of the more recent decisions on that point, be said to be, that while only a qualified citizen can, by location or filing, initiate a right to a tract of the public land, from which there can, by compliance with the requirements of the law and proper proof, be perfected a complete and valid title in fee,—the rights thus initiated by the qualified citizen become and are recognized as property susceptible of sale and transfer; and that such sale and transfer may be made to aliens, corporations, or other persons not possessing the qualifications that would enable them to initiate such rights and property interests. And when such sales and transfers are thus made, such grantees may own, possess, and hold, and enjoy the use and profits of such rights and property interests, and may sell and transfer the same to others, and execute competent conveyance thereof; and that the incapacity of such persons to originally initiate such right, or to subsequently perfect title, can be called in question only by the sovereign, and cannot be invoked by strangers to attack their right to be protected in the possession and enjoyment of such property, or the validity of their conveyance of the same to subsequent grantees. On this subject, the supreme court of the United States held as long ago as 1826, in an action of ejectment by Governeur v. Robertson, 11 Wheat. *362332, 350, 352: “That an alien can take by deed, and can hold until office found, must now be regarded as a positive rule of law, so well established that the reason of the rule is little more than a subject for the antiquary.” This ruling is approved and language quoted by the United States supreme court in Manuel v. Wulff, 152 U. S. 505, 14 Sup. Ct. 651. This was a ease in which a citizen transferred by deed a mining claim to an alien, and the alienage of the grantee was pleaded by a contestant. Chief Justice Fuller quoted the above ruling, and, in accordance therewith, held that “as the grantor was a citizen, if his location were valid, his claim passed to his grantee, not by operation of law, but by virtue of his conveyance, and that the incapacity of the latter to take and hold by reason of alienage was, under the circumstances, open to question by the government only.” In Butte Hardware Co. v. Schwab, 13 Mont. 351, 34 Pac. 24, it was contended that the plaintiff, as a corporation, was not competent to receive and hold an interest in an unpatented mining claim; and it appeared that the acquisition of such property was not specially within the scope of the object and purpose of the corporation, as expressed in its articles of incorporation. But the supreme court of Montana held that it could not be maintained even in such event that the title of the corporation as to such property was void, in favor of a stranger, who undertook unlawfully to assume and hold the property in question, and said: “No cases have been cited, and probably none can be found, where strangers have been heard to raise such a defense to their unwarranted claims upon the property of a corporation. To the contrary may be cited First Nat. Bank v. Roberts, 9 Mont. 323, 23 Pac. 718; Bank v. Matthews, 98 U. S. 621; Bank v. Whitney, 103 U. S. 99; Fortier v. New Orleans Bank, 112 U. S. 439, 5 Sup. Ct. 234.”
The fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth assignments are not sufficiently definite or specific to receive the attention of an appellate court.
The appellant urges four propositions of law under his seventh assignment of error, “that the judgment is contrary to law”: (1) “Appellee was not in possession of the premises at the time of appellant’s entry. (2) Appellant’s entry thereon was peaceable and without force. (3) Appellant has the right to enter peaceably and without force upon said *363lands, and make settlement. (4) Appellee’s inclosure was unlawful, and appellant had the right to enter through or over the fence of appellee, and make settlement in good faith.” We will consider these propositions seriatim.
. In regard to the possession by appellee at time of entry by appellant, there was some conflict of evidence. The testimony of Blake (one witness) was direct and positive: “The company was in possession of the property at that time. Molino [the company’s agent and tenant] was there at that time.” The testimony of Snow (another witness) states: “After Tidwell had moved in, I and three other men, employees of the company, cleaned out the ditch, turned in the water, and irrigated the alfalfa. Tidwell was present. He wasn’t doing anything with the property as I remember, only living there. ’ ’ But the defendant’s own testimony, while it is the only evidence that disputes or denies the possession of the plaintiff at time of entry, is sufficient to establish such possession beyond question. He stated: “There was no one'in possession of the land when I went there. The property was just standing there when I went into it. There was a fence around about one hundred acres of it, and most all of that was in cultivation, and there was one house on the land when I went there. Molino and Snow told me they were keeping it for the Chiricahua Company. Molino left the property about the third day of February, 1896. I put my family there, and took possession of it, the second day after Molino left. There was some property belonging to the Chiricahua Company when I went there. There was agricultural crops there when I went there,—alfalfa. It was cut and stacked. At the time I went there, Molino has some property on that ranch. He had some hogs. He had some corn and some wire. I went into the Chiricahua house. I knew that the Chiricahua Company claimed the improvements there. I am living in my own house now. I built it the same month I moved in there. I use the company’s house for a storeroom. I have not filed on the land in the land office because it has not yet come on the market.” This evidence establishes the fact that at the time of change of tenants or employees, after the one man moved out, and before the arrival of his successor, the defend • ant moved in. In fact, he moved in before the first man had entirely moved nut, for he testified that when he went there *364Molino, the retiring tenant, had not yet removed his hogs, corn, or fencing-wire, hut that Molino had that property yet remaining on the ranch. He seems to have adopted the theory that the physical presence of the owner or his representative was necessary to constitute possession. “Possession is the detention or enjoyment of a thing which a man holds or exercises by himself or by another, who keeps or exercises it, in his name.” Redfield v. Railroad Co., 25 Barb. 54. “Possession of land is the holding of, and exclusive exercise of dominion over it.” Booth v. Small, 25 Iowa, 177. “There are two kinds of possession of real property known to the law,— actual and constructive. It is actual possession when the owner goes upon the land to take possession, and exercises acts' of ownership over it; also when one having title is in possession of land by his tenant, agent, or steward.”' Fleming v. Maddox, 30 Iowa, 240. “By actual possession” is meant a subjection to the will and dominion of the claimant, and is usually evidenced by occupation, by a substantial inclosure, by cultivation, or by appropriate use.” Coryell v. Cain, 16 Cal. 567. “Actual possession as much consists of a present power and right of dominion as an actual corporal presence.” Minturn v. Burr, 16 Cal. 107-109.
The claim that the court erred in ruling that plaintiff was in possession is futile, and is fairly in line with the claim “that the defendant went upon the land when it was unoccupied, and in the possession of no one, and took and asserted possession over it, as a part of the unsurveyed public land,” when his own testimony in support thereof states that there . was a fence around about one hundred acres of it; that most all of that was in cultivation when he went there; that there was a house on the land, agricultural crops growing, and alfalfa in the stack; that he knew the appellee claimed the property; that the occupants, Molino and Snow, told him they were beeping it for the appellee; that Molino had some property yet on the ranch,—some hogs, corn, and wire; that there was property there belonging to the appellee; and that he moved into the appellee’s house.
The second proposition—“Appellant’s entry was peaceable and without force”—is not material, for the reason that in-law a surreptitious entry during the temporary absence of the owner or tenant, against the will of said owner or tenant, *365and without his permission, is equivalent to a forcible entry against his will, in his presence.
The third proposition—“Appellant had the right to enter peaceably and without force upon said lands, and make settlement”—is utterly and absolutely untenable. It would only be true if the lands in question were unoccupied public lands, and subject to settlement; but this doctrine became inapplicable to these lands, when Brown and Grieves settled upon and improved them, and thus withdrew them from entry and settlement by any subsequent entryman, and remained inapplicable so long as Brown and Grieves and their grantees and successors, by use, occupancy, and cultivation, kept alive the rights and improvements thus initiated, and will remain inapplicable so long as these rights are thus kept alive by these settlers, their grantees and successors, and such lands remain unsurveyed public lands. That this has been done in this instance was fully established by the evidence adduced in the district court. The deeds presented show that the appellee held by the conveyances from the original settlers and their grantees, and not by operation of law. The testimony of witnesses fully establishes the fact that the appellee and its grantors had held continuous possession of the land for several years, and from the date when their settlement and improvement had been originally made. The visible improvements—the dwelling-house, the inclosed fields, alfalfa growing, hay cut and stacked, hogs and corn on the ranch, an irrigating ditch that had been kept in constant repair, and had been used continuously for years on these premises, and through which the appellee turned in the water, and irrigated the alfalfa in the presence of appellant, even after the appellant had moved into the house on the ranch—place this property clearly within the scope of the decisions that stand in an unbroken line from Coryell v. Cain, 16 Cal. 567, and Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513, to the present date, and which is aptly stated by Chief Justice Murphy, of the supreme court of Nevada, in Brown v. Killabrew, 21 Nev. 437, 33 Pac. 865: “It has been held by all courts since the decision in the case of Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513, that a person cannot forcibly or surreptitiously enter upon the actual inclosure of another on the ground that the title is in the United States and thereby acquire a right of possession to the land within *366the inelosure; and the fact that the defendant alleged that at some future'time he intended to connect himself with the government title, hy making application for the land as a homestead, did not give him any right as against the plaintiff.”
This brings us to the fourth proposition—“Appellee’s inclosure was unlawful, and appellant had the right to enter through or over the fence of appellee, and make settlement in good faith. ’ ’ The affirmance of the first proposition would not necessarily establish the second (Gonder v. Miller, 21 Nev. 180, 27 Pac. 333); but as there is no claim, and can be none, for the second, except upon the establishment of the first, we will direct our attention to that. This proposition is based upon an act of Congress of February 25, 1885, “To prevent the unlawful occupancy of public lands.” The first section provides: “All inclosures of any public lands, ... to any of which land included within the inelosure the person ... or corporation making or controlling the inelosure had no claim or color of title, made or acquired in good faith, ... at the time any such inelosure was or shall be made, are hereby declared to be unlawful, and the maintenance, creation, construction, or control of any such inelosure is hereby forbidden.” The second section empowers the court before which the suit is brought, in case the inelosure shall be found unlawful, to make the proper order or decree for the destruction of the inelosure in a summary way, unless the inelosure shall be removed within five days after the order of the court. The construction and scope of this act are discussed at considerable length in United States v. Brandenstein, 32 Fed. 738, and in Cameron v. United States, 148 U. S. 301, 13 Sup. Ct. 595. Both cases emphasize the restriction of this unusual and summary remedy to eases of wholly unauthorized appropriations and inelosures of public lands, to which the party making the inelosure “had no claim or color of title, made or acquired in good faith.” In the latter case, the supreme court of the United States held that the provisions of the act of February 25, 1885, do not operate upon persons who have inclosed land under a tona fide claim or color of title, and said: “The act of Congress . . . was passed in view of a practice which had become common in the western territories of inclosing large areas of lands of the United States by *367associations of cattle-raisers who were mere trespassers, without shadow of title to such lands, and surrounding them by barbed-wire fences, by which persons desiring to become settlers upon such lands were driven or frightened away, in some cases by threats or violence. The law was, however, never intended to operate upon persons who had taken possession under a bona fide claim or color of title. ... It is a sufficient defense to. such a proceeding to show that the . . . defendant had claim or color of title made or acquired in good faith.” In Wright v. Mattison, 18 How. 50-56, it was said by Mr. Justice Daniel: “The courts have concurred, it is believed, without an exception, in defining ‘color of title’ to be that which in appearance is title, but which in reality is no title. ... A claim to property, under conveyance, however inadequate to carry the true title to such property, and however incompetent might have been the power of the grantor in such conveyance to pass a title to the subject thereof, yet a claim asserted under the provisions of such a deed is strictly a claim under color of title.” We do not wish to be understood as intimating an opinion as to the validity of defendant’s title; but we think that defendant has shown color of title to the land inclosed. In the case at bar the inclosure was made by the original settler as an incident to his settlement and cultivation, and sold and conveyed by him to the grantor of appellee. The lands inclosed were not “tracts of vast area, or wild unimproved land of the public domain,” as contemplated by the act of Congress, but a tract of less than one hundred and sixty acres, all in cultivation and actual use for agricultural purposes, and was held by the appellee, not “without claim or color of title,’’ but by conveyances of record from grantors, under which appellee had for years held, occupied, plowed, seeded, irrigated, cultivated, and improved it. Such being the case, we hold, as did the supreme court of Washington in Laurendeau v. Fugelli, 1 Wash. 559, 21 Pac. 29, that “the appellant could not have made any lawful entry on the land. No law exists which gave him any right to such entry. He was a naked trespasser, making an unwarranted entry upon the inelosure of another,—■ an inclosure and occupation of years, upon which time, labor, and money had been expended.- In such wrongful attempt to seize the fruits of the labors of another there could be no *368hona fide claim of right whatever.” "We find no error in the record, and the judgment of the district court is therefore affirmed.
Street, C. J., Sloan, J., and Davis, J., concur.