(After Stating the Pacts as Above).— The first case decided by the supreme court of the territory of Arizona, Davis v. Simmons, 1 Ariz. 25, 25 Pac. 535, decided at the January, 1866, term, gives to the settler upon unsurveyed public lands first in time first in right of possession. The natural justice of that proposition cannot be questioned. The proposition that priority of appropriation of the unsurveyed public lands by settlement gives priority of right to the premises appropriated is settled law in this state.
*555The plaintiff, W. A. Moody, had, under the evidence, the actual possession of a portion of the premises claimed. He had made improvements thereon, consisting of houses and corrals for goats, and actually used a large portion of the premises for the purpose of caring for Ms herd of goats. Part of the said premises in actual constant use, including some of the improvements, he had purchased from the appellant, W. A. Moore, paying Moore $150 therefor. Another portion of plaintiff’s claim, the northern end of the traet claimed, appellee had purchased from other claimants, of which Moore had actual notice. The area of conflict of Moore’s claim with Moody’s claim covers a portion of the northern end of Moody’s claim. The extent of the conflict is not shown in the record as furnished by the abstract. The boundaries of Moody’s claim are marked on the ground by monuments of stone placed at each of the four comers of the claim. Moody for many years had used a spring situate on the northern end of his claim within the boundaries of the claim for watering Ms goat herd. Prior to April, 1916, Moody had maintained a small house and a corral near the spring, but he had removed all of such improvements prior to April, 1916.
Of course, Moody’s possession of the premises lying within the boundaries of his claim not actually used by him for the purpose of tending to his herd of goats was constructive possession, in its nature.- Constructive possession, unless founded upon a legal right, is inferior to actual possession. The plaintiff relies upon the marking of the boundaries of the north end of his claim by stone monuments, and upon the notice of Ms claim made under oath and filed and recorded by him on the twenty-sixth day of April, 191.1, as giving to him the prior right to and constructive possession of the premises marked on the ground. The statute (chapter 4 of title 46, C. C. A. 1913, being a compilation of title 52, Ariz. Rev. Stats. 1901) under the authority of which both parties here bases his right clearly protects the settler upon the unsurveyed public lands in the actual peaceable possession and quiet enjoyment of such tract so actually possessed, with all the improvements thereon, and likewise protects such settler’s possession to the extent of 160 acres in compact form, provided such settler do two things: First, distinctly mark the boundaries of his claim that it may be *556easily traced; second, and lie shall accurately describe the same in a written notice, under oath, showing the time when the location was made, with a description, and that it does not contain more than 160 acres, which notice must be recorded in the office of the county recorder of the proper county.
The manifest purpose of the statute in requiring the settler to distinctly mark the boundaries of his claim that it can be easily traced, and file and record written notice of his claim containing an accurate description of the claim, is to give notice to the world of the extent of his claim, and thereby define the settler’s constructive possession. The statute protects the prior settler in his actual peaceable possession of the claim at all times, without regard to monuments or recorded notices, for the reason prior settlement gives prior right and actual possession gives actual notice of the extent of such right.
The statute protects the prior claimant’s peaceable constructive possession to the extent of the boundaries as marked upon the ground against the intrusion of all persons having actual notice of the claim communicated by the marked ■boundaries, or otherwise, and against all persons charged with constructive notice of the extent of the claim communicated by the filed recorded notice of the claimant from the date of the marking of the boundaries and the filing of the said notice. When the settler has improved a portion of his claim on unsurveyed public lands and marked the boundaries of his claim distinctly on the ground, the statute vests in him a right to the possession of all the land claimed, the boundaries of which he has marked, provided, of course, the extent of the claim marked on the ground does not exceed 160 acres. The constructive possession of portions of the claim not actually possessed by the claimant is nevertheless held by him by virtue of such vested right.
The monuments defining the boundaries of the claim on the ground control the calls of the description in the filed re^ corded notice in case the description as found in the notice • does not agree with the monuments on the ground. I presume this rule cannot be doubted as applied to the facts of this case, as the rule has been universally applied to all other muniments of title to real property.
*557In this case the defendants had actual notice of the extent of Moody’s claim. They were as familiar with the boundaries of his claim on the north end as Moody, or Cluff, or any other person. Moore must be considered as having actual knowledge of the boundaries of Moody’s claim years prior to the date upon which he (Moore) attempted to wrest a portion of the claim from Moody. The evidence presents Moore as having attempted to appropriate a large portion of ground he knew rightly belonged to Moody, and this upon an assertion that Moody’s Mexican herder indicated that Moody’s northerly end line was about nine feet north of the dwelling-house in which the Mexican and family were living; second, upon some misdescription in the recorded notice of the claim; and third, upon the abandonment of the north end of the claim, in that the little house and corral previously on the laud had been torn down and removed. The statement of the Mexican herder cannot bind Moody. The erroneous description in the notice of the claim would bind Moody in case a person honestly acted upon the notice and the description therein, and mistakenly laid a claim on that ground. Defendants could not be placed in such position for the reason they knew the conditions on the ground better than they knew the description of the claim as written, in the notice. The fact that Moody caused a corral and house to be torn down and removed may be referable to an act of dominion, of ownership over the property, with as much consistency as to the fact of abandonment.
The evidence abundantly sustains the judgment, and must be affirmed.
FRANKLIN, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.